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PubMed2006

Chilling and cultivar type affect the diversity of bacterial endophytes colonizing sweet pepper (Capsicum anuum L.).

A climate chamber experiment was conducted to assay the effect of low temperatures (chilling) on the diversity of bacteria colonizing the endospheres of two thermophilic sweet pepper (Capsicum anuum L.) cultivars, Milder Spiral and Ziegenhorn Bello. Structural diversity was analyzed by 16S rRNA-based terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis and by the generation of 16S rRNA gene libraries to determine dominant community members in T-RFLP profiles. Cultivable community members colonizing lines Milder Spiral and Ziegenhorn Bello were identified by 16S rRNA gene analysis. T-RFLP profiles and 16S rRNA gene libraries revealed a high heterogeneity of community composition due to chilling and suggested further the existence of cultivar-specific communities. The majority of isolates obtained from the cultivar Milder Spiral were assigned as high-G+C Gram-positive bacteria (Microbacterium sp., Micrococcus sp., Rhodococcus sp.) and Firmicutes (Staphylococcus sp.). Of the isolated endophytes obtained from cultivar Zeigenhorn Bello, 93% were affiliated with Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus sp. (Firmicutes). The experimental set-up was suited to demonstrate that chilling and cultivar type can influence the diversity of bacterial endophytes colonizing sweet pepper. We propose additional chilling experiments to investigate the effect of chilling on functional, plant-beneficial abilities of bacterial endophytes associated with low-temperature-sensitive crops, such as sweet pepper.

Bacteria↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Oleoresin capsicum (Cap-Stun) toxicity from aerosol exposure.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical toxicity caused by oleoresin capsicum (OC) spray during law-enforcement action. DESIGN: A medical record review. SETTING: Emergency department (ED), Truman Medical Center, Kansas City, MO. PATIENTS: Consecutive patients who presented to the ED after OC-spray exposure from law-enforcement action between June 1991 and June 1994. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Patient presentation and symptoms at presentation, evaluation, and treatment during ED stay. RESULTS: Eighty-one ED patients, approximately 10% of all individuals sprayed by police officers, presented after exposure to OC. Ocular burning and redness were the most common presenting symptoms. None of the patients required hospitalization due to OC toxicity. Corneal abrasions and respiratory symptoms occurred in 7 and 6 patients, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The need for ED evaluation and treatment was infrequent after exposure to OC. A transient burning sensation, erythema, and localized irritation were the most common findings. While no patients had adverse outcomes attributed to OC exposure, practitioners assessing exposure should consider the potential for pulmonary and ocular toxicity.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Comparative acute toxicity of o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS) and oleoresin capsicum (OC) in awake rats.

Tear gases are largely used to control civil unrest. Their incapaciting effects involve eyes, skin and respiratory tract. This study was performed to compare acute respiratory effects of o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS), oleoresin capsicum (OC) and their respective solvents in awake rats, using an integrated system of nose-only exposure and multiple monitoring of breathing. Aerosols were generated by a Collison Nebulizer from the solutions held in tear gas sprays. The reduction of minute ventilation, observed during a 5 min exposure, was significantly more important with CS than with OC: minute ventilation represented 29+/-8 and 50+/-6% of pre-exposure minute ventilation respectively (P<0.05). The reduction of minute ventilation observed with CS and OC solvents alone was not significantly different from that observed with the tear gases themselves. The decrease in minute ventilation observed, between the second and the fifth minute of exposure, was of the same level for repeated exposure separated by 24 h. Time necessary to recover to 80% of pre-exposure minute ventilation was not significantly different between the two tear gases: 722+/-272 and 691+/-262 s for CS and OC respectively (NS). Histological analysis of the trachea, performed at the end of exposures, revealed an increase in mucus secretion after exposure to OC and cytoplasmic vacuoles in epithelial cells after exposure to CS. In the lungs, interstitial oedema was observed after exposure to OC and emphysema after exposure to CS.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed2006

The analgesic effects of capsicum plaster at the Zusanli point after abdominal hysterectomy.

BACKGROUND: Acupuncture has been used to supplement opioid analgesics for postoperative pain control. We designed this double-blind, sham-controlled study to assess the effectiveness of capsicum plaster (PAS) at Zusanli (ST-36) acupoints on postoperative opioid analgesic requirement, side effects, and recovery profile. METHODS: Ninety women undergoing total abdominal hysterectomy were randomly assigned to 3 treatment regimens (n = 30 each): group Zusanli = PAS at Zusanli acupoints, group sham = PAS at the nonacupoints on the shoulders, and group control = placebo tape at Zusanli acupoints. The PAS was applied before induction of anesthesia and maintained for 8 h per day for 3 postoperative days. RESULTS: The total amount of morphine administered in the first 24 h after the operation was significantly decreased in group Zusanli (31.5 +/- 6.8 mL) compared with groups control (44.3 +/- 10.1 mL) and sham (44.6 +/- 10.4 mL) (P < 0.01). The incidence of postoperative side effects and the use of rescue antiemetics during the 72 h after surgery were significantly reduced in group Zusanli compared with other groups (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: PAS at Zusanli points decreased the postoperative opioid requirement and opioid-related side effects of patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy.

Acupuncture Points↗
PubMed2005

Ovipositional deterrent in the sweet pepper, Capsicum annuum, at the mature stage against Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess).

Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess), the American serpentine leafminer fly, is well known as a serious pest throughout the world. This insect attack over 21 different plant families including solanaceae plants. The mature sweet pepper, Capsicum annuum (Solanaceae), however, shows resistance to this leafminer fly. This resistance is based on the ovipositional deterrent in the sweet pepper leaf against the fly species. Based on bioassay-guided fractionation, luteolin 7-O-beta-D-apiofuranosyl-(1-->2)-beta-D-glucopyranoside was isolated and identified as the ovipositional deterrent against this insect species. This compound completely deterred L. trifolii females from laying their eggs on a host plant leaf treated at 4.90 microg/cm2.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Capsaicin accumulation in Capsicum spp. suspension cultures.

Fruits of chili peppers (Capsicum spp.) specifically synthesize and accumulate a group of analogs known as capsaicinoids in the placenta tissues. These secondary metabolites are responsible for the hot taste of chili pepper fruits. Capsaicinoids are of economic importance because of their use in the food, cosmetic, military, and pharmaceutical industry. Several efforts have been focused to investigate the biosynthetic capacity of in vitro chili pepper cells and tissue cultures in order to determine the production feasibility of these compounds at the industrial level under controlled conditions. A description of techniques for the establishment of in vitro cultures of chili pepper, the addition of precursors and intermediates to the culture medium, and the selection of cell lines as a means to increase the production of capsaicinoids as well as the extraction, separation, and quantification of capsaicinoids from chili pepper cell cultures is reported in this chapter.

Capsaicin↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Properties of chlorophyllase from Capsicum annuum L. fruits.

The in vitro properties of semi-purified chlorophyllase (chlorophyll-chlorophyllido hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.14) from Capsicum annuum fruits have been studied. The enzyme showed an optimum of activity at pH 8.5 and 50 degrees C. Substrate specificity was studied for chlorophyll (Chl) a, Chl b, pheophytin (Phe) a and Phe b, with Km values of 10.70, 4.04, 2.67 and 6.37 microM respectively. Substrate inhibition was found for Phe b at concentrations higher than 5 microM. Chlorophyllase action on Chl a' and Chl b' was also studied but no hydrolysis was observed, suggesting that the mechanism of action depends on the configuration at C-13(2) in the chlorophyll molecule, with the enzyme acting only on compounds with R132 stereochemistry. The effect of various metals (Mg2+, Hg2+, Cu2+, Zn2+ Co2+, Fe2+ and Fe3+) was also investigated, and a general inhibitory effect was found, this being more marked for Hg2+ and Fe2+. Functional groups such as -SH and -S-S- seemed to participate in the formation of the enzyme-substrate complex. Chelating ion and the carbonyl group at C3 appeared to be important in substrate recognition by the enzyme. The method for measuring Chlase activity, including HPLC separation of substrate and product, has been optimized.

Capsicum↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ovipositional deterrent on mature stage of sweet pepper, Capsicum annuum, against Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess).

Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess), the American serpentine leafminer fly, is a well-known serious pest in the world. This insect species attacks plants of more than 21 families including Solanaceae plants. A sweet pepper, Capsicum annuum (Solanaceae), on mature stage, however, shows resistance to this leafminer fly. This resistance is based on the ovipositional deterrent in the sweet pepper leaf against the fly species. Based on the bioassay guided fractionation, phytol [(2E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol] was isolated and identified as an ovipositional deterrent against this insect species. The yield of this compound was 815 microg/g fresh leaf of C. annuum. This compound completely deterred the females from laying their eggs on host plant leaves treated at 35.2 microg/cm2.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Anthocyanins, colour and antioxidant properties of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) and violet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) peel extracts.

Acetone extracts from eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) and violet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) peels both belonging to the Solanaceae plant family were characterized with respect to their anthocyanin profiles, colour qualities and antioxidant capacities. According to HPLC-DAD-MS3 analyses the major anthocyanin in eggplant was delphinidin-3-rutinoside, while the predominant pigment in violet pepper was assigned to delphinidin-3-trans-coumaroylrutinoside-5-glucoside. Since virtually all anthocyanins were delphinidin-based, the effect of acylation and glycosylation patterns on colour stability and antioxidant capacity could be assessed. Application of two in vitro-assays for antioxidant capacity assessment revealed that eggplant generally exhibited higher values compared to violet pepper which was ascribed to 3,5-diglycosylated structures predominating in the latter. The higher extent of acylation in violet pepper was reflected by a more purplish colour shade of the extracts, but did not translate into a higher stability against fading which again was attributed to additional glycosyl substitution at C5. These findings support the relevance of structure-related activities of anthocyanins both for understanding food colour and their particular nutritional value.

Anthocyanins↗
PubMed2004

Seed protein variation among pepper (Capsicum sp.) genotypes revealed by MALDI-TOF analysis.

A method for seed proteome analysis using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry is described. The data were used to estimate the genetic diversity degree among twelve genotypes of pepper (Capsicum). The resulting spectra were converted into a binary matrix consisting of 23 protein data sets, and genetic similarity values were calculated with the FreeTree software and Jaccard's coefficient of similarity. We have also been able to identify the presence of certain proteins in the extracts, by checking their masses on on-line databases.

Capsicum↗
PubMed1987

Capsicum and capsaicin--a review: case report of the use of hot peppers in child abuse.

Capsaicin, the active principle of hot peppers of the genus Capsicum, exhibits broad bioactivity. It targets neuronal structures which contain substance P, clinically seen as gastrointestinal and dermatologic irritation, bronchospasm and fibrinolysis. As a research tool, capsaicin profoundly alters neurologic anatomy and function. We review the toxicity of capsaicin and comment briefly on the use of hot peppers in child abuse.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Grafting and biodynamic nanosilica-induced physiological and transcriptomic modulation of chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) under drought stress.

Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) is an economically important vegetable crop cultivated worldwide. Increasing drought stress associated with climate change has severely reduced chilli productivity. Although grafting and silicon-based nanomaterials have each been investigated independently as drought mitigation strategies in Solanaceae crops, this study represents, to our knowledge, the first investigation of their combined physiological, yield, and genome-wide transcriptomic effects in chilli under experimentally validated drought stress. Biodynamic nanosilica (BNS) is an &#x3b1;-quartz nanoparticle preparation (20-200 nm) derived from the biodynamic agricultural preparation BD501 through a vortex-triturating process, and distinct from chemically synthesised nanosilica in preparation method and surface bioavailability, applied as a foliar spray at 50 mg L-1. Five treatments were established: well-watered (WW), drought (D), grafting + BNS + drought (G+B+D), grafting + drought (G+D), and BNS + drought (B+D), each with three independent biological replicates. Under moderate-to-severe drought conditions (DSI 62-64%; VWC ~12% v/v at 14 days), the combined G+B+D treatment significantly improved plant height (3.05-fold over D), leaf relative water content (83% vs 49% in D), net photosynthetic rate (2.0-fold over D), water-use efficiency (+40%), and antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD: 3.1-fold; CAT: 2.8-fold over D), while reducing lipid peroxidation by 76%. Root architecture was also substantially enhanced, with a 4.1-fold increase in root length and a 3.1-fold increase in root surface area relative to D. Fruit yield increased by 79% relative to drought-stressed non-grafted plants. Transcriptomic analysis using Illumina NovaSeq 6000 identified 1,051 DEGs (431 upregulated, 620 downregulated; FDR < 0.05, |log2FC| > 1). Integrated transcriptomic-phenotypic concordance analysis revealed enrichment of MAPK signalling, ABA-mediated regulation (including ABA binding and (+)-ABA 8'-hydroxylase activity), and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis as the enriched pathways. Protein-protein interaction network analysis further revealed coordinated regulation of redox homeostasis, drought-responsive hormone signalling, and water transport gene modules in the combined treatment. These findings demonstrate that integrating grafting with biodynamic nanosilica is a promising strategy to enhance drought resilience and productivity in chilli, offering a sustainable approach for vegetable production under drought.

Capsicum↗
PubMed2003

Purification and characterization of complement-activating acidic polysaccharides from the fruits of Capsicum annuum.

Hot water-soluble crude polysaccharide (HCAP-0) that was obtained from the fruits of Capsicum annuum showed potent anti-complementary activity. The activity was unchanged by pronase digestion, but decreased by periodate oxidation. The HCAP-0 was fractionated by DEAE ion-exchange chromatography to give two major fractions, HCAP-II and III. These two fractions were finally purified by gel filtration to give HCAP-IIa, HCAPIIIa1, and IIIa2 fractions that had high anti-complementary activities. The HCAP-IIIa1 and IIIa2 consisted of homogeneous polysaccharides. The anti-complementary activities were unaffected by treatment with polymyxin B, indicating that the modes of complement activation were not due to preexisting lipopolysaccharide. The molecular weight and sugar content of HCAP-IIIa2 had potent anti-complementary activity. The highest yields were 55 kDa and 75.9%, and the molar ratio of galactose (Ara:Gal, 1.0:4.6) was higher than other sugars. The crossed immuno-electrophoresis showed that both classical and alternative pathways were activated by HCAP-IIIa2.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1999

Isolation and characterization of mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) from Capsicum annuum L.

A cDNA clone for a mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) was isolated and characterized from red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). The clone consisted of 941 bp containing one open reading frame (ORF) of 687 bp, 34 bp/220 bp of 5'/3'-untranslated region. Amino acid sequence of the ORF showed the highest homology (86%) with that of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia. It encodes for a polypeptide of 228 amino acids with a molecular mass of 25.5 kDa and a pI value of 8.39. Genomic Southern hybridization suggested that more than one copy are present. Northern hybridization showed that the MnSOD transcript was more abundant in stems than in leaves and roots. When seedlings were treated with arsenate (0.1-10 mM), the MnSOD transcript level increased slightly at 0.1 mM and then dropped, while the Cu/ZnSOD transcript level increased at 1 mM, and also dropped at higher concentrations.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2001

Molecular cloning and cultivar specific expression of MAP kinases from Capsicum annuum.

Two MAP kinases, MK1 and MK2, were cloned from Capsicum annuum (pepper) cv. Subicho using a parsley MAP kinase gene as a heterologous probe. MK1 and MK2 encode stress-inducible protein kinases that can contribute to the response to wounding, UV-C, and cold. MK1 has a 92% amino acid identity with WIPK of tobacco. It was transcriptionally induced in response to wounding. In contrast, no detectable MK1 transcript was found in unwounded leaves of pepper. MK2 has a high level of amino acid homology to MAP kinases, such as NTF4 and SIPK and was constitutively expressed in all tissues. Both MK transcripts were downregulated by UV-C treatment. Each MK protein activation was independently wound-inducible in a cultivar dependent manner. MK1 is phosphorylated in cv. Pungchon but not cv. Subicho; whereas, the MK2 protein activation by wounding is restricted to cv. Subicho. In addition, de novo synthesis of the MK1 protein and tyrosine phosphorylation was rapidly and transiently induced in cv. Pungchon by wounding. In contrast, it is highly unlikely that the MK1 protein is produced in cv. Subicho, even though there is an abundant expression of MK1 mRNA after wounding in this cultivar. In Escherichia coli, which overexpresses MK1, autophosphorylation is observed at conserved threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation sites.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2001

[Effect of EGTA and La2+ on induction of sesquiterpene cyclase gene expression in leaves of Capsicum annuum by several abiotic elicitors].

To destroy Ca2+ signal system, the detached leaves of Capsicum annuum were pretreated with EGTA, a commonly used Ca2+ chelator, or La3+, an ion which competitively inhibits Ca2+ movement through plasma membrane channels. The induction of sesquiterpene cyclase gene expression in the pretreated pepper leaves under the treatments of CuCl2, HgCl2 and UV was conducted in this paper. The result showed that no hindrance of sesquiterpene cyclase enzyme activity was detected in the EGTA or LaCl3 pretreated leaves, compared to the controls treated with CuCl2, HgCl2, and UV without the pretreatment, while the pretreatment with EGTA enhanced the inductivity of the above exogenous abiotic elicitors on the enzyme activity. The sesquiterpene cyclase activity was also detected in leaves treated with EGTA only, and the result of Northern Blot analysis indicated that the enhancement of EGTA on the enzyme activity was due to the induction of EGTA on the gene transcription. It is suggested that there might exist other signal pipelines, in addition to the Ca2+ signal system in sesquiterpene cyclase gene expression in pepper leaves, and the mechanism of induction of abiotic elicitors on sesquiterpene cyclase in C. annuum differed from that of biotic elicitors.

Calcium Signaling↗
PubMed2000

[Response of Capsicum frutescens metapopulation to simulated insect herbivorous behaviors].

Based on the theory of metapopulation, this paper studied the response of different leaf-cutting Capsicum frutescens metapopulation to simulated short-term insect pestes during high temperature period in July. Variance analysis (ANOVA), principal component analysis(PCA) and plant growth analysis were applied. The result shows that C. frutescens had a strong compensatory ability. The number, dry weight and leaf area of old leaves decreased with increasing leaf-cutting, but contrarily for new leaves. The total leaf number did not show any significant difference, but the total area and weight of leaves were significantly different, because of the influence of old leaves. The number, weight and lenght of branches were not significantly different with different treatments, and the number of fruits, flowers and flower buds also showed no significant difference. However, the difference of their dry weights was significant. It is practical to use number indexes, but not dry weight, leaf area and length for plant growth analysis in metapopulation, when the difference of dry weight between modulars is small. It is suggested that a certain degree of herbivory might be beneficial to the growth and fruit yield of C. frutescens during the high temperature period.

Capsicum↗
PubMed2002

[Induction of sesquiterpene cyclase gene expression and antioxidant enzymes regulated by exongenous salicylic acid in leaves of Capsicum annuum].

An analysis of the induction of sesquitèrpene cyclase gene expression and antioxidant enzymes in Capsicum annuum by exongenous salicyclic acid (SA) pointed out that the sesquiterpene cyclase gene expression in detached pepper leaves was induced by 0.5-4 mmol.L-1 of exongenous SA, whereas the enzyme activity and accumulation of cyclase mRNA were much lower, and it took a longer time (36 h) for the gene to be induced to express after SA treatment, comparing to other elicitors such as UV and fungi treatment. The activities of SOD and POD were enhanced, while the CAT activity was inhibited to some degree. Consequently, H2O2 content was increased in SA treated pepper leaves. H2O2 accumulation was related to the integrated influences from antioxidant enzymes.

Capsicum↗