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At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Effect of cold-induced vasodilatation in the index finger on temperature and contractile characteristics of the first dorsal interosseus muscle during cold-water immersion.

We investigated whether cyclic elevations in index finger temperature (cold-induced vasodilatation, CIVD) during prolonged cold exposure correlated with hand temperature and neuromuscular function. Evoked twitch force of the first dorsal interosseus (FDI) muscle was measured every minute in eight males and four females [age 25.4 (5.7) years, mean (SD)] during cooling of the hand for 30 min in 9 degrees C water, and in thermoneutral 30 degrees C water. During cooling, index finger temperature increased from 9.4 (0.9) degrees C at the nadir to 13.3 (2.4) degrees C (P<0.01) at the apex of the CIVD. However, the minimum skin temperature above the FDI muscle was 14.2 (2.1) degrees C, with no CIVD detected in any of the subjects. Peak twitch force was 2.5 (0.7) N at the nadir of the finger CIVD and 2.0 (0.8) N at the apex (P=0.07), time-to-peak increased from 189 (18) ms to 227 (26) ms (P<0.01), and half relaxation time increased from 135 (14) ms to 183 (32) ms (P<0.01). We conclude that CIVD is a local phenomenon isolated to the fingers, and that it does not have beneficial effects on either temperature or neuromuscular function of the FDI muscle during cold exposure.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Decay of heat acclimation during exercise in cold and exposure to cold environment.

Sixteen male students exercised for 14 days (1 h/day) in the heat for heat acclimation (HA). During deacclimation (DA) one group exercised in the cold (EXG, n=8) for 60 min/day (morning) and was exposed to the cold for another hour (afternoon) for 14 days. The other group was exposed to the cold (EPG, n=8) for 1 h each in the morning and afternoon (Ta: 18.0 degrees C, RH: 58%) over the same period. All returned to exercise in the heat for reacclimation (RA) for 10 days. Subjects were tested on days 1, 16, 21, 32, 36 and 44 on a bicycle ergometer for 60 min at 60% of VO(2max) in the heat (Ta: 31.1 degrees C, RH: 70%). Rectal temperature (T (re)) and heart rate (HR) at 40 min of exercise were used to determine the decay/gain of HA, which was calculated using the formula described by Pandolf et al. (Ergonomics, 20:399-408, 1977). After HA (day 16) T (re) and HR decreased significantly. During DA, EXG showed decay in T (re) of 24 and 35% and HR of 29 and 35% on days 21 and 32, respectively. For EPG the corresponding decay was of 2 and 9% for T (re) and 17 and 17% for HR. After 10 days of RA, EXG showed gains of 11% in T (re) and 12% in HR, while EPG showed gains of 47% in T (re) and 38% in HR. In conclusion, EXG had greater decay during DA and lower gains in RA compared to EPG. However, the differences between groups were significant only for T (re) after 4 days of DA.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1997

Cold induced vasodilatation and cardiovascular responses in humans during cold water immersion of various upper limb areas.

To study the physiological responses induced by immersing in cold water various areas of the upper limb, 20 subjects immersed either the index finger (T1), hand (T2) or forearm and hand (T3) for 30 min in 5 degrees C water followed by a 15-min recovery period. Skin temperature of the index finger, skin blood flow (Qsk) measured by laser Doppler flowmetry, as well as heart rate (HR) and mean arterial blood pressure (BPa) were all monitored during the test. Cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) was calculated as Qak/BPa. Cold induced vasodilatation (CIVD) indices were calculated from index finger skin temperature and CVC time courses. The results showed that no differences in temperature, CVC or cardiovascular changes were observed between T2 and T3. During T1, CIVD appeared earlier compared to T2 and T3 [5.90 (SEM 0.32) min in T1 vs 7.95 (SEM 0.86) min in T2 and 9.26 (SEM 0.78) min in T3, P < 0.01]. The HR was unchanged in T1 whereas it increased significantly at the beginning of T2 and T3 [+13 (SEM 2) beats.min-1 in T2 and +15 (SEM 3) beats.min-1 in T3, P < 0.01] and then decreased at the end of the immersion [-12 (SEM 3) beats.min-1 in T2, and -15 (SEM 3) beats.min-1 in T3, P < 0.01]. Moreover, BPa increased at the beginning of T1 but was lower than in T2 and T3 [+9.3 (SEM 2.5) mmHg in T1, P < 0.05; +20.6 (SEM 2.6) mmHg and 26.5 (SEM 2.8) mmHg in T2 and T3, respectively, P < 0.01]. The rewarming during recovery was faster and higher in T1 compared to T2 and T3. These results showed that general and local physiological responses observed during an upper limb cold water test differed according to the area immersed. Index finger cooling led to earlier and faster CIVD without significant cardiovascular changes, whereas hand or forearm immersion led to a delayed and slower CIVD with a bradycardia at the end of the test.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Purification and characterization of a cold-adapted isocitrate lyase and expression analysis of the cold-inducible isocitrate lyase gene from the psychrophilic bacterium Colwellia psychrerythraea.

Isocitrate lyase (ICL) from Colwellia psychrerythraea, a psychrophilic bacterium, was purified and characterized. The subunit molecular mass was 64 kDa, which is larger than that of other bacterial ICLs. The optimal temperature for its activity was 25 degrees C, the value of K(m) for the substrate ( DL-isocitrate) was minimum at 15 degrees C, and the catalytic efficiency ( k(cat)/ K(m)) value was maximum at 20 degrees C. Furthermore, the enzyme was remarkably thermolabile and completely inactivated by incubation for 2 min at 30 degrees C. These features indicate that ICL from this bacterium is a typical cold-adapted enzyme. A partial amino acid sequence of the C. psychrerythraea ICL was very similar to that of the closely related psychrophile Colwellia maris. Expression of the gene encoding the C. psychrerythraea ICL was found to be induced by low temperatures and by acetate in the medium. The cold adaptation of the catalytic properties of ICL and the stimulated expression of its gene at low temperatures strongly suggest that this enzyme is important for the growth of this bacterium in a cold environment.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1983

Androgen receptor in electroresected and cold punch-resected specimens. Usefulness of Kaplan cold punch resectoscope.

The measurement of androgen receptor and 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) levels in prostatic carcinoma may be of value in predicting responsiveness to anti-androgenic therapy. A sufficient amount of prostatic carcinoma tissue must be removed for measuring androgen receptor and DHT levels. We have studied the usefulness of Kaplan cold punch-resection compared with electroresection for obtaining tissue in 29 cases of enucleated benign prostatic hyperplasia. DHT level in electroresected specimens was similar to controls. However, following low, moderate, and high-power electroresection an average of total R1881 binding sites (Bmax) of electroresected specimens was reduced to 82.2, 71.9, and 52.1 per cent of corresponding controls, respectively. In contrast, the per cent decrease of Bmax of Kaplan cold punch-resected specimens was only 10 per cent of the control. From our data, Kaplan cold punch-resection of the prostate appears to be a useful tool for obtaining tissue suitable for measuring androgen receptor levels.

Chromatography, Thin Layer↗
PubMed1992

Ethanol blocks the cold-induced increase in thyrotropin-releasing hormone mRNA in paraventricular nuclei but not the cold-induced increase in thyrotropin.

The effects of a single intraperitoneal injection of ethanol (3 g/kg b.wt.) on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid system was explored as a possible explanation of the hypothermic effect of ethanol. Serum thyroid hormones were significantly reduced by ethanol injection, but ethanol did not affect the cold-induced increase in serum thyroid hormones or thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Since cold-exposure stimulates serum levels of TSH and thyroid hormones by stimulating thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH) release from neurons of the PVN, these findings demonstrate that ethanol did not block pituitary response to TRH or thyroid response to TSH. Paradoxically, ethanol increased cellular levels of TRH mRNA in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), and blocked the cold-induced increase in TRH mRNA, suggesting that ethanol uncouples the regulation of TRH gene expression from the regulation of TRH release specifically in neurons of the PVN. Measurements of the effects of ethanol on TRH mRNA in thalamus, and beta-actin, vasopressin, somatostatin and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) mRNAs in the PVN in addition to TRH mRNA revealed very specific effects of ethanol on the TRH neuronal system.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Metabolic heat production and cold tolerance during cold stress of different intensity of adult and aged male C57BL/6J mice.

Adult and aged male C57BL/6J mice were subjected to a 3-h cold stress test at either 24 degrees C, 18 degrees C, 12 degrees C, or 6 degrees C. Body mass was measured before the test, and colonic temperature, O2 consumption, and CO2 production were measured during the test. The slopes of colonic temperature over time of test and the mean metabolic heat production were calculated for each animal. While adult mice had a relatively small reduction in colonic temperature during the test at all four ambient temperatures, in the aged mice ambient temperatures resulted in steeper reductions of colonic temperature. In adult mice, an increase in metabolic heat production was proportional to ambient cold. The thermogenic response of aged mice at 24 degrees C and at 18 degrees C was similar to adult mice, suggesting that the ability of aged mice to respond to cold by increasing heat production does not diminish with age. However, in aged mice metabolic heat production at 12 degrees C and 6 degrees C was significantly below that of adult mice, which indicated a reduced capacity for thermogenesis.

Aging↗
PubMed2003

Cold-inducible expression of the cell division cycle gene CDC48 and its promotion of cell proliferation during cold acclimation in zebrafish cells.

A member of the ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities (AAA) family, the cell division cycle gene CDC48/VCP (valosin-containing protein)/p97, was cloned from zebrafish and found to be a major cold-inducible protein in fish cells. CDC48 mRNA levels increased significantly after reducing the temperature from 30 to 15 degrees C for 25 days. CDC48 protein levels also increased 2.5-fold after 30 days at cold temperatures. When fish cells overexpressing CDC48 were exposed to a temperature of 15 degrees C, cell proliferation was markedly enhanced in comparison with control cells. By contrast, expression of a mutant molecule with a tyrosine-805 to alanine substitution at the C-terminal phosphorylation site inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis at low temperatures. Therefore, CDC48 may promote cell cycling and cell proliferation via C-terminal tyrosine phosphorylation during cold acclimation in fish cells.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1976

Cold urticaria: release into the circulation of histamine and eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis during cold challenge.

Patients with idiopathic acquired cold-induced urticaria were evaluated for the release of the preformed mast-cell mediators of immediate-type hypersensitivity during a study in which one arm was immersed in ice water while the other arm remained as a control. Blood specimens were obtained from each arm serially over a one-hour interval, and serum speciments were assessed for histamine, eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis, and complement components. Levels of histamine and eosinophil chemotactic factor rose in the arm subjected to cold immersion for three minutes, with peak values occurring between two and five minutes and returning to base line by 30 minutes. No changes occurred in the control arm or in the immersed arm of normal subjects. Assessment of the classical and alternative complement pathways showed no abnormalities. This initial observation of release of eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis in vivo along with histamine assigns the mast cell a central role in cold urticaria.

Anaphylaxis↗
PubMed2001

Cold stress induced high molecular weight membrane polypeptides are responsible for cold tolerance in Rhizobium DDSS69.

Cold stress induces a lag phase in the growth cycle of Rhizobium DDSS69. Two cold sensitive mutants of DDSS69 were generated through Tn5 tagged mutagenesis. These mutants do not grow below 15 degrees C but show a growth curve comparable with the wild type grown at 5 degrees C. There is a rapid induction of two high molecular weight membrane polypeptides of 135 and 119 kDa within 15 min of exposure to 5 degrees C in DDSS69. PAGE membrane protein profiles of stressed and non-stressed cells reveal differential regulation of genes. At 15 degrees C both mutants lack the high molecular weight polypeptides, suggesting a role in alleviation of cold stress.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1995

An innovative cold tail-flick test: the cold ethanol tail-flick test.

An innovative antinociceptive test, the cold ethanol tail-flick test (CET), was developed for evaluating the actions of opioid analgesics. To select an optimal operation temperature range for the CET, temperatures from -5 degrees C to -30 degrees C were screened. After screening, temperatures ranging between -20 degrees C and -30 degrees C were both strong and effective enough to act as a noxious cold stimulus. In the following study, -20 degrees C was selected as the cold stimulus for the CET. The sensitivity and specificity of this test were challenged by opioid analgesics: an agonist (morphine) and two agonist-antagonists (buprenorphine and nalbuphine), two tranquilizers (droperidol and diazepam), and four nonopioid analgesics (acetaminophen, aspirin, indomethacin, and ketoprofen). The sensitivity of the CET was also compared with the assays using heat (radiant heat and hot water). The AD50 values determined by the CET for morphine, buprenorphine, and nalbuphine were 0.16 mg/kg, 0.22 micrograms/kg, and 0.19 mg/kg, respectively. Naloxone, an opioid antagonist, blocked the antinociceptive effects of these opioids which were determined by the CET. Furthermore, the tranquilizers and nonopioid analgesics did not show any activity in the CET. Our results show that not only can the CET assess the antinociceptive activity of both opioid agonist and mixed agonist-antagonist, it also possess the characteristics of sensitivity, specificity, simplicity, and reproducibility.

Analgesics, Opioid↗
PubMed1995

Genetic stability of cold-adapted A/Leningrad/134/47/57 (H2N2) influenza virus: sequence analysis of live cold-adapted reassortant vaccine strains before and after replication in children.

We previously reported that the A/Leningrad/134/47/57 (H2N2) cold-adapted virus (A/Len/47) used in preparing reassortant live attenuated vaccines for children acquired 14 (11 coding) mutations in genes coding for proteins other than haemagglutinin and neuraminidase during cold-adaptation. Preservation of these mutations in genomes of viruses isolated from children on the second, fifth, or eighth day after vaccination was examined by sequence analysis. The sequence data demonstrated that all nine coding mutations selected for examination were conserved in the genomes of all 11 strains investigated, indicating that the mutations accompanying cold-adaptation and attenuation of the A/Len/47 master vaccine are highly stable.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed2004

Physical and functional interactions among RNase E, polynucleotide phosphorylase and the cold-shock protein, CsdA: evidence for a 'cold shock degradosome'.

Escherichia coli contains at least five ATP-dependent DEAD-box RNA helicases which may play important roles in macromolecular metabolism, especially in translation and mRNA decay. Here we demonstrate that one member of this family, CsdA, whose expression is induced by cold shock, interacts physically and functionally with RNase E. Three independent approaches show that after a shift of cultures to 15 degrees C, CsdA co-purifies with RNase E and other components of the RNA degradosome. Moreover, functional assays using reconstituted minimal degradosomes prepared from purified components in vitro show that CsdA can fully replace the resident RNA helicase of the RNA degradosome, RhlB. In addition, under these conditions, CsdA displays RNA-dependent ATPase activity. Taken together, our data are consistent with a model in which CsdA accumulates during the early stages of cold acclimatization and subsequently assembles into degradosomes with RNase E synthesized in cold-adapted cultures. These findings show that the RNA degradosome is a flexible macromolecular machine capable of adapting to altered environmental conditions.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2006

A cold-loving crenarchaeon is a substantial part of a novel microbial community in cold sulphidic marsh water.

In this paper, we report the identification and first characterization of a novel, cold-loving, prokaryotic community thriving among white-greenish 'streamers' in the cold (c. 10 degrees C) sulphurous water of the marsh Sippenauer Moor near Regensburg, Bavaria, Germany. It consists of the bacterial genus Thiothrix, the bacterium 'Sip100' and one archaeal representative, forming together a unique association structure with a distinct life cycle. Fluorescence in situ hybridization studies have revealed that the archaeal member can be affiliated to the crenarchaeal kingdom ('Cre1'). This crenarchaeon was always observed attached to the bacterial community member 'Sip100'. Extended fluorescence in situ hybridization studies showed that this crenarchaeon was not detected in a free-living form, raising the idea of a probable host-dependent relationship. In line with our fluorescence in situ hybridization studies, novel crenarchaeal 16S rRNA gene sequences were identified in these samples. The design and application of a new in situ cultivation method in the sulphurous water of the marsh allowed first insights into the cohesion mechanisms, lifestyle and chronology of the microbes involved in this prokaryotic community in nature. Our results suggest that hitherto unknown Crenarchaeota thrive in cold sulphidic water and are a substantial part of a synchronized microbial community.

Biofilms↗
PubMed2003

Attenuation of metabolic heat production and cold-escape/warm-seeking behaviour during a cold exposure following systemic salt loading in rats.

The reduction of body core temperature (Tcore) after salt loading has been reported. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that, during a cold exposure in rats, (1) salt loading would decrease metabolic rate (MR), reducing Tcore, but (2) Tcore would be maintained when cold-escape/warm-seeking behaviour is available. In the first experiment (n = 7), MR and Tcore were measured by indirect calorimetry and telemetry, respectively, during 26, 20 and 10 degrees C exposure for 1 h each, in that order. In the second experiment (n = 7), each rat was placed in an operant system during the same exposure protocol as in the first experiment, where it could trigger a 40 degrees C air reward for 30 s at 20 and 10 degrees C by moving into specific areas (operant behaviour). In each experiment, rats repeated the same protocol twice with a subcutaneous injection (10 ml kg-1) of either isotonic saline (154 mM) or hypertonic saline (2500 mM). In the first experiment, MR in the isotonic-saline trial increased (P < 0.05) at 20 and 10 degrees C compared with that at 26 degrees C by 21 +/- 5 and 48 +/- 6 %, respectively (means +/- S.E.M.), with Tcore unchanged. However, values for MR and Tcore in the hypertonic-saline trial were lower (P < 0.05) than those in the isotonic-saline trial in any ambient temperature. In the second experiment, Tcore was also lower (P < 0.05) in the hypertonic-saline trial than in the isotonic-saline trial. The counts of the operant behaviour in the hypertonic-saline trial remained unchanged in each exposure period, but those in the isotonic-saline trial increased (P < 0.05) at 10 degrees C. These results may suggest that salt loading attenuates both metabolic and behavioural thermoregulatory responses to the cold.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Improved adaptation to cold-shock, stationary-phase, and freezing stresses in Lactobacillus plantarum overproducing cold-shock proteins.

We have investigated the effect of overproducing each of the three cold shock proteins (CspL, CspP, and CspC) in the mesophilic lactic acid bacterium Lactobacillus plantarum NC8. CspL overproduction transiently alleviated the reduction in growth rate triggered by exposing exponentially growing cells to cold shock (8 degrees C), suggesting that CspL is involved in cold adaptation. The strain overproducing CspC resumed growth more rapidly when stationary-phase cultures were diluted into fresh medium, indicating a role in the adaptation and recovery of nutritionally deprived cells. Overproduction of CspP led to an enhanced capacity to survive freezing.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1997

Differentiation between cold shock proteins and cold acclimation proteins in a mesophilic gram-positive bacterium, Enterococcus faecalis JH2-2.

Transfer of Enterococcus faecalis to a cold temperature (8 degrees C for 4 to 30 h) led to increased expression of 11 cold shock proteins (CSPs). Furthermore, this mesophilic prokaryote synthesized 10 cold acclimation proteins, five of them distinct from CSPs, during continuous growth (4 days) at the same temperature (8 degrees C).

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed1997

Characterization of cspB, a cold-shock-inducible gene from Lactococcus lactis, and evidence for a family of genes homologous to the Escherichia coli cspA major cold shock gene.

Upon temperature downshift, the major cold shock protein CspA is highly induced in Escherichia coli. This protein being conserved in other bacteria, we used a PCR-based approach with a pair of degenerate primers derived from highly conserved regions of the CspA-related proteins to evidence the presence of at least three related genes in Lactococcus lactis. One of them, cspB, was cloned and sequenced. It encodes a 66-residue protein which possesses 60% sequence identity with E. coli CspA. Following a cold shock from 30 to 15 degrees C, the level of the cspB mRNA transcript increased, as shown by Northern blot hybridization. In addition, induction of cspB-directed beta-galactosidase activity was observed. These results indicate that the L. lactis cspB gene is cold shock inducible.

Amino Acid Sequence↗