Outbreak of diarrhea linked to dietetic candies--New Hampshire.
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Adolescent↗
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Warning: "This candy bar may be hazardous to your health" or Food--the "acceptable" addiction.
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Feeding Behavior↗
[Middelfart. Gets candy when he crawls on all fours and barks like a dog].
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Denmark↗
Letter: "Red" candies and urine barbiturate determinations.
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Barbiturates↗
"Tasting and wasting" behavior in non-human primates: aberrant behavior or normal behavior in "times of plenty".
The purpose of this study was to develop a foraging model that engenders large meals. Eight free-feeding baboons were first given periodic access to a chocolate sugar-coated candy (M & Ms) and then a jelly sugar-coated candy (Skittles). Baboons had access to food 24 h each day, but they had to complete a two-phase operant procedure in order to eat. Responding on one lever during a 30-min appetitive phase was required before animals could start a consumption phase, where responding on another lever led to food delivery, i.e., a meal. 3 days a week for 8 or 9 weeks baboons received candy during the first meal and then food pellets were available: a 2 month interval when only pellets were available separated periods of candy access. All baboons ate as much candy in the single candy meal as they did pellets throughout the remainder of the day. Beginning week 5 of M & M access, five baboons began to waste a large number of M & Ms by spitting them out. Baboons wasted few Skittles or pellets. Pellet intake was less, but total caloric intake was greater on days that animals had access to either candy. Pellet, but not candy eating varied between males and females: males began eating pellets sooner in the day, ate more pellet meals and more pellets. Periodic access to a preferred candy food engendered large amounts of candy consumption in all baboons, and periodic access to M & Ms engendered food tasting and wasting behavior in 5 of 8 baboons.
Animals↗
[A study on immunization of polio vaccine. II. Comparison of responses obtained by different forms of polio vaccine].
A comparison study on the responses to the immunization of three different forms of polio vaccine, eg. Liquid I, Oral dragee candy I and Trivalent Oral dragee candy, on the susceptible children of 2-6 month of age was conducted in wujin County, Jiangsu Province The study showed no statistical difference between the responses to the three forms of the vaccine reaching 95-100%. For antibody GMT, Liquid I was the highest, with little difference between Liquid I and Oral dragee candy I and Trivalent Oral dragee candy vaccine in statistics. But, there was a significant statistical difference between Trivalent Oral dragee candy and Liquid I. Considering that it is not easy to inoculate the children of 2-4 months of age with oral dragee candy vaccine, it is suggested all the producers try their best to convert the present oral dragee candy form into Liquid.
Antibodies, Viral↗
Thallium poisoning from maliciously contaminated food.
Four young adults presented two days after one of them had received marzipan balls packaged in a box from an expensive candy manufacturer. Two ate one candy ball, while two others shared a third. The next day, variable gastrointestinal symptoms developed. On the third day, two patients developed painful paresthesiae of the hands and feet, an early but nonspecific clinical marker of thallium poisoning. A tentative diagnosis of thallium poisoning was made based on symptoms, and treatment was initiated. The remaining candies were radiographed. Metallic densities in the candies supported the diagnosis, and atomic absorption spectroscopy was used to quantitate thallium content. Each candy contained a potentially fatal dose. Five to seven days later, hypertension and tachycardia developed in the two patients who had ingested an entire candy. All patients developed alopecia but recovered without overt neurologic or other sequelae. While the diagnosis of thallium poisoning is often delayed until alopecia develops, an early diagnosis favors an effective treatment strategy.
Adult↗
Usage of saccharin in food products and its intake by the population of Lucknow, India.
A survey of the usage patterns of the artificial sweetener, saccharin, in edible products and a study of its intake pattern in different population groups has been carried out. Of the different edible commodities, ice candy (87 samples) and crushed ice (14 samples), commonly consumed by children, and pan masala (16 samples) and pan flavourings (10 samples), consumed by the habitual population, were collected from different areas of Lucknow, India. Saccharin was extracted from the samples according to an AOAC method and analysed by HPLC. The consumption pattern of ice candy and crushed ice was determined for 6-20 year olds from a household dietary survey using the food frequency recall method (414 families having 1039 subjects). The consumption of pan masala and pan was assessed by a survey of habitual adult consumers comprising 782 and 1141 subjects, respectively. The average and maximum amounts of saccharin in pan masala samples were 12 750 and 24 300 mg kg-1, respectively, which are 1.6- and 3-fold higher than the maximum permitted levels allowed under Prevention of Food Adulteration (PFA) Act of India. In pan flavourings, the average and maximum amount of saccharin was 12.2 and 20.1%, i.e. 1.52- and 2.5-fold higher than the permissible limits of the PFA Act. The samples of ice candy and crushed ice showed average and maximum levels of 200 and 700 mg kg-1 and 280 and 460 mg kg-1, respectively. The average intake of saccharin through ice candy and crushed ice was less than 21% of the acceptable daily intake (ADI) (5 mg kg-1 body weight (bw) day-1). However, the maximum intake of saccharin, especially in the 6-10-year age group, contributed 57 and 68% of the ADI through ice candy and crushed ice, respectively. Maximum consumption of saccharin in all the age groups, if consuming both ice candy and crushed ice, results in exceeding the ADI by 54% for subjects in the 6-10-year age group. Hence, the 6-10-year age group population may be at risk of exceeding the ADI for saccharin. The average and maximum theoretical daily intake of saccharin through pan masala alone was 1.84 and 13.33 mg kg-1 bw day-1, contributing 37 and 267% of the ADI, whereas the estimated (maximum) daily intake was 810% of the ADI. The estimated maximum daily intake (EDI) of saccharin through pan was 6.87 mg kg-1 bw day-1, which was 137% of the ADI. Thus, individuals in the maximum consumption group for pan masala or pan may be susceptible to toxic effects of saccharin, including bladder distention, elevated urine osmolality and bladder cancer.
Adolescent↗
Quantity-based interference and symbolic representations in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes).
Five chimpanzees with training in counting and numerical skills selected between 2 arrays of different amounts of candy or 2 Arabic numerals. A reversed reinforcement contingency was in effect, in which the selected array was removed and the subject received the nonselected candies (or the number of candies represented by the nonselected Arabic numeral). Animals were unable to maximize reward by selecting the smaller array when candies were used as array elements. When Arabic numerals were substituted for the candy arrays, all animals showed an immediate shift to a more optimal response strategy of selecting the smaller numeral, thereby receiving the larger reward. Results suggest that a response disposition to the high-incentive candy stimuli introduced a powerful interference effect on performance, which was effectively overridden by the use of symbolic representations.
Animals↗
Meal order reversal: effects of eating a sweet course first or last.
The aim of the experiment was to determine the effects of eating a sweet food either as a first course or as a third course on intake during a three-course lunch. Twenty normal weight, non-dieting male subjects were run twice in a counter-balanced design. The first and third courses were interchanged and consisted of either a sweet (candy bar) or savory (cheese or crackers) food, both of similar palatabilities and energy densities. Intake of these foods, when they were eaten as a first course, was the same. The two first courses had no differential effects on intake of the middle course (spaghetti with meat sauce and a salad), which was the same in both conditions. Intakes in the third course did not differ significantly between conditions, but intake was slightly higher when the candy was eaten. Intake of the candy bar was similar in the first and third courses, but intake of the cheese on crackers was significantly lower (p less than 0.0007) as the third course. Total energy intake over the entire meal was 6% higher when the candy bar was eaten last, but this was not significant. Thus, there was no indication that eating candy as a first course affected appetite and food intake differently from eating the same amount of a non-sweet food such as cheese on crackers, which was similar in energy density and palatability. However, more studies with different foods in a situation more similar to a normal meal are needed before it can be concluded that sweet and savory foods at the start or end of a meal always have the same effects on appetite and food intake.
Adult↗
A simple technique for the determination of salivary gland hypofunction.
OBJECTIVE: Present volumetric or gravimetric techniques for measuring saliva output are often cumbersome and, therefore, not generally used. In the present study, a simple approach to study the weight loss of a standard hard sugar candy after 3 minutes of passive incubation between tongue dorsum and palate was tested. STUDY DESIGN: Subjects (n = 59), 27 of whom had a subjective complaint of dry mouth and the rest who were healthy control subjects, were tested with this procedure, together with gravimetric measurements of stimulated and unstimulated saliva output from various glands (parotid, submandibular, and sublingual). Correlations between a decrease in candy weight and salivary flow rate were determined for the 2 groups of subjects, taken separately, as well as for the entire subject population, by using the Pearson product moment correlation. RESULTS: In most cases, highly significant associations were found, particularly when comparing candy weight loss with stimulated parotid and submandibular and sublingual saliva. Data were submitted to dichotomous analysis and divided according to salivary flow rate by using a cutoff 0.23 g for candy loss; the sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive values were 92%, 85%, and 82%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The candy weight-loss test is a simple, rapid measure of salivary hypofunction, which correlates with saliva output and reports of subjective dry mouth.
Candy↗
Bone mineral density and dietary patterns in older adults: the Framingham Osteoporosis Study.
BACKGROUND: Several nutrients are known to affect bone mineral density (BMD). However, these nutrients occur together in foods and dietary patterns, and the overall effects of dietary choices are not well understood. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated associations between dietary patterns and BMD in older adults. DESIGN: Of the original Framingham Heart Study subjects, 907 aged 69-93 y completed food-frequency questionnaires as part of an osteoporosis study. We defined dietary patterns by cluster analysis. BMD was measured at the proximal right femur (femoral neck, trochanter, Ward's area) with a dual-photon absorptiometer and at the 33% radial shaft with a single-photon absorptiometer. We regressed BMD measures onto the cluster variable, adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS: Six dietary patterns were identified, with relatively greater proportions of intake from meat, dairy, and bread; meat and sweet baked products; sweet baked products; alcohol; candy; and fruit, vegetables, and cereal. After adjustment for multiple comparisons, men in the last group had significantly (P = 0.05) greater BMD than did 2-4 other groups at the hip sites and the candy group at the radius. Men in the candy group had significantly (P < 0.05) lower BMD than did those in the fruit, vegetables, and cereal group for 3 of the 4 sites. Women in the candy group had significantly (P < 0.01) lower BMD than did all but one other group at the radius. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary pattern is associated with BMD. High fruit and vegetable intake appears to be protective in men. High candy consumption was associated with low BMD in both men and women.
Aged↗
A rapid CRISPR-based nanodroplet assay enables direct clinical identification of mycobacteria species.
The global incidence and mortality of nontuberculous mycobacterial infections have risen sharply with population aging. In some regions, they are now surpassing Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex infections, imposing a substantial clinical and economic burden. Because nontuberous mycobacteria exhibit species-level heterogeneity and require prolonged culture for identification, their diagnosis remains slow and is frequently inaccurate. Here, we describe a multiplexed clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-assisted nanodroplet differential identification (CANDI) diagnostic platform that integrates species-agnostic target amplification with species-specific CRISPR-associated protein 12a (Cas12a) detection in fluorescence-barcoded nanodroplets. By spatially compartmentalizing CRISPR reactions into color-encoded nanodroplets, CANDI overcomes the multiplexing limitations of conventional CRISPR diagnostics and enables simultaneous interrogation of multiple mycobacterial targets in a single assay. We designed a 16-plex panel that distinguishes 15 clinically relevant Mycobacterium species and subspecies. CANDI achieved high analytical sensitivity and accurate discrimination in samples containing coinfections with multiple species or subspecies. When applied to 230 clinical specimens, including sputum, tracheal aspirates, and other respiratory fluids, CANDI delivered subspecies-level results within 3.5 hours, achieving 97.08% sensitivity and 99.7% specificity relative to culture-based identification. By combining multiplexed, high-specificity CRISPR detection with scalable droplet-based engineering, CANDI has the potential to overcome the culture dependency of current diagnostics and enable species- and subspecies-level identification across the genetically complex Mycobacterium genus, offering a clinically adaptable framework for rapid, precision diagnosis of mycobacterial infections.
Humans↗
Improving profoundly mentally retarded adults' performance on a position discrimination.
The relative importance of stimulus manipulations antecedent to or consequent on the response was investigated in three experiments related to position discrimination. In the first experiment, two different stimuli (either a piece of candy or a toy cat) were hidden under one of three boxes in full view of 2 profoundly mentally retarded adults. The behavior of uncovering the hidden object was measured using a combined multiple baseline and reversal design. In Experiment II, an entire unit of profoundly retarded adults was screened to determine the prevalence of the effects observed in Experiment I. In Experiment III, an attempt was made to determine whether the difference in antecedents (candy vs. kitty) or consequences accounted for the superior performance when the candy was hidden. In this experiment, using a reversal design with four profoundly retarded adults, we found that the antecedent manipulation (hiding the candy vs. hiding the toy cat) resulted in better performance than did the manipulation of the consequence (handing subjects the candy or allowing them to uncover and consume it).
Adolescent↗
Does a high carbohydrate preparatory diet affect the 3-hour oral glucose tolerance test in pregnancy?
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a high carbohydrate preparatory diet on the performance of the 3-hour oral glucose tolerance test (GTT) in pregnancy. This prospective clinical trial was performed at a university hospital outpatient obstetric clinic. Gravidas who had an abnormal blood sugar screening test were asked to ingest one of two preparatory diets: > or = 150g/day of carbohydrate for 3 days (Carbo) or six Snickers candy bars per day for 3 days (Candy), or to remain on their usual diet (Ad lib) prior to the GTT. A 100g oral GTT was performed after an overnight fast, and blood glucose values were determined at 1, 2, and 3 hours. Patients with either a fasting whole blood glucose > 120 mg/dl or > or = two abnormal values on the GTT were considered to have gestational diabetes mellitus and received diet therapy. Women who failed diet therapy also received insulin. Our primary outcome parameter was the intergroup incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus. Other parameters included the mean 1-, 2-, and 3-hour glucose values and the rates of both cesarean delivery and large-for-gestational age infants. Of the 354 women studied, 108 entered the Carbo group, 105 entered the Candy group, and 141 comprised the Ad Lib group. The three groups were comparable with regard to historic and demographic risk factors for gestational diabetes mellitus. After the GTT, 29% of the Carbo group were considered to have gestational diabetes mellitus vs. 28% in both the Ad lib and Candy groups (P = 0.98). Additionally, both the mean intergroup fasting, 1-hour, 2-hour, and 3-hour whole blood glucose values and selected clinical outcomes were similar (P = 0.35-0.99). Compared to usual dietary intake, recommending a high carbohydrate diet had a negligible effect on the 100g oral GTT in pregnancy.
Adult↗
Identification of consistent responding to auditory stimuli by a functionally "deaf" autistic child.
Although the severity of autistic children's unresponsiveness to external stimulation has been frequently reported, little empirical work has been conducted to specifically describe the nature of their unresponsiveness. The child who participated in this experiment was at varying times reported to be deaf, hard of hearing, or functionally deaf; and at other times was reported to have normal hearing. In this experiment, we measured his responses to systematically presented auditory stimuli in order to determine if there was any pattern to his responding. Two types of auditory stimuli were used: (a) white noise, consisting of most of the frequencies within the human range of hearing, and (b) the sound of a candy machine delivering candy. The results showed the following. (1) There was consistent responding to both the white noise and the candy feeder. (2) The thresholds for responding to the white noise were always consistent on a given day, but varied from day to day. (3) Responding to the candy machine stimulus always occurred at sound levels which were well below the threshold for the white noise. These results are discussed in terms of their implications for understanding autism, and in particular in terms of understanding the lack of speech development in mute autistic children.
Acoustic Stimulation↗
Self-awareness and transgression in children: two field studies.
Two field studies explored the relationship between self-awareness and transgressive behavior. In the first study, 363 Halloween trick-or-treaters were instructed to only take one candy. Self-awareness induced by the presence of a mirror placed behind the candy bowl decreased transgression rates for children who had been individuated by asking them their name and address, but did not affect the behavior of children left anonymous. Self-awareness influenced older but not younger children. Naturally occurring standards instituted by the behavior of the first child to approach the candy bowl in each group were shown to interact with the experimenter's verbally stated standard. The behavior of 349 subjects in the second study replicated the findings in the first study. Additionally, when no standard was stated by the experimenter, children took more candy when not self-aware than when self-aware.
Awareness↗
The effects of self-attention and public attention on eating in restrained and unrestrained subjects.
Two experiments were conducted to assess the effects of self-attention and public attention to food intake on eating by dieters and nondieters. Female dieters ate the greatest number of candies ad lib after consuming a forced two-milk shake preload; the addition of either self-attention or implied public attention, through the manipulated availability of a waste basket for the disposing of candy wrappers, inhibited eating substantially. For nondieters, the preload itself inhibited candy consumption, which declined further only under conditions of public attention to candy intake. In a second experiment, self- and public attention again inhibited the cookie consumption of preloaded dieters, but preloaded nondieters were not influenced by the attention manipulations, eating minimally in all conditions. Nondieters who were not preloaded, however, did reduce their intake in the two attention conditions. Implications for regulatory self-control were discussed.
Adult↗