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PubMed1985

More than skin deep: a self-consistency approach to the psychology of cosmetic surgery.

Underlying attitudes about the general self and the specific body part operated on in cosmetic surgery were investigated. It was hypothesized that female cosmetic surgery patients would feel less favorably toward their noses, faces, or breasts than toward their overall self. These marked inconsistencies would cause "normal" individuals to seek practical solutions of enhancing the esteem of the particular body part, to make it consistent with their general view of themselves. Forty female cosmetic surgery patients were tested before and 2 and 4 months after surgery. In all, 12 hypotheses were made within the general self-consistency framework and 11 were upheld at levels ranging from 0.02 to 0.001. Self-consistency theory accurately represents the female cosmetic surgery patient as a normal woman in terms of self-esteem who is attempting to remediate a consciously felt inconsistency between general and specific body-part esteem. Cosmetic surgery seems to reduce this inconsistency.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Cosmetic breast augmentation and eating disorders.

AIMS: To comment on the relation between eating disorders and requests for cosmetic surgery in some women. METHODS: We report two cases of women who were accepted for cosmetic breast augmentation while suffering from current anorexia and bulimia nervosa. RESULTS: For both women, the motivation for seeking cosmetic surgery was directly related to the body image distortion and dissatisfaction which were an inherent part of the eating disorder. CONCLUSION: It is our contention that women with eating disorders require treatment to address the distortion in body image, and the belief that cosmetic surgery will result in satisfaction with their bodies. Screening for eating disorders and body image disturbance should be a routine part of assessment for cosmetic surgery.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Long-term evaluation of cosmetic appearance of repaired lacerations: validation of telephone assessment. The Stony Brook Wound Registry Study Group.

OBJECTIVE: Patients with lacerations are most concerned about the ultimate cosmetic appearance of their wound. We evaluated methods to assess the long-term cosmetic appearance by telephone survey. METHODS: Patients with lacerations repaired in the ED were contacted by telephone and had direct examination a mean of 112 days after injury. At the time of telephone contact to schedule the ED follow-up visit, patients completed a structured survey instrument. Patients rated their laceration appearance from 0 to 100, and completed a 6-item categorical assessment of cosmetic appearance. During ED follow-up, patients assessed satisfaction with a 100-mm visual analog scale (VAS), a 0 to 100 numerical scale, and the same 6-item categorical scale. The criterion standard was the validated 6-item categorical scale used by physicians. A score of 6 is optimal; less than 6 is suboptimal. RESULTS: A total of 103 patients participated (mean age 17 years; 55% male subjects). Wounds were mostly located on the head (72%) and upper extremity (24%). Mean wound length was 1.9 cm. On all numerical scales (numerical assessment by telephone, assessment in the ED by VAS, and by 0 to 100 scale in the ED) the patients considered the wound better when the physicians considered the cosmetic appearance to be optimal (87 mm versus 71 mm; 90 mm versus 73 mm; 90 mm versus 73 mm, respectively; P < .01 for all comparisons). The relationship between the 0 to 100 numerical rating scale used in the ED and that used during the telephone survey revealed a strong relationship. The scales had a mean difference of 2.1 mm (95% confidence interval -26 to 30 mm). However, patient categorical scale assessment from the phone interview was not concordant with physician assessment in the ED (kappa = .12). CONCLUSION: The long-term cosmetic appearance of lacerations repaired in the ED can be assessed by asking patients to grade their lacerations from 0 to 100 over the telephone. By contrast, categorical assessment over the telephone is not concordant with physician assessment in the ED. This information may allow easier assessment of injuries and their long-term consequences.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

Cosmetic tattoo ink darkening. A complication of Q-switched and pulsed-laser treatment.

BACKGROUND: High-energy, short-pulse lasers, eg, Q-switched lasers, emitting visible and near-infrared light have recently been developed for removing tattoos, with little risk of scarring. The mechanisms of action, and possible adverse effects other than scarring and hypopigmentation, are not fully understood. OBSERVATIONS: We describe five cases of pulsed-laser-induced, immediate, irreversible darkening of cosmetic, white, flesh (skin-color), and pink-red colored tattoos. Irreversible ink darkening can be an insidious complication, because immediate whitening of the skin temporarily obscures the subsequently impressive color change. Among these cases, irreversible ink darkening occurred with Q-switched ruby (694 nm), Q-switched neodymium (Nd):YAG (1064 nm/532 nm), and pulsed green dye (510 nm) lasers. Attempts to remove the darkened ink with further laser treatment failed in two cases, and surgical excision was necessary. In the other three cases, subsequent laser treatments successfully removed the darkened ink. The red cosmetic tattoo ink used in one of the cases was placed in agar in vitro and was converted to a black compound immediately on Q-switched ruby laser exposure. Ferric oxide, a brown-red ingredient commonly used in cosmetic tattoos, was similarly tested and blackened in vitro by Q-switched ruby laser exposures. CONCLUSIONS: Although most tattoos are not darkened by laser treatment, short-pulsed lasers over a wide spectrum can cause immediate darkening of some tattoo inks. Patients should be warned of the potential for irreversible cosmetic tattoo darkening, and test-site exposures should be performed prior to treatment. In some cases, subsequent laser treatments may remove the blackened ink. The mechanism probably involves, at least for some tattoos, reduction of ferric oxide (Fe2O3, "rust") to ferrous oxide (FeO, jet black), but the chemical reaction that is involved remains unknown.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

Pseudomonas corneal ulcer. The causative role of contaminated eye cosmetics.

The clinical significance of contaminated ocular cosmetics is illustrated by the case of a 47-year-old woman in whom a Pseudomonas corneal ulcer developed immediately after she sustained minor corneal trauma with a mascara applicator. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was cultured from the corneal ulcer and the mascara. In addition to the causative role in acute corneal ulcers, contaminated eye cosmetics contribute to chronic external eye infections. Retail eye cosmetics are typically free of contamination when purchased. The inoculation of the cosmetic occurs during normal use.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed2005

Enantioselective separation of the sunscreen agent 3-(4-methylbenzylidene)-camphor by electrokinetic chromatography: Quantitative analysis in cosmetic formulations.

3-(4-Methylbenzylidene)-camphor (MBC) is a chiral sunscreen agent used in cosmetic products. In this work, the enantioseparation of MBC has been performed by EKC and applied to the analysis of the MBC enantiomers in cosmetic creams. Different experimental conditions (type and concentration of the chiral selector, temperature, and sample solvent) have been optimized. Due to the neutral nature of this compound, anionic CD derivatives were investigated as chiral selectors. Carboxymethylated-beta-CD (CM-beta-CD) showed the highest chiral separation power, observing that a 15 mM concentration of this CD at a working temperature of 15 degrees C enabled to obtain the highest enantioresolution. However, under these conditions, tailing of peaks obtained for the enantiomers was observed. The addition of increasing concentrations of the neutral alpha-CD to CM-beta-CD at a 15 mM concentration in a 100 mM borate buffer at pH 9.0 improved the enantiomeric separation and decreased peak tailing. The use of DMF for the total dissolution of the cosmetic creams, and methanol:water (1:1 v/v) for appropriate dilution enabled to observe good shape and size for the peaks of the MBC enantiomers. After optimizing a method for the preconditioning of the capillary, the analytical characteristics of the chiral separation method for the analysis of MBC were investigated. Linearity, LODs and LOQs, precision (instrumental repeatability, method repeatability, intermediate precision), accuracy, and selectivity were evaluated. The method was applied to analyze MBC enantiomers contained in two commercial cosmetic creams containing racemic MBC and to study the skin absorption of this compound with time.

Camphor↗

PubMed2005

Determination of N-nitrosodiethanolamine in cosmetic products by LC-MS-MS.

We have developed and validated in-house a liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) method for determination of N-nitrosodiethanolamine (NDELA) in cosmetics. The sample is diluted with water and then a C18 clean-up is performed. The average recovery of NDELA is 88.3%, range 48.3-112.7%, and the limit of detection is 22.8 microg kg-1. The repeatability is 7.6%, and the intermediate precision is 8.7%. Surveys were carried out in the Netherlands in September and October 2002 to determine the quantities of NDELA in cosmetics marketed in the Netherlands. The LC-MS-MS method was used to determine the NDELA content of 140 cosmetic products including shower gels, hair oils, shampoos and conditioners, cream and foam baths, mud baths, scrubs, creme and other soaps, and body washes. NDELA at levels ranging from 23 to 992 microg kg-1 was found in 35 cosmetic products.

Chromatography, Liquid↗

PubMed2005

Impurity analysis of 1,4-dioxane in nonionic surfactants and cosmetics using headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

1,4-Dioxane impurity in nonionic surfactants and cosmetics were analyzed using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Experimental results show that there is no significant difference using SPME-GC and SPME-GC-MS for analysis of 1,4-dioxane in three types of nonionic surfactants at the 95% confidence level. The relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) values of each analytical method were smaller than 3%. The amount of 1,4-dioxane was found to vary from 11.6 +/- 0.3 ppm to 73.5 +/- 0.5 ppm in 30% of nonionic surfactants from manufacturers in Taiwan. These methods were linear over the studied range of 3-150 ppm with correlation coefficients higher than 0.995. The recoveries of 1,4-dioxane for these nonionic surfactants following SPME were all higher than 96 +/- 1% (n = 3). The detection limits of 1,4-dioxane for these nonionic surfactants following SPME were from 0.06 ppm to 0.51 ppm. The experimentally determined level of 1,4-dioxane in cosmetics from manufacturers in Taiwan varied from 4.2 +/- 0.1 ppm to 41.1 +/- 0.6 ppm in 22% of daily used cosmetics following SPME coupled with GC and GC-MS. Conventional solvent extraction takes around 1 h for extraction and reconcentration but SPME takes only around 10 min. SPME provides better analyses of 1,4-dioxane in nonionic surfactants and cosmetics than conventional solvent extraction and head space pretreatments in term of simplicity, speed, precision, detection limit, and solvent consumption.

Calibration↗

PubMed2005

Exposure data for cosmetic products: lipstick, body lotion, and face cream.

Accurate exposure information for cosmetic products and ingredients is needed in order to conduct safety assessments. Essential information includes both the amount of cosmetic product applied, and the frequency of use. To obtain current data, a study to assess consumer use practices was undertaken. The study included three widely used cosmetic product types: lipstick, body lotion, and face cream. Three hundred and sixty women, ages 19-65 years, who regularly use the products of interest, were recruited at ten different geographical locations within the US. The number of recruits was chosen to ensure a minimum of 300 completes per product type. Subjects were provided with prototype test products, and kept diaries and recorded detailed daily usage information over a two week period. Products were weighed at the start and completion of the study in order to determine the total amount of product used. Statistical analysis of the data was conducted to derive summary distribution of use patterns. The mean and median usage per application, respectively, for the three products was: face cream, 1.22 g and 0.84 g; lipstick, 10 mg and 5 mg; and body lotion, 4.42 g and 3.45 g. The mean and median usage per day for the three products was: face cream, 2.05 g and 1.53 g; lipstick, 24 mg and 13 mg; and body lotion, 8.70 g and 7.63 g. The mean number of applications per day for face cream and lipstick was 1.77 and 2.35, respectively. For body lotion, the mean number of applications per day was dependent on body area, and was 2.12, 1.52, 1.11, 0.95, 0.43, 0.26, and 0.40 for hands, arms, legs, feet, neck and throat, back, and other body areas, respectively. The effect of product preference on use practices was also investigated. This study provides current cosmetic exposure information for commonly used products which will be useful for risk assessment purposes.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMed2006

Prevalence of psychotropic medication use among cosmetic and medical dermatology patients: a comparative study.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the psychologic status of cosmetically oriented dermatology patients. OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine the prevalence of psychotropic medication use among such patients to offer insight into the rates of psychopathology in this group. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective chart review of patients seeking consultation at a cosmetic dermatology practice, recorded patients' use of psychotropic medicines, and compared this with data from a control group of medical dermatology patients. RESULTS: Both groups reported rates of psychotropic medication use above those expected in the general population. There was no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of psychotropic drug use between cosmetic (18%) and medical (17%) dermatology patients. LIMITATIONS: There is not a one-to-one correspondence between psychotropic medication use and the presence of psychopathology. Data are based on patient health histories and, thus, may be subject to underreporting. CONCLUSIONS: There is a relatively high rate of psychotropic drug use among all patients seeking care from dermatologists, but this does not appear to be more common among patients interested in undergoing cosmetic procedures.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Clinical decision guidelines for NHS cosmetic surgery: analysis of current limitations and recommendations for future development.

Because of increasing demand for publicly funded elective cosmetic surgery, clinical decision guidelines have been developed to select those patients who should receive it. The aims of this study were to identify: the main characteristics of such guidelines; whether and how they influence clinical decision making; and ways in which they should be improved. UK health authorities were asked for their current guidelines for elective cosmetic surgery and, in a single plastic surgery unit, we examined the impact of its guidelines by observing consultations and interviewing surgeons and managers. Of 115 authorities approached, 32 reported using guidelines and provided sufficient information for analysis. Guidelines mostly concerned arbitrary sets of cosmetic procedures and lacked reference to an evidence base. They allowed surgery for specified anatomical, functional or symptomatic reasons, but these indications varied between guidelines. Most guidelines also permitted surgery 'exceptionally' for psychological reasons. The guidelines that were studied in detail did not appreciably influence surgeons' decisions, which reflected criteria that were not cited in the guidelines, including cost of the procedure and whether patients sought restoration or improvement of their appearance. Decision guidelines in this area have several limitations. Future guidelines should: include all cosmetic procedures; be informed by a broad range of evidence; and, arguably, include several nonclinical criteria that currently inform surgeons' decision-making.

Cosmetics↗

PubMed2000

Screening method for determining the presence of N-nitrosodiethanolamine in cosmetics by open-tubular capillary electrochromatography.

The presence of the carcinogenic N-nitrosodiethanolamine (NDELA; CAS No. 1116-54-7) in cosmetic samples was determined using an etched, C18 modified capillary in the open-tubular capillary electrochromatography technique. A very simple extraction procedure leads to a sample matrix free from interferences. The calibration curve was created using UV detection at 214 nm. The detector response was linear in the range of 5-120 ppm total amount injected. Minimum detection limits (1 ppm NDELA injected on capillary) are suitable for screening a large number of cosmetic samples. Diethanolamine and triethanolamine precursors of nitrosamines are not detected at the wavelength used. Cosmetic samples were analyzed unspiked and after addition of 60 ppm of NDELA. In spiked samples recoveries varied from 94% (hand and body lotion) to 55% (lipstick sample). NDELA was found in unspiked samples of old (5-15 years old) cosmetics at concentrations of 14.0 ppm and 35.0 ppm.

Cosmetics↗

PubMed2000

Determination of sunscreen agents in cosmetic products by supercritical fluid extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography.

A rapid supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) procedure for the isolation of five of the most common sunscreen agents (2-ethylhexyl-p-dimethylaminobenzoate, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, 2-ethylhexyl-p-methoxycinnamate, 4-methylbenzylidene camphor and 4-tert.-butyl-4'-methoxydibenzoylmethane) from cosmetic products is described. Investigation of the factors affecting the extraction efficiency in SFE indicated that sunscreen recoveries were affected mainly by the supercritical CO2 pressure and by the trapping method. The sunscreens were analyzed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography after a 10-min extraction of the cosmetic product with CO2 at 250 bar and 40 degrees C, using sequential glass surface and C18 sorbent as collection system. A quantitative comparison of SFE with a liquid extraction procedure was performed on commercial cosmetics. The SFE method yielded recoveries higher than 94.8% compared with conventional liquid extraction and exhibited a precision better than 5.3% relative standard deviation. Moreover, SFE minimized sample handling, reduced the consumption of harmful solvents and afforded a more effective purification of the cosmetic matrices.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗

PubMed1989

Isothiazolinone preservative: cause of a continuing epidemic of cosmetic dermatitis.

A preservative system for cosmetics and toiletries containing as active ingredients a mixture of methylisothiazolinone and methylchloroisothiazolinone (1.5%) is an important cause of cosmetic allergy in many European countries. Most cases have been caused by products of the "leave-on" variety, such as moisturising creams. The use of isothiazolinone preservative in such products should be abandoned. More critical evaluation of its sensitising potential before marketing might have prevented the continuing epidemic of allergic cosmetic dermatitis due to this preservative. New chemicals should undergo extensive toxicological evaluation before their use in cosmetics is allowed. Ingredient labelling should be made a legal requirement.

Cosmetics↗

PubMed2001

Toxicological profile of diethyl phthalate: a vehicle for fragrance and cosmetic ingredients.

Diethyl phthalate (DEP; CAS No. 84-66-2) has many industrial uses, as a solvent and vehicle for fragrance and cosmetic ingredients and subsequent skin contact. This review focuses on its safety in use as a solvent and vehicle for fragrance and cosmetic ingredients. Available data are reviewed for acute toxicity, eye irritation, dermal irritation, dermal sensitization, phototoxicity, photoallergenicity, percutaneous absorption, kinetics, metabolism, subchronic toxicity, teratogenicity, reproductive toxicity, estrogenic potential, genetic toxicity, chronic toxicity, carcinogenicity, in vitro toxicity, ecotoxicity, environmental fate and potential human exposure. No toxicological endpoints of concern have been identified. Comparison of estimated exposure (0.73 mg/kg/day) from dermal applications of fragrances and cosmetic products with other accepted industrial (5 mg/m(3) in air) and consumer exposures (350 mg/l in water; 0.75 mg/kg/day oral exposure) indicates no significant toxic liability for the use of DEP in fragrances and cosmetic products.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Predictive ability of reconstructed human epidermis equivalents for the assessment of skin irritation of cosmetics.

The aim of this study was to examine the concordance between human in vivo and in vitro skin irritation classifications of cosmetic products and to evaluate the correlations between the different parameters. For that purpose, 22 formulations from product development test series, covering the full range of in vivo scores and representing different cosmetic product classes, were tested in vivo (modified Frosch-Kligman Soap Chamber Patch Test with repetitive occlusive application) and in vitro using two epidermis equivalents commercially available as kits (EpiDerm and EPISKIN) and one in-house model (Cosmital). In vivo, skin reactions (erythema, dryness and fissures) were visually evaluated and, in addition, skin redness and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) were measured by means of technical instruments. The parameters measured in vitro were the percent cell viability in the MTT reduction assay, with ET(50) determination, and the extracellular release of the pro-inflammatory mediator IL-1alpha and of the cytosolic enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), into the culture medium collected after topical application of the products for different exposure times (time-course assay). In general, good Spearman rank correlations could be observed between the different in vivo parameters (with the exception of TEWL and dryness at day 2). Furthermore, high correlation coefficients were obtained by comparing the different in vitro parameters (except for LDH release) and different models, which allowed to conclude that the results obtained with the different reconstructed epidermis models were very similar. A comparison between in vivo and in vitro parameters resulted in the best rank correlation for ET(50), then in decreasing order, for the percent MTT viability at 16 h, the IL-1alpha release and finally, for LDH release, where the correlation was generally low. A direct comparison of the mean total scores (sum of erythema, dryness and fissures at day 5) of the 22 products with the best predictor, ET(50) obtained with the three reconstructed epidermis models, using simple linear regression analysis resulted in a coefficient of correlation R=0.94 for EpiDerm, R=0.90 for Cosmital and R=0.84 for EPISKIN. Multivariate descriptive statistics showed that the in vitro parameters, MTT viability evaluated after the 16-h exposure and ET(50), as well as the in vivo parameters, sum of visual scores at day 5 and chromameter value, were the best endpoints to discriminate between irritant and non-irritant products. Using the in vivo mean total scores at day 5 with a cut-off value at 2 and the in vitro percent MTT viability after the 16-h exposure with a cut-off value at 50% to classify the products, the same two-by-two contingency table was obtained for all the three reconstructed epidermis models with sensitivity=92%, specificity=100% and observed concordance=95% (kappa=0.91; 95% confidence interval 0.74-1.08). This classification system was a satisfactory and relevant approach to discriminate the "irritant" from the "non-irritant" cosmetic products in this study. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the usefulness of reconstructed human epidermis equivalents for the in vitro assessment of the irritation potential of a series of cosmetic products. These models allow the measurement of quantifiable and objective endpoints relevant to in vivo irritative phenomena.

Animal Testing Alternatives↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The benefits of the 3T3 NRU test in the safety assessment of cosmetics: long-term experience from pre-marketing testing in the Czech Republic.

We have introduced the 3T3 NRU cytotoxicity test for methodological, economical and ethical reasons as a regular part of tier pre-marketing testing to assess local tolerance of raw materials for cosmetics, household chemicals and final cosmetic products. Using the 3T3 cell line according to the standard INVITTOX protocol No.64 (NRU Assay) the borderline concentration, relevant to the highest tolerated dose, is determined for each material. The toxic effect is reached at different concentration levels specific for individual cosmetics categories, depending on their chemical characteristics. Typical ranges of cytotoxicity for specific categories of cosmetics were established after testing of hundreds of materials. The range lies between 1 microg/ml (anti-dandruff shampoos), up to 2000 microg/ml (toothpastes and mouthwashes). The 3T3 NRU cytotoxicity test is a sensitive tool able to identify more aggressive products, that are also more likely to evoke irritation in human skin. It was even possible to detect protective effects of one natural herbal ingredient. The comparative study of cytotoxicity test results and human patch test results from a group of essential oils is presented. Cytotoxicity tests represent a highly ethical approach for estimation of irritancy. On the basis of in vitro test results suggesting low risk we can proceed to confirmatory tests in human volunteers.

3T3 Cells↗

PubMed2000

Allergic contact dermatitis to plant extracts in patients with cosmetic dermatitis.

Cosmetic contact allergy is commonly seen in patients undergoing patch testing, with fragrance one of the most frequently implicated ingredients. Many cosmetics contain plant extracts either as a fragrance or for medicinal properties. With a vogue for natural products there is an increase in their use. We have performed a prospective study over a 2-year period looking at the prevalence of contact allergy to plants in patients diagnosed with cosmetic dermatitis. In addition, we have performed a review of the products of two popular cosmetic companies, examining product labelling and the prevalence of use of plant extracts. We suggest that patients allergic to fragrance be advised to avoid plant extracts, which are separately labelled, in their personal care products.

Adolescent↗