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At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Characteristic behavior of serum elastase 1 in pancreatic cancer.

Diagnostic significance of serum immunoreactive elastase 1 (IRE) in pancreatic cancer was evaluated in 53 patients with pancreatic cancer. Frequency of abnormally high serum IRE levels in pancreatic cancer was 66.0%; 87.0% in head cancer (N = 23), 55.0% in body & tail cancer (N = 20) and 40% in diffuse cancer (N = 10). Serum IRE level in resectable cancer was significantly higher than that in unresectable cancer. Comparative studies of serum pancreatic enzymes revealed that serum IRE was the most sensitive marker for diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. The characteristic behavior of serum IRE throughout the course of pancreatic cancer was that abnormally high levels of IRE are maintained for a longer period of time when compared to that of pancreatitis. In the comparative study of serum IRE and CA19-9, of the 9 cases of pancreatic cancer with CA19-9 levels less than 100U/ml, 7 showed abnormally high values of IRE, and of these 4 were resectable. These results indicate that in order to detect early pancreatic cancer, any elevation of serum IRE before CA19-9 increase should be noted with care, and patients who particularly show elevated IRE values for more than one month should be subjected to more extensive morphological examinations.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

BRAF screening as a low-cost effective strategy for simplifying HNPCC genetic testing.

BACKGROUND: According to the international criteria for hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) diagnostics, cancer patients with a family history or early onset of colorectal tumours showing high microsatellite instability (MSI-H) should receive genetic counselling and be offered testing for germline mutations in DNA repair genes, mainly MLH1 and MSH2. Recently, an oncogenic V600E hotspot mutation within BRAF, a kinase encoding gene from the RAS/RAF/MAPK pathway, has been found to be associated with sporadic MSI-H colon cancer, but its association with HNPCC remains to be further clarified. METHODS: BRAF-V600E mutations were analysed by automatic sequencing in colorectal cancers from 206 sporadic cases with MSI-H and 111 HNPCC cases with known germline mutations in MLH1 and MSH2. In addition, 45 HNPCC cases showing abnormal immunostaining for MSH2 were also analysed. RESULTS: The BRAF-V600E hotspot mutation was found in 40% (82/206) of the sporadic MSI-H tumours analysed but in none of the 111 tested HNPCC tumours or in the 45 cases showing abnormal MSH2 immunostaining. CONCLUSIONS: Detection of the V600E mutation in a colorectal MSI-H tumour argues against the presence of a germline mutation in either the MLH1 or MSH2 gene. Therefore, screening of these mismatch repair (MMR) genes can be avoided in cases positive for V600E if no other significant evidence, such as fulfilment of the strict Amsterdam criteria, suggests MMR associated HNPCC. In this context, mutation analysis of the BRAF hotspot is a reliable, fast, and low cost strategy which simplifies genetic testing for HNPCC.

Colorectal Neoplasms, Hereditary Nonpolyposis↗
PubMed1991

[Studies on magnetic resonance imaging of pancreatic cancer].

Diagnostic ability of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) was evaluated in 41 patients with pancreatic cancer who underwent surgery 1 to 43 days following MRI. MRI of surgical specimens revealed that pancreatic cancer and caudal pancreatitis showed similar intensities when compared with the normal pancreas. The usefulness of the contrast medium, Gadolinium diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA), was confirmed in the differentiation between cancer and caudal pancreatitis. In the diagnosis of tumor extension, portal vein invasion was better diagnosed by MRI than by angiography. (Spearman's rank correlation test showed higher correlation in MRI than in angiography, p = 0.501, 0.464, respectively.) In the diagnosis of the invasion to the anterior pancreatic capsule its sensitivity was 43%, specificity 81% and efficiency 59%. Retropancreatic invasion was diagnosed with a sensitivity of 48%, a specificity of 90% and an efficiency of 59%. Lymph-node metastasis was well demonstrated especially near the pancreas but beyond them it was difficult. The liver metastasis was correctly diagnosed in 7 of 9 cases and was confirmed by laparotomy.

Contrast Media↗
PubMed2004

Evidence for prostate cancer-associated diagnostic marker-1: immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization studies.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to characterize a novel gene/protein associated with prostate cancer, termed prostate cancer-associated diagnostic marker-1 [PCADM-1 (Hu Y, Wang M, Garcia FU, Aoyaki K, Stearns ME. Identification of PCADM-1 as a novel diagnostic marker for prostate cancer, submitted for publication)]. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND RESULTS: Immunological studies revealed that rabbit polyclonal antibodies generated against recombinant PCADM-1 specifically recognize the protein in crude protein extracts from a variety of prostate cancer cell lines (i.e., PC-3 ML, LNCaP, DU145, and CPTX-1532) and prostate cancer tissue. Combined immunolabeling and in situ hybridization studies demonstrated that PCADM-1 mRNA was expressed by the luminal epithelial cells of prostate cancer glands and was not expressed by high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia or HPV-MLC7 cells. Immunolabeling studies of tissue arrays from biopsies of archival material (n = 200 samples) confirmed that PCADM-1 was expressed by the luminal epithelial cells of prostate cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, the data suggest that PCADM-1 is a specific marker for human prostate cancer.

Antigens, Neoplasm↗
PubMed2005

[The aftercare principle for metastasizing prostate cancer. Few diagnostics, much support].

For advanced prostate cancer - not including intermittent strategies - the patient is in continual treatment. The effect of the therapy must be controlled so that its failure can be determined as soon as possible and a new regimen started. As in most cases the progression of the disease can not be stopped, the aim of the therapy is to provide the patient with the best possible quality of life. In order to carry out therapy, if possible in the patient's usual environment, supportive therapies should be used, such as compensation for anaemia or pain therapy as required. Skeletal complications can be prophylactically treated by the use of biphosphonates.

Aftercare↗
PubMed1994

[Comparison of tumor markers versus their relative values to prostatic volume in detecting prostate cancer].

Diagnostic utility of serum markers and their relative values to prostatic volume were evaluated using Receiver Operator Characteristics Analysis (ROC analysis) in 173 patients who underwent ultrasound guided biopsy of the prostate gland. Seventy cases (40.5%) of prostate cancer were detected. As a whole, prostate specific antigen density (PSAD) and prostate specific antigen (PSA) were more useful than gammaseminoprotein density (GSMD), gammaseminoprotein (GSM) and prostatic acid phosphatase in diagnosing cancer judged by the area under the ROC curve denoting a test's diagnostic accuracy (p < 0.05). No significant difference was noted, however, between PSAD and PSA (p > 0.05). Prostate specific antigen density was more predictive for prostate cancer than PSA in a subgroup of patients with PSA levels of 2.0-10.0 ng/ml (p < 0.05). No advantage of PSAD was obtained in patients with intermediate PSA levels of 2.0-5.0 ng/ml or benign-feeling glands (p > 0.05). Higher sensitivity could be achieved by using Eiken PSA 2.0 ng/ml as a cutoff rather than the recommended value of 3.0 ng/ml. This helped to diagnose 5 more cases of prostate cancer who otherwise might have been missed if PSA cutoff of 3.0 ng/ml had been used. A PSAD cutoff of 0.15 has a sensitivity of 81.4%, a specificity of 87.4% and an accuracy of 85.0%. However, use of this cutoff for biopsy could result in unacceptable numbers of undiagnosed cases, including many potentially curable cancers. Though PSAD may enhance sensitivity and specificity in a certain group of patients, this gain is not sufficient to reliably define the group at highest risk of prostate cancer. Indication of biopsy should still be determined based upon PSA concentration rather than PSAD value.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Serum immunoreactive elastase in diagnosis of pancreatic diseases. A sensitive marker for pancreatic cancer.

Diagnostic significance of serum immunoreactive elastase-1 was studied in 137 patients with pancreatic disease, 335 with various nonpancreatic diseases, and 416 healthy controls by using radioimmunoassay. Frequency of abnormally high serum elastase values exceeding 410 ng/dl was 100% in acute pancreatitis (N = 14), 40% in chronic pancreatitis (N = 80), and 72% in pancreatic cancer (N = 43). In pancreatic cancer the mean value of serum elastase in resectable cancer (N = 19) was significantly higher than that in unresectable cancer (N = 24). Sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency of serum elastase in pancreatic cancer were 72.1%, 98.3%, and 95.9% against healthy controls; 72.1%, 85.9%, and 83.6% against nonpancreatic digestive diseases; and 72.1%, 60.0%, and 64.2% against chronic pancreatitis at a cutoff level of 410 ng/dl, respectively. High serum elastase could be a diagnostic clue to detect pancreatic duct obstruction due to pancreatic cancer, although further examination should be done by endoscopic retrograde pancreatography and other imaging studies.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1986

[Diagnosis of minimal breast cancer by diagnostic hormonal treatment].

After diagnostic hormonal treatment of 129 patients, 11 (8.5%) were revealed to have breast cancer. The diagnostic accuracy in the case of a lesion of less than 1.0 cm in diameter was 11.8% for palpation, 18.2% for mammography, 33.3% for ultrasonography; the accuracy of this method is 66.6%. Minimal breast cancer was present in eight out of nine cases. Thus, diagnostic hormonal treatment was found to be useful in the diagnosis of minimal breast cancer that coexists with mastopathy.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Influence of physician communication on newly diagnosed breast patients' psychologic adjustment and decision-making.

BACKGROUND: Physician-patient communication is of critical importance when a breast cancer diagnosis is made, because the emotionally overwhelmed patient must be educated about her disease and available treatments so she can participate in decisions about her care. A research study addressed the hypothesis that patients whose surgeons used psychotherapeutic techniques during the cancer diagnostic interview would have better psychologic adjustment to their cancer. METHODS: One hundred women surveyed 6 months after surgery completed the Cancer Diagnostic Interview Scale (CDIS) and the SCL-90-R, a measure of psychologic well being. RESULTS: Factor analysis of the CDIS revealed that the physician's caring attitude was perceived by the women as most important, with information-giving as a much weaker component. Multiple regression analysis supported the hypothesis that psychologic adjustment was predicted by physician behavior during the cancer diagnostic interview. Other significant predictors of adjustment were a history of psychiatric problems and premorbid life stressors. CONCLUSIONS: Provision of information needed for decision-making appears to be valued largely within the context of a caring physician-patient relationship. Specific surgeons' behaviors believed to facilitate patient adjustment include expressing empathy, allowing sufficient time for patients to absorb the cancer diagnosis, providing information, and engaging the patient in treatment decision-making.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1990

Pathology of non-small cell lung cancer. New diagnostic approaches.

Non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) comprise 75% of all lung cancers and consist of three major histologic types: squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma. The histopathology of lung cancer appears to be changing: The incidence of squamous cell carcinoma in the United States is declining, accompanied by the increase in the incidence of adenocarcinoma. Carcinoma of the lung is thought to arise from a pluripotent epithelial cell capable of expressing a variety of phenotypes. Malignant transformation is the end result of multiple events involving the growth control of bronchopulmonary epithelium. It is well known that squamous cell carcinomas are preceded by many years of progressive mucosal changes including squamous metaplasia, dysplasia, and carcinoma in situ. Premalignant changes associated with the other types of NSCLC are less well understood. Recently characterized markers for peripheral airway cell differentiation and selected monoclonal antibodies may be helpful. It is conceivable to identify specific genetic events at the cellular level using in situ hybridization or polymerase chain reaction. Biologic and genetic studies have renewed the awareness of the pleomorphism of NSCLC. Potentially interesting subsets include the following: (1) The expression of neuroendocrine (NE) markers has been demonstrated in selected NSCLC (NSCLC-NE), mostly in adeno- and large cell carcinomas. (2) The presence of K-ras mutations in surgically resected adenocarcinomas has been associated with shortened survival times. (3) Also, the neu gene encoded protein p185 has been associated with a more aggressive clinical course in adenocarcinomas. Further studies are needed to confirm such results and correlate the findings with the current WHO NSCLC classification. Rapid validation of relevant new diagnostic approaches is an enormous challenge. Although selected immunohistochemical and molecular biologic techniques may work on routinely processed paraffin-embedded material obtained from the pathology archives, many of the newest applications require fresh or freshly frozen specimens from large numbers of patients with a computerized clinical data base for adequate clinicopathologic correlations. Establishing such a resource is obviously a team effort requiring close collaboration of the oncologist, pathologist, surgeon, and technicians.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1996

[Simultaneous pulmonary tuberculosis and bronchial cancer. A diagnostic pitfall].

Simultaneous development of unsuspected primary cancer in close vicinity to an active tuberculous process of the lung can seriously complicate diagnosis. In most reported cases, a long interval had elapsed before carcinoma was suspected. Such a case is described. Initially a 72-year-old man with carvernous tuberculosis was successfully treated with adequate antituberculous drugs. After 18 weeks of treatment, the patient's pulmonary parenchymal status showed no further improvement, and after 25 weeks the lung infiltration was seen to be slowly increasing. Thoracotomy performed after 40 weeks of treatment revealed inoperable squamous cell carcinoma and apparently healed tuberculosis.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Thyroid cancer after diagnostic administration of iodine-131 in childhood.

Hahn, K., Schnell-Inderst, P., Grosche, B. and Holm, L-E. Thyroid Cancer after Diagnostic Administration of Iodine-131 in Childhood. Radiat. Res. 156, 61-70 (2001). To determine the carcinogenic effects of diagnostic amounts of (131)I on the juvenile thyroid gland, a multicenter retrospective cohort study was conducted on 4,973 subjects who either had been referred for diagnostic tests using uptake of (131)I (n = 2,262) or had had a diagnostic procedure on the thyroid without (131)I (n = 2,711) before the age of 18 years. Follow-up examinations were conducted after a mean period of 20 years after the first examination in 35% of the exposed subjects (n = 789) and in 41% of the nonexposed subjects (n = 1,118). Iodine-131 dosimetry of the thyroid was carried out according to ICRP Report No 53, and the median thyroid dose was 1.0 Gy. In the exposed group, two thyroid cancers were found during 16,500 person-years, compared to three cancers in the nonexposed group during 21,000 person-years. The relative risk for the exposed group was 0.86 (95% CI: 0.14-5.13). The study did not demonstrate an increased risk for thyroid cancer after administration of (131)I in childhood.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[Immunoscintigraphy in oncology exemplified by ovarian cancer].

Diagnostic and therapeutical work increasingly uses immunologic and nuclear medical methods, which is especially true in oncology. Recently tumor localization has gained much from immunoscintigraphy, a noninvasive method combining immunologic and nuclear medicine techniques. After application and accumulation of radiolabelled tumor-associated monoclonal antibodies, it is possible to obtain malignant tumor sites by scintigraphy. In the following a short introduction of the method and its use in ovarian cancer patients is presented.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed2006

Neural network-based diagnostic and prognostic estimations in breast cancer microscopic instances.

This paper deals with breast cancer diagnostic and prognostic estimations employing neural networks over the Wisconsin Breast Cancer datasets, which consist of measurements taken from breast cancer microscopic instances. A probabilistic approach is dedicated to solve the diagnosis problem, detecting malignancy among instances derived from the Fine Needle Aspirate test, while regression algorithms estimate the time interval that possibly correspond to the right end-point of the patients' disease-free survival time or the time where the tumour recurs (time-to-recur). For the diagnosis problem, the accuracy of the neural network in terms of sensitivity and specificity was measured at 98.6 and 97.5% respectively, using the leave-one-out test method. As far as the prognosis problem is concerned, the accuracy of the neural network was measured through a stratified tenfold cross-validation approach. Sensitivity ranged between 80.5 and 91.8%, while specificity ranged between 91.9 and 97.9%, depending on the tested fold and the partition of the predicted period. The prognostic recurrence predictions were then further evaluated using survival analysis and compared with other techniques found in literature.

Biopsy, Fine-Needle↗
PubMed2003

Semiology, proteomics, and the early detection of symptomatic cancer.

"Diagnostic delay," the duration of symptoms or the symptom to diagnosis interval (SDI), are highly complex variables that reflect the behavior of the patient and the attending physician, tumor biology and host-tumor interactions, the functioning of the health care system, and sociocultural norms. In addition to tumor stage, other variables mediate the relationship between duration of symptoms and survival; clinical and epidemiologic procedures to measure them must be improved. Largely at odds with clinical and common wisdom, decades of research have shown that often SDI is not associated with tumor stage and/or with survival from cancer. It would be relevant to increase evidence in support of the notion that, for each type of tumor, there is a positive relationship between the length of the presymptomatic and the symptomatic phases. SDI could then be used to classify tumors according to their likelihood of being detected early when still asymptomatic. Also, tumors could be classified according to the ratio of the median SDI to the median survival (SDI to survival ratio, SSR), which may estimate the relative likelihood for clinical lead-time bias. If adhering to rigorous methodologic standards, proteomic analyses of early-stage cancers might provide new insights into changes that occur in early phases of tumorigenesis. More real examples are needed of uses of pathologic and genomic data to study mechanisms through which SDI influences-or fails to influence-prognosis. The degree of correlation between proteomic patterns and classic semiology constitutes an area of interest in itself; their respective correlations with cancer prognosis should be assessed in properly designed epidemiologic studies.

Humans↗
PubMed2004

Optical coherence tomography: feasibility for basic research and image-guided surgery of breast cancer.

Diagnostic trends in medicine are being directed toward cellular and molecular processes, where treatment regimens are more amenable for cure. Optical imaging is capable of performing cellular and molecular imaging using the short wavelengths and spectroscopic properties of light. Diffuse optical tomography is an optical imaging technique that has been pursued as an alternative to X-ray mammography. While this technique permits non-invasive optical imaging of the whole breast, to date it is incapable of resolving features at the cellular level. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an emerging high-resolution biomedical imaging technology that for larger and undifferentiated cells can perform cellular-level imaging at the expense of imaging depth. OCT performs optical ranging in tissue and is analogous to ultrasound except reflections of near-infrared light are detected rather than sound. In this paper, an overview of the OCT technology is provided, followed by images demonstrating the feasibility of using OCT to image cellular features indicative of breast cancer. OCT images of a well-established carcinogen-induced rat mammary tumor model were acquired. Images from this common experimental model show strong correlation with corresponding histopathology. These results illustrate the potential of OCT for a wide range of basic research studies and for intra-operative image-guidance to identify foci of tumor cells within surgical margins during the surgical treatment of breast cancer.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Bladder cancer. Current diagnostic methods and treatment options.

The incidence of bladder cancer has grown over the years, presumably in part because of increasing exposure to carcinogenic agents in modern-day life. Drs Badalament and Schervish outline the latest diagnostic and staging methods for the disease and summarize treatment options for superficial, invasive, and metastatic cancers, including discussion of various methods for urinary diversion following cystectomy.

Humans↗
PubMed1998

[Diagnostic and pretherapeutic management of breast cancer].

Breast cancer diagnostic is based on clinical examination, mammographic and echographic findings and the results of pathological samplings. The development of breast cancer screening has led to the discovery of numerous infraclinical lesions and in spite of this, clinical examination remains very important to perform, and useful for staging. Thank to the progresses of mammography and echography the size of discovered tumors has regularly shrunk within 15 years. Quality control is a necessity to obtain good and liable results. The ultrasonographic and stereotactic guidances are very useful to improve the localisation of subclinical breast cancers for sampling as well as for the quality and the precision of the surgery. The pretherapeutic staging needs to be tailored to each case and can be helped by biological markers, chest X-ray, bone scan and hepatic ultrasonography.

Breast Neoplasms↗