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PubMedDate not supplied

Enzymatic activity of glycogen metabolism in chorionic villi.

Glycogen content and six major enzymatic activities involved in glycogen metabolism were analysed in chorionic villi (CV). Glycogen levels were found to be lower than those known to exist in liver and muscle. Activities of alpha-glucosidase, amylo-1,6-glucosidase, phosphorylase b and phosphorylase kinase were detectable by standard methods. The enzymatic activities of glucose-6-phosphatase and phosphorylase a were undetectable. These findings suggest that CV biopsies can be useful for first-trimester diagnosis of glycogen storage disease types II, III and VI, but not for type I (glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency).

Chorionic Villi↗
PubMed1988

Cytogenetic analysis of 570 first trimester chorionic villi samplings: technique and results.

In this report we present our experience based on 570 chorionic villi samplings performed by the transcervical method at 8 to 12 weeks gestation. Cytogenetic results were obtained for 551 samples, hence a failure rate of 3.33%. The previously described technique was modified by prolonging the incubation period to 48 hours. The total number of abnormalities was 26, which represents 4.71% of our sample. Of 24 chromosomal abnormalities, 21 were unbalanced and 3 were balanced of parental origin. Five discordant cases are thoroughly discussed.

Chorionic Villi↗
PubMed1988

Pyruvate carboxylase activity in chorionic villi: possibility of application to prenatal diagnosis.

Pyruvate carboxylase (PC) activity was assayed in 27 chorionic villi samples (CVS) obtained at 9-12 weeks of gestation. The kinetic properties of the CVS enzyme were similar to those of liver PC; more than 75% of PC activity was recovered in the mitochondrial fraction of CVS. Apparent Km for pyruvate, ATP, acetyl CoA and HCO3- in the presence of saturation concentrations of the other reactants, were 0.3, 0.44, 0.015 and 6.0 mmol/l, respectively. The optimum pH was 7.5-8.0. The activity of PC in CVS was 3.2 +/- 0.3 nmol/min/mg protein, which is severalfold higher than that of amniotic fluid fibroblasts.

Cell Fractionation↗
PubMed1992

Cytogenetic analysis of spontaneous abortions with direct analysis of chorionic villi.

A total of 224 cases of spontaneous abortions were studied by analysing chromosomes directly from chorionic villi. Abnormal karyotypes were found in 51.3% of the investigated cases. Among the chromosome abnormalities the most frequent were the trisomies (55.7%), followed by polyploidy (23.5%), monosomy X (15.6%) and structural anomalies (5.2%). The rapid and relatively simple method is suitable for studying the causes of spontaneous abortions, and this information may be helpful also for genetic counselling.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1988

Trisomy 7 in chorionic villi: follow-up studies of pregnancy, normal child, and placental clonal anomalies.

Cytogenetic study of chorionic villi sampled because of advanced maternal age revealed, after overnight culture, an apparently non-mosaic trisomy 7. Amniocentesis showed exclusively normal mitoses, and the pregnancy continued normally. One hundred mitoses from cord blood of the normal newborn revealed a non-mosaic 46,XX complement. No cells with a proven trisomy 7 were found in cultures from either of two biopsies of the morphologically normal placenta, but the peripheral biopsy showed in multiple cultures an abnormal clone: 47,XX, +20, -2, -21, +t(2;21)(p13;q22). To our knowledge, this is the first case of non-mosaic trisomy 7 detected on CVS which has had follow-up studies of amniotic fluid, cord blood, and term placenta.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Hexokinase in human chorionic villi.

The level, intracellular distribution, and isozymic pattern of hexokinase (EC 2.7.1.1) were determined on human chorionic villi obtained by trophoblast biopsy in the first trimester of pregnancy. About 50% of total hexokinase activity was found to be particle-bound and 96% of this in the overt form (i.e. assayable without the addition of detergents). Both soluble and particulate hexokinase show the same affinities for glucose but differ in the affinity for MgATP2- and in their sensitivity to glucose 1,6-diphosphate inhibition. By chromatographic and kinetic methods the soluble hexokinase was found to be represented by isozymes I, II and traces of hexokinase III while most of the bound enzyme was hexokinase type I. These results provide evidence for the expression of at least three hexokinase isozymes in early human development and can partially explain the high rate of glucose utilization of the placenta.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1984

Fetal mortality at the time of chorionic villi sampling.

To estimate the background fetal loss rates among women who might be candidates for chorionic villi sampling (CVS) for prenatal diagnosis, we examined the frequency of spontaneous abortion and of non-viable fetuses in two groups of women thought to be pregnant at 8-12 weeks' gestation. Among 1519 women over 35 years given an appointment for amniocentesis 1978-1981, 9.8% had a spontaneous abortion prior to 16 weeks' gestation. For those under observation before week 12, the loss rate by 16 weeks was 15.3%. Among all 190 candidates for elective termination of pregnancy between 6 and 12 weeks' gestation, 12.6% were found to have a non-viable fetus at the scheduled date of abortion. The frequency of non-viability was 14% among those seen before week 12. The data suggest that the background loss rate between the time of CVS and the time of amniocentesis is approximately 1-2% and is unlikely to be higher than 9%. Until randomized clinical trials of the procedure are completed we will not know how much, if at all, the loss rate associated with CVS is increased above this background. Nevertheless, knowledge of these background risk estimates may be useful in counseling women considering participating in trials of CVS.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1991

Development, differentiation, and maturation of macrophages in the chorionic villi of mouse placenta with special reference to the origin of Hofbauer cells.

In blood vessels of the chorionic villi of mouse placenta, primitive macrophages first emerged at 10 days of gestation, then differentiated and matured into fetal macrophages. After emigration into the chorionic villous mesenchymal stroma, they ingested fluid-like stromal materials and transformed into Hofbauer cells. In our observation of their differentiation and maturation, no promonocytes or monocytes were detected. In the culture of cell suspensions from the placenta with LP3-conditioned medium, CFU-GM was confirmed, but in the culture with the mouse bone marrow stromal cell line (ST2) the primitive/fetal macrophage population occurred predominantly before the development of the monocyte/macrophage population. Proliferative potential of the primitive and fetal macrophages is slight. With the progress of gestation, the monocyte/macrophage population appeared in the chorionic villous stroma, forming a heterogeneous population of placental macrophages in the late fetal stage.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[Stereologic analysis of chorionic villi and fibrinoids in the mature human placenta in pregnant women of various ages].

The terminal and other chorionic villi and fibrinoid of the mature human placenta were morphologically and quantitatively examined in pregnant women of different ages. The aim of this research was to compare the results and to confirm if there is some difference in the structure of placenta related to the age of pregnant women. We examined 30 human placentas, regular pregnancies and delivery. The examined group of women were of age between 20 and 45 years, and they were divided into two groups: 1) pregnant women 20-35 years old; 2) pregnant women over 35 years old. Relative and absolute variables were stereologically examined and compared as follows: the surface density and absolute surface of terminal and other villi and fibrinoid. No significant differences in surface density of terminal villi and fibrinoids in older or younger pregnant women's placentas. Surface densities of the other placentas villi in younger pregnant women compared to older are significantly increased. Absolute surface of terminal villi and fibrinoid in these two examined groups of pregnant women are not significantly different. Absolute surface of the other placenta villi in younger pregnant women compared to older pregnant women is significantly increased.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Prenatal diagnosis of mannosidosis using chorion villi].

The prenatal diagnosis of mannosidosis was carried out in one at-risk fetus by the analysis of chorionic villi obtained after 9 weeks of pregnancy. The diagnosis was based on the absence of acid alpha-mannosidase activity as determined by specific enzyme assay. The activity of two other lysosomal hydrolases (beta-galactosidase and beta-hexosaminidase) in chorion biopsy specimen was similar to the control values. The enzymatic diagnosis was confirmed after studies of fetal tissue.

Chorionic Villi↗
PubMed1990

A quantitative interference light microscope study of human first trimester chorionic villi.

Using a Jamin-Lebedeff-type interference microscope an analysis of frozen sections of human first trimester chorionic villi reveals regional differences down to subcellular resolution. The evidence indicates compositional differences between villus cell types and shows that the syncytiotrophoblast is differentiated into at least three layers, one of which corresponds positionally to the previously described syncytioskeletal layer. Quantitative measurements have been made of specimen thickness, refractive index and dry mass of regions in the tissue. Local differences in syncytiotrophoblast have been noted with respect to the content of a population of organelles with distinctive optical properties. These may correspond to stored forms of steroid hormone or their precursors.

Chorionic Villi↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The uptake of IgG by human placental chorionic villi: a correlated autoradiographic and wide aperture counting study.

The uptake of 3H-IgG into human placental chorionic villi in vitro takes place for at least 1 h at 37 degrees C and at 4 degrees C. The rate of uptake is lower at the latter temperature, but still about 20 per cent of the 37 degrees C total. Measurement of cell-associated redioactivity at 4 degrees C cannot therefore be used as a measure of binding: genuine uptake, probably as a result of endocytosis, appears to occur at this temperature. Some proportion of the uptake of IgG at 37 degrees C can be inhibited by colchicine and by cytochalasin B, but some is refractory to these treatments. A coated vesicle-enriched fraction isolated from placenta previously incubated with 3H-IgG was found to be associated with radioisotope.

Autoradiography↗
PubMed2002

Health-related quality-of-life assessment of prenatal diagnosis: chorionic villi sampling and amniocentesis.

This study assesses the health-related quality-of-life (HRQL) effects of chorionic villi sampling (CVS) and genetic amniocentesis (GA), including both process and outcomes of prenatal diagnosis. The HRQL of 126 women participating in a randomized controlled clinical trial of CVS versus GA in Toronto and Hamilton, Ontario, was assessed in four interviews at weeks 8, 13, 18, and 22 of pregnancy. Statistical analyses included analysis of variance, repeated measures analysis of covariance, chi-square, Fisher's exact test, Student's t-tests, and paired t-tests. Utility scores for patients undergoing CVS exceeded those for GA patients at week 18 (p = 0.04). Utility scores for hypothetical health states did not differ significantly by trial arm. CVS results in slightly improved HRQL during prenatal diagnosis. This advantage needs to be weighed against the high disutility patients attach to infrequent outcomes associated with pregnancy losses, equivocal diagnoses, and diagnostic inaccuracy.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Morphometric studies of histologically classified chorionic villi of human placentas. 1. Placentas of eutrophic and hypotrophic full-term infants].

Occurrence of mature and immature chorionic villi was morphometrically analysed in 30 human placentae of children born on term. The following results were obtained from a method specially developed for surface determination of villus cross-section: The surface of mature villi (end or absorption villi) in children born on term with low birth weight was much smaller than that of immature villi. Total surfaces of mature and immature villi were almost equal in size as of the 25th percentile of child weight. The importance is underlined of a "transitional" class between hypotrophic and eutrophic children born on term, and a pattern of results is suggested.

Chorionic Villi↗
PubMed1993

Frequency of chromosomal aberrations after exposure to gamma-radiation of human chorionic villi.

We investigated the chromosomal damage induced by in vitro exposure to gamma-rays of uncultured first trimester chorionic villi. Frequency and types of chromosomal aberrations at increasing doses of radiation have been evaluated on cytotrophoblast spontaneous metaphases obtained after a short term incubation. Our results indicate a direct correlation between radiation dose and aberration frequency.

Chorionic Villi↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Chorionic villi sampling changes maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein.

Second trimester amniocentesis has traditionally been utilized for prenatal genetic diagnosis. Chorionic villi sampling (CVS) is presently offered as an alternative. The occurrence of fetomaternal bleed (FMB) during CVS could increase the rate of post sampling abortion and, additionally, be of significance in patients at risk for isoimmunization. Detection and quantitation of FMB can be accomplished by the determination of changes in maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP) before and after CVS.

Biopsy↗