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At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed1980

Comparison of cefamandole, cephalothin, ampicillin, and chloramphenicol in experimental Escherichia coli meningitis.

The activities of cefamandole, cephalothin, ampicillin, and chloramphenicol were compared in fulminant and temperate Escherichia coli meningitis in rabbits. Intensive dosing schedules were employed to achieve maximal therapeutic benefits with short-term treatment. In an 8-h schedule chloramphenicol was significantly more effective in sterilizing the cerebrospinal fluid and curing both fulminant and temperate infections than cefamandole or ampicillin. Cephalothin was without effect in fulminant meningitis. Cefamandole and ampicillin were equivalent in activity in this and longer (12- and 24-hr) treatment schedules. The therapeutic benefits of chloramphenicol were purchased via use of doses above those generally regarded as safe for human use. The mean serum, cerebrospinal fluid, and brain concentrations of chloramphenicol, cefamandole, and ampicillin were significantly greater in rabbits with fulminant meningitis than in those with temperate meningitis. The difference was of such magnitude as to support the need to monitor drug concentrations.

Ampicillin↗
PubMed1982

In vitro susceptibility of cephalothin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa to Amikacin and selected new beta-lactam agents.

Amikacin was evaluated in vitro by agar dilution testing against 148 different clinical isolates of cephalothin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in parallel with cephalothin, cefoxitin, moxalactam, N-formimidoyl thienamycin, ceftriaxone, and cefmenoxime. Cefsulodin was also evaluated against 39 isolates of P. aeruginosa. More than 80% of all isolates tested were also gentamicin resistant, as determined by disk testing. Moxalactam and amikacin had comparable high activities against Proteus species, Escherichia coli, Serratia species, and Providencia species, and both amikacin and N-formimidoyl thienamycin had comparably high activities against the Klebsiella-Enterobacter group. N-Formimidoyl thienamycin was the most active agent against P. aeruginosa, followed by cefsulodin and amikacin.

Amikacin↗
PubMed1983

In vitro susceptibility of Mycobacterium fortuitum to amoxicillin or cephalothin in combination with clavulanic acid.

The comparative in vitro activity of cefoxitin, cephalothin, amoxicillin, and clavulanic acid in combination with the latter two agents against 13 isolates of Mycobacterium fortuitum was evaluated by agar dilution susceptibility testing. Amoxicillin was more active than cephalothin but less active than cefoxitin against the strains tested. Clavulanic acid in combination with these beta-lactams usually improved the activity by one or two dilutions compared with the beta-lactams alone.

Amoxicillin↗
PubMed1983

Comparison of cephalothin and ceforanide prophylaxis in cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass.

Eighty-five patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass were given either cephalothin or ceforanide perioperatively in randomized, blinded fashion. The incidence of surgically related, postoperative infections was 23% for the cephalothin- and 26% for the ceforanide-treated groups. There were no statistically significant differences that could be identified between patients who became infected and those who remained free of infections, although the time spent in the operating theater was longer for the former group. Ceforanide achieves adequate levels in plasma and myocardial tissue that are sustained several hours after a 0.5-g parenteral dose and allows a 12-h interval between doses. Other currently available agents would have to be administered more frequently to achieve similar results.

Cardiac Surgical Procedures↗
PubMed1984

Comparative efficacy of cefotiam versus cephalothin in the therapy of skin and soft tissue infections.

Cefotiam was evaluated by a comparative open-label randomized trial with cephalothin in the therapy of skin and soft tissue infections in 39 patients. The most common organism isolated was Staphylococcus aureus (78%). We established evidence of primary infection with gram-negative bacilli in four patients, three of whom were diabetic. Eight patients had mixed infections or superinfections. No patient was evaluated as a treatment failure; for 10 of 39 patients we were unable to recover an etiological agent but demonstrated a clinical cure. Cefotiam was found to be as effective as cephalothin in the therapy of skin and soft tissue infections.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Synergistic effects of dicloxacillin or clavulanic acid in combination with penicillin G or cephalothin against Yersinia enterocolitica.

Cultures of Yersinia enterocolitica grown at 22 degrees C produced beta-lactamases, whereas cultures grown at 37 degrees C produced these enzymes much less effectively. Both dicloxacillin and clavulanic acid inhibited the beta-lactamase activity of bacterial crude extracts and potentiated the activity of penicillin G or cephalothin against 14 Y. enterocolitica strains. It appeared that the beta-lactamase activity present in Y. enterocolitica cells grown at 37 degrees C was great enough to play a role in bacterial resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics, since combining penicillin G or cephalothin with clavulanic acid or dicloxacillin resulted in synergistic activity against cultures grown at 37 degrees C that was equal to or greater than the activity against cultures grown at 22 degrees C.

Cephalosporins↗
PubMed1986

Influence of endotoxin on the intrarenal distribution of gentamicin, netilmicin, tobramycin, amikacin, and cephalothin.

Multiple factors may modify the pharmacokinetics of aminoglycosides and increase their nephrotoxic potential. In this study, we investigated the influence of Escherichia coli endotoxin on the renal handling of several aminoglycosides and one cephalosporin. Drug levels in the renal parenchyma, as well as several parameters of renal function and histology, were compared in rats treated with endotoxin (0.25 mg/kg) and normal rats treated with either gentamicin (10 mg/kg), netilmicin (10 mg/kg), tobramycin (10 mg/kg), amikacin (50 mg/kg), or cephalothin (100 mg/kg). Blood pressure and pulse rate were recorded. Endotoxin was associated with a decrease in the half-life and in the apparent volume of distribution of gentamicin. The endotoxin-injected animals accumulated significantly (P less than 0.05) more aminoglycosides in their kidneys than the normal animals. The amount of cephalothin recovered in the renal parenchyma was identical in both groups. Slight decreases in the glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow were observed after endotoxin treatment. Blood pressure and cardiac frequency were minimally affected by endotoxin. No histological lesions were observed by light microscopy in animals receiving endotoxin. Thus, endotoxin modifies the renal handling of aminoglycosides in the absence of any major physiological disturbance or histological change. By increasing the total amount of drug within the kidneys, endotoxin might increase the nephrotoxic potential of aminoglycosides.

Amikacin↗
PubMed1973

Antibacterial activity of cefamandole, a new cephalosporin antibiotic, compared with that of cephaloridine, cephalothin, and cephalexin.

The in vitro antibacterial activity of cefamandole, a new cephalosporin antibiotic, was compared with that of cephaloridine, cephalothin, and cephalexin against 1,213 strains of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria recently isolated from clinical sources. The decreasing order of activity of the four agents against gram-positive cocci was cephaloridine, cephalothin, cefamandole, and cephalexin. However, cefamandole was the most active of the four against Haemophilus species and gram-negative bacilli susceptible to cephalosporins. It was also active against many strains resistant to the other cephalosporins, such as Enterobacter species and indole-positive Proteus species, but there was a marked inoculum effect with all of these organisms, and minimal bactericidal concentrations were usually considerably higher than minimal inhibitory concentrations. Cefamandole, like other cephalosporins, had no useful activity against Pseudomonas species.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1988

Oxacillin, cephalothin, and vancomycin tube macrodilution MBC result reproducibility and equivalence to MIC results for methicillin-susceptible and reputedly tolerant Staphylococcus aureus isolates.

Measurement of antimicrobial killing endpoints of Staphylococcus aureus isolates in tube macrodilution MBC testing has been difficult because of multiple technical factors. A total of 41 fresh clinical isolates and 23 reputedly oxacillin-tolerant strains were examined by a modification of the Taylor MBC method. Oxacillin, cephalothin, and vancomycin MBCs were equal to MICs for most strains and were seldom more than fourfold greater than the corresponding MICs after a 48-h incubation. Oxacillin MBC result reproducibility for S. aureus ATCC 25923 and clinical isolates was better than that of cephalothin and vancomycin, and reproducibility improved after a 48-h incubation. Measurement of the percentage of the initial inoculum remaining after 24 and 48 h of incubation for the strains for which the MBCs were highest confirmed improved killing over a wide range of antimicrobial concentrations after a 48-h incubation. Since S. aureus MBC testing is expensive, is subject to error, and almost always gives results equal to the MIC, we suggest that MBC testing is an experimental reference laboratory test that should not be done by clinical microbiology laboratories. Antimicrobial selection should be based on reproducible and standardized MIC tests.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1990

Comparative in vitro activities of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cefuroxime, cephalexin, and cephalothin against trimethoprim-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from stools of children attending day-care centers.

A high prevalence of fecal colonization with trimethoprim-resistant Escherichia coli was found in diapered children attending day-care centers in Houston, Tex. In the present study, 100 isolates of E. coli resistant to multiple antibiotics, including trimethoprim (100%), sulfisoxazole (100%), streptomycin (94%), and ampicillin (87%), were obtained over a 5-month period from stool samples of diapered children attending four day-care centers and tested for their susceptibilities to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cefuroxime, cephalexin, and cephalothin. The MICs for 50 and 90% of strains tested were 16 and 32 micrograms/ml, respectively, for amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, 4 and 16 micrograms/ml, respectively, for cefuroxime, 4 and 64 micrograms/ml, respectively, for cephalexin, and 32 and greater than 64 micrograms/ml, respectively, for cephalothin. Although all three oral beta-lactams tested were generally active at concentrations likely to be achieved in urine, cefuroxime and cephalexin were more potent and are thus more likely to be inhibitory at the concentrations needed for systemic infections.

Amoxicillin↗
PubMed1992

Imipenem versus gentamicin combined with either cefuroxime or cephalothin as initial therapy for febrile neutropenic patients.

A prospective randomized study was conducted to determine the efficacy of imipenem-cilastatin (hereafter referred to as imipenem) (500 mg four times daily) versus combination therapy for febrile neutropenic patients receiving either no prophylaxis or ciprofloxacin for prevention of infections. Combination therapy consisted of gentamicin (80 mg every 8 h) plus either cefuroxime (1,500 mg every 8 h) or cephalothin (1,000 mg every 4 h) for suspected catheter-related infections. Ninety-four neutropenic fever episodes in 87 patients were evaluable for efficacy. The overall clinical rate of response to imipenem was significantly higher than that to combination therapy (91 versus 74%; P = 0.05). The difference in efficacy was most pronounced in patients with microbiologically documented infections (89 versus 53%; P = 0.025), which were predominantly caused by gram-positive bacteria. Differences in susceptibility may have caused the better rate of response to imipenem. Two of 29 gram-positive bacteria were imipenem resistant, whereas 10 were resistant to cephalothin and cefuroxime and 12 were resistant to gentamicin. No causative gram-negative bacterium and 24 gram-positive bacteria were isolated in 61 fever episodes with ciprofloxacin prophylaxis (oral). In contrast, nine causative gram-negative and five gram-positive bacteria were isolated in 33 episodes without prophylaxis. The difference in distribution proved to be statistically significant for gram-negative (P = 0.0001) as well as gram-positive (P = 0.025) bacteria, indicating that ciprofloxacin effectively prevented the occurrence of gram-negative bacteria and may have contributed to the relatively large number of gram-positive bacteria isolated. Empirical initial therapy with imipenem may be a valuable alternative to combination therapy for neutropenic fever episodes.

Adult↗
PubMed1973

In vitro activity of cephalothin and three penicillins against Escherichia coli and Proteus species.

The susceptibility of clinical isolates of Escherichia coli (67) and Proteus species (58) to cephalothin, ampicillin, benzyl penicillin, and phenoxymethyl penicillin was determined in vitro by using broth dilution and disk diffusion tests. The data were correlated by using a four-category scheme for interpreting minimal inhibitory concentrations (groups 1 to 4) as recommended by a subcommittee of an international collaborative study of susceptibility testing. With cephalothin and ampicillin, groups 1 (susceptible) and 2 (moderately susceptible) were susceptible by the disk test, and with benzyl penicillin, similar results were observed when the interpretive zone standards were changed. Strains categorized as group 4 (very resistant) were resistant by the disk method, but group 3 (moderately resistant) strains were not adequately distinguished by disk testing. Group 3 susceptibility to benzyl and phenoxymethyl penicillins can be predicted by extrapolating results from tests with ampicillin disks.

Ampicillin↗
PubMed1996

Inhibitory effect of cephalothin on matrix metalloproteinase activity around loose hip prostheses.

The inhibitory effects of drugs on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity in tissues around sites of loose total hip arthroplasty (THA) prostheses were studied. For activity measurements, a DNP-S (dinitrophenyl-Pro-Gln-Gly-Ile-Ala-Gly-Gln-D-Arg) peptide degradation assay was performed by means of high-performance liquid chromatography. Neutral salt tissue extracts revealed significantly elevated MMP activity in THA samples compared with that in noninflamed synovial tissue from the knee joint. This elevation was markedly inhibited by cephalothin, but not by doxycycline, tetracycline, or gentamicin. These results indicate that cephalothin can inhibit MMP activity in reactive periprosthetic tissue and thus reduce, by a nonantimicrobial mechanism, the tissue destruction associated with the loosening of THA implants.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Double-blind comparison of phlebitis produced by cefazolin versus cephalothin.

In a double-blind study with each patient as his own control, 1 g of cefazolin and 2 g of cephalothin were administered intravenously every 6 h to 20 patients in opposite arms for a period of 48 h each. The degree of phlebitis was significantly more severe with cephalothin than with cefazolin (P < 0.05); however, neither the incidence of phlebitis nor the time of onset of phlebitis was significantly different between the two drugs.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Pharmacokinetic interpretation of blood levels and urinary excretion data for cefazolin and cephalothin after intravenous and intramuscular administration in humans.

Blood levels of cefazolin and cephalothin were determined in two separate crossover studies in 20 healthy male adults, each after intravenous and intramuscular administration. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated from the intravenous data based upon a two-compartment open model. The rate constants controlling the distribution between the central and peripheral compartments, the overall elimination rate constants, the apparent volumes of distribution, and the fraction of the dose in the central and peripheral compartments were determined. The bioavailability was calculated to be 100% for cefazolin and cephalothin.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Comparative incidence of phlebitis due to buffered cephalothin, cephapirin, and cefamandole.

Buffered cephalothin, cefamandole, and cephapirin were compared with respect to their tendency to produce phlebitis. Two grams of each agent was administered every 6 h for 4 days to 12 healthy volunteers in a double-blind crossover fashion. Approximately 50% of intravenous sites developed mild (grade 1) phlebitis and 25% developed moderate (grade 2) phlebitis. The frequency of grade 1 inflammation did not differ significantly among the three cephalosporins. The proportion of individuals eventually exhibiting grade 2 phelebitis was highest with cefamandole, lowest with cephalothin (P = 0.07), and intermediate with cephapirin; however, cephapirin required a substantially greater number of doses to produce grade 2 phelebitis than did the other two drugs. These findings, together with the results of other reports, suggest that interpretation of the phlebitogenic potential of these antibiotics must be made with caution.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Antibacterial activity of selected beta-lactam and aminoglycoside antibiotics against cephalothin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae.

The in vitro antibacterial activity of four beta-lactam antibiotics (cefatrizine [BL-S640], cefamandole, cefoxitin, and carbenicillin) and three aminoglycosides (amikacin, gentamicin, and tobramycin) was determined against 197 strains of cephalothin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Eighty strains were found to be gentamicin-sensitive, and 117 were found to be gentamicin-resistant. Carbenicillin was the most active beta-lactam antibiotic against gentamicin-sensitive Serratia marcescens and Enterobacter spp. Cefoxitin was the most active beta-lactam antibiotic against the remaining gentamicin-sensitive and -resistant Enterobacteriaceae, including Providencia stuartii and indole-positive Proteus spp. Cefatrizine exhibited little activity against the organisms studied. Cefamandole was less active than cefoxitin and carbenicillin. Amikacin was the most effective agent in vitro. With the exception of S. marcescens, cefoxitin appeared to be the next most promising agent in vitro against gentamicin- and cephalothin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed1976

In vitro comparison of cefoxitin, cefamandole, cephalexin, and cephalothin.

The in vitro effect of cefoxitin, cefamandole, cephalexin, and cephalothin was tested against 645 strains of bacteria recently isolated from clinical sources. Against gram-positive organisms cephalothin and cefamandole were the most effective, generally being three- to fourfold more active than cephalexin or cefoxitin. Enterococci were not inhibited by less than 25 mug of any of the antibiotics per ml. Against Enterobacteriaceae, cefoxitin and cefamandole were the most active. An exception was the Enterobacter strains, against which cefoxitin was the least effective. None of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains were susceptible to 100 mug of any of the cephalosporins per ml. Cefamandole was the most active agent against Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It was also the most effective agent against Haemophilus influenzae, even when taking into account a threefold inoculum effect.

Bacteria↗