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PubMed1996

Fatal asphyxiations in children involving drawstrings on clothing.

Injuries account for more deaths and hospital admissions among children and adolescents than all diseases combined. The authors report two deaths by asphyxiation that resulted from drawstrings on the children's clothing becoming entangled on slides. Although such incidents are not common, they are preventable. The authors urge physicians to counsel parents and guardians to remove drawstrings from children's clothing, and they call upon the government and the clothing industry to work toward improving the safety standards for the design, manufacture and importation of children's clothing and banning the sale of children's clothing with drawstrings in Canada. In addition, they provide several resources for readers interested in helping reduce playground hazards in their communities.

Airway Obstruction↗
PubMed1977

Long-term results in 1375 patients undergoing valve replacement with the Starr-Edwards cloth-covered steel ball prosthesis.

The two principal considerations with prosthetic valves are durability and thromboembolism. With the widespread interest in recently developed prosthetic valves (porcine, tilting disc, Cooley), the long-term results at one institution with a single prosthesis were considered of particular importance. Accordingly, a 97% follow-up has been completed on 1375 patients (pts) undergoing prosthetic valve replacement with the Starr-Edwards cloth-covered steel ball prosthesis at New York University between October 1967 and December 1975. Operative procedures were as follows: aortic valve replacement (AVR): 470 pts; mitral valve replacement (MVR): 362 pts; combined AVR and MVR: 129 pts; other combined procedures: 414 pts. Overall operative deaths were 13.7%, 9% for AVR, 10.8% for MVR, and 18.6% for combined AVR and MVR. At seven years, AVR survival was 64%, and MVR survival 64.5%. There has been widespread pessimism, usually without significant data, about the cloth-covered prosthesis, because of concern of cloth wear, hemolysis and other complications. Therefore, a particularly significant finding by actuarial analysis was that 85% of surviving patients with isolated AVR remained free of emboli for five years. In pts surviving isolated MVR, 80% remained free of emboli for five years. Of those having embolic episodes, 33% were not on anticoagulants. Fatal hemorrhage from anticoagulants occurred in 0.8% of pts. Endocarditis occurred in 5.7% of the entire group, with 1.3% requiring reoperation. Clinically significant hemolysis occurred in 5.1% of the group, with only 0.2% requiring reoperation. Hence, the total frequency of clinically significant cloth-wear was less than 0.5%. These data indicate both the reliability and the limitations of the Starr-Edwards cloth-covered steel ball valve and can be used in comparing experiences with the more recently developed prostheses.

Aortic Valve↗
PubMed1990

Investigations of the effectiveness of detergent washing, drying and chemical disinfection on contamination of cleaning cloths.

Detergent washing, drying and chemical disinfection for decontamination of cleaning cloths was investigated with cloths contaminated by use in the domestic environment. Detergent washing produced only limited reductions in microbial contamination and cloths then stored at room temperature for 24 h showed increases in contamination due to multiplication of residual survivors. For effective and consistent decontamination of cloths, detergent washing followed by drying at 80 degrees C for 2 h was required. Hypochlorite and phenolic disinfectants produced significant reductions in contamination, but chemical disinfection may be unreliable where cloths are heavily contaminated.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1995

Fecal contamination in child day care centers: cloth vs paper diapers.

OBJECTIVES: Cloth diapers with front closure and all-in-one design were compared with paper diapers containing absorbent gel material for their influence on fecal contamination of the environment in licensed child day care centers. METHODS: One infant room and two toddler rooms in each of four day care centers were monitored for the presence of fecal bacteria. Microbial samples were taken from the play/sleep area, the diaper-changing area, and the hands of the caregivers and the children. Sampling was done twice weekly for two 4-week periods. Each center used either cloth or paper diapers during the first period, changing to the other diaper type during the second period. RESULTS: A total of 1722 samples were cultured, 881 during the first 4 weeks and 841 during the second 4 weeks. The frequency of isolation of fecal organisms ranged from a low of 12% of the total bacteria isolates at a center using cloth diapers, to highs of 46% and 45%, respectively, at a center using first paper and then cloth diapers. Sink faucets and the hands of the caregivers and the children were often contaminated. CONCLUSIONS: Analysis of the results of comparisons between cloth and paper diapers showed no significant difference in the frequency (F = .380, P < .535) or the intensity of fecal contamination in child day care centers.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2003

Color change in acrylic denture base resin reinforced with wire mesh and glass cloth.

In this study, the L*a*b* color system as a color system and light transmittance of the denture base resin reinforced with wire mesh and glass cloth were measured, and the color difference (deltaE*ab) was calculated using L*, a* and b* values which were measured both on a white calibration plate and on a null background. The thicknesses of test specimens, which were reinforced with wire mesh and glass cloth 0.5 and 1.0 mm below the surface, were 3 and 5 mm. L*, a* and b* values of wire mesh reinforcing specimens decreased in comparison with the non-reinforcing specimens (p<0.05). L* values of glass cloth-reinforcing specimens increased compared with the non-reinforcing specimens (p<0.05). The glass cloth is an effective reinforcing material and an aesthetically important property of denture base resin, since wire mesh makes the resin appear darker with the background condition greatly altering the color, while glass cloth makes the resin lighter.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed2006

Assessment of sun protection for children's summer 2005 clothing collection.

Overexposure to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) in childhood is considered to be a critical factor for developing skin cancer in later life. Clothing may offer a simple and effective means of protection against overexposure to the sun, but its use has often been underrated in public opinion. The Health Protection Agency, in close collaboration with a number of UK retailers, conducted a study to evaluate the UVR protection characteristics of the summer 2005 collection of children's clothing for outdoor activity. The current paper presents a summary of the assessment and the effects of stretching and wetting on the Ultraviolet Protection Factor (UPF) rating of children's clothing. The results demonstrate the need for better public guidance in sun protection of children and more comprehensive evaluation procedures for sun protection provided by clothing.

Child↗
PubMed1993

Frictional transition of pesticides from protective clothing.

Frictional transition of pesticides, the transition of the dried pesticide due to rubbing, from protective clothing was investigated by using an AATCC standard crockmeter. One insecticide (carbaryl) and two herbicides (atrazine and metolachlor) were studied, together with three protective clothing materials [cotton, polyester, and polyester/cotton (65/35) blend] and three crock fabrics (cotton, nylon, and silk). The effects of the properties of pesticide, fabrics, water, and perspiration on the frictional transition are discussed. The experiment showed that up to 12% of the pesticide could transfer from contaminated protective clothing to the skin through rubbing. Choosing the right materials for protective clothing and underwear would greatly decrease the frictional transition of the pesticide.

Laundering↗
PubMed1995

Effects of moisture absorption by clothing on thermal responses during intermittent exercise at 24 degrees C.

The effects of two kinds of clothing with different properties with respect to moisture absorption on thermophysiological responses and pulse rate were studied during intermittent exercise at an ambient temperature (Ta) of 24 degrees C. The two kinds of clothing ensemble tested were cotton T-shirt with short sleeves and cotton long-sleeved working dress with full-length trousers (C), and polyester T-shirt with short sleeves and polyester long-sleeved working dress with full-length trousers (P), the thermal resistances of which were nearly equal. Five women aged 21-32 years, served as subjects. The environmental conditions were 24 degrees C Ta, 50% relative humidity and 0.14 m.s-1 air velocity. The subjects, wearing either C or P, exercised for 10-min on a cycle ergometer at an intensity of 30% maximal oxygen uptake and then 10-min rest. This sequence was repeated four times. Rectal and skin temperatures at several sites, local sweating rate, pulse rate and clothing microclimates were continuously compared between C and P throughout the experiment. The major findings were firstly, rectal temperature rose significantly higher in P; secondly, pulse rate was higher in P both during exercise and rest; thirdly, clothing surface temperature on the back rose highly significantly during the fourth exercise period and then fell significantly during the fourth rest period in C; and fourthly, four out of five subjects felt wetter in P during the latter half of the experiment. These results are discussed from the viewpoint that the reduced thermal insulation due to the absorption of moisture in C accelerated dry heat loss, resulting in an inhibition of the increases in core temperature and pulse rate.

Absorption↗
PubMed1996

Clothing microclimate temperatures during thermal comfort in boys, young and older men.

To examine the effects of age-related differences in thermoregulatory function on the clothing microclimate temperature (Tm) and Tm fluctuations while maintaining thermal comfort in daily life, 5 boys (group B, 10-11 years), 5 young men (group Y, 20-21 years) and 5 older men (group O, 60-65 years) volunteered to take part in this study. The subjects were asked to maintain thermal comfort as closely as possible in their daily lives. Tm (temperatures between the skin surface and the innermost garment) at four sites (chest, back, upper arm, and thigh), skin temperature on the chest (Tchest) and ambient temperature (Ta) were measured over a period of 8-12 h from morning to evening on one day in each of the seasons, spring, summer, autumn, and winter. Records of ability to maintain thermal comfort and of adjustment of their clothes were kept by each subject. Ta during periods of thermal comfort did not differ among the groups in any of the seasons. In group Y, Tm was significantly lower at the thigh than at the other sites in spring, autumn, and winter (P < 0.05) and fluctuations (CV) of Tm were significantly larger at the thigh than at other sites in autumn and winter (P < 0.05). Similar tendencies were observed for Tm and CV of Tm in group B. However, Tm and CV of Tm in group O did not differ by site except for the autumn Tm. Group O had a smaller CV at the thigh in winter (P < 0.05), compared to groups B and Y, suggesting a smaller regional difference in Tm fluctuation in group O. Group O adjusted their clothes even on the lower limbs (together with upper body) in order to maintain thermal comfort in accordance with changes in Ta, while groups B and Y did so only on their upper bodies. These results suggest that compared to boys and young men, lower thermoregulatory function in older men may affect Tm and CV of Tm as a result of clothing on lower limbs being adjusted differently in order to maintain thermal comfort.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Prediction of the thermoregulatory response for clothed immersion in cold water.

A multi-compartmental thermoregulatory model was applied to data of ten resting clothed males immersed for 3 h in water at 10 and 15 degrees C. Clothing consisted of a dry suit and either a light or heavy undergarment, representing a total insulation of 0.15 (0.95) or 0.20 m2 degrees CW-1 (1.28 clo), respectively. Data were grouped according to low (less than 14%) and high (14 to 24%) body fat individuals. Mean decreases in rectal temperature ranged from 0.79 to 1.38 degrees C, mean decreases in the mean weighted skin temperature ranged from 6.3 to 10.2 degrees C, and mean increases in the metabolic rate ranged from 33.9 to 80.8 W. The model consists of eight segments, each representing a specific region of the body. Each segment is comprised of compartments representing the core, muscle, fat, skin, and clothing. Each compartment is assigned thermophysical values of heat conduction and heat capacitance, and with the exception of clothing, physiological values of blood flow and metabolic heat production. During cold exposure, responses are directed towards increased heat production in the form of shivering and heat conservation in the form of vasoconstriction and convective heat exchange at the vascular level. Agreement between the model predictions and the experimental observations was obtained by adjusting the parameters governing these responses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Blood Flow Velocity↗
PubMed2000

Improvement of thermophysiological stress in participants wearing protective clothing for spraying pesticide, and its application in the field.

Thermoregulatory responses were compared under two experimental conditions, in the laboratory (Experiment I), and in the field (Experiment II), between two kinds of protective clothing for spraying pesticides. One was currently being used (Type A), and was composed of ready made Gore-Tex clothing, mask, polyurethane gloves and rubber boots. The other one was newly designed (Type B), and was composed of pesticide-proof clothing (100% cotton with water repellent finish), mask, Gore-Tex gloves, and special boots consisting of rubber for the feet and ankle and Gore-Tex around the legs. In addition, the head and chest were cooled by frozen gel strips fixed in the cap and undershirt. In Experiment I, five female adults took part, in a climate-chamber controlled at an ambient temperature of 28 degrees C and a relative humidity of 60%. In Experiment II, five farmers (one male and four female) were tested in an apple orchard in July, August and September. The main results are summarized as follows: (1) change of rectal temperature was inhibited more effectively in Type B in Experiment I, (2) change of heart rate tended to be lower in Type B than in Type A in both experiments, (3) salivary lactic acid concentration at the end of the first exercise was significantly higher in Type A than in Type B in Experiment I, (4) the number of contractions in the handgrip exercise which was performed immediately after the third exercise, was significantly smaller in Type A than in Type B in Experiment I, (5) subjective comfort sensation was significantly improved in Type B in Experiments I and II. Thus, it was concluded that the newly designed protective clothing could reduce thermal stress during the spraying of pesticides in an apple orchard in summer.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Effects of pressure on the skin exerted by clothing on responses of urinary catecholamines and cortisol, heart rate and nocturnal urinary melatonin in humans.

The study investigated how the pressure exerted on the skin by clothing worn while working in the daytime affected the urinary excretion of adrenaline, noradrenaline and cortisol, heart rate, and also melatonin secretion at night. Nine young women (experiment I) and seven young women (experiment II) participated. Participants wore either a 100% cotton jacket (tight clothes, TC) or a 100% cotton T-shirt (loose clothes, LC). Loose-fitting, 100% cotton tank tops and panties were worn as underwear in both the TC and the LC groups. The main results can be summarized as follows: (1) urinary excretion of adrenaline, noradrenaline and cortisol was facilitated, and the amounts of urinary excretion were significantly higher when TC were worn. Heart rate was significantly higher in the TC group; (2) nocturnal urinary melatonin excretion was significantly greater in the TC group. These results are discussed in terms of an enhancement of diurnal sympathetic nervous system activity caused by pressure on the skin produced by tight clothing.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Outdoor clothing: its relationship to geography, climate, behaviour and cold-related mortality in Europe.

It has been suggested, that the inhabitants of northern European regions, who experience little cold-related mortality, protect themselves outdoors by wearing more clothing, at the same temperature, than people living in southern regions where such mortality is high. Outdoor clothing data were collected in eight regions from 6583 people divided by sex and age group (50-59 and 65-74 years). Across Europe, the total clothing worn (as assessed by dry thermal insulation and numbers of items or layers) increased significantly with cold, wind, less physical activity and longer periods outdoors. Men wore 0.14 clo (1 clo = 0.115 m2 K W-1) more than women and the older people wore 0.05 clo more than the younger group (both P < 0.001). After allowance for these factors, regional differences in insulation and item number were correlated (r = -0.74, P = 0.037; r = -0.74, P = 0.036 respectively), but not those in clothing layers (r = -0.21; P = 0.61), with indices of cold-related mortality. Cold weather most increased the wearing of gloves, scarves and hats. The geographical variation in the wearing of these three together items more closely matched that in cold-related mortality (r = -0.89, P = 0.003). A possible explanation for this may be that they protect the head and hands, where stimulation by cold greatly increases peripheral vasoconstriction causing a rise in blood pressure that procedure haemoconcentration and raised cardiovascular risk.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

A model of evaporation from the skin while wearing protective clothing.

A simple model was developed to describe the transport of water vapour from subjects working in hot environments while wearing chemical-protective clothing. The goal of the modelling was to obtain a better estimate of evaporative cooling of the subjects, as it was hypothesised that calculations of evaporative heat loss based on changes in dressed weight over-estimate the actual benefit experienced by the subjects. The model employed measured values of vapour pressure within the clothing ensemble to estimate the skin vapours pressure. The resistance of the clothing ensemble to water vapour transport was calculated from measurements of the physical properties of the materials in conjunction with estimates of the resistance of air layers between the clothing layers. The model predicts mean evaporation rates from the skin that are approximately 60% of those calculated from measured changes in dressed weight. Error analysis failed to account for the magnitude of this difference and possible explanations for the difference are advanced. A brief examination of the effect of wicking suggests that some of the difference results from a reduction of the resistance of the garment to water vapour due to wicking of liquid sweat through fabric layers.

Humans↗
PubMed1993

Redundant clothing: a readily observable marker for schizophrenia in the psychiatric emergency room population.

Most mental health workers have seen bizarrely dressed patients who wear multiple pieces of some item of clothing. Since many of these patients carried a schizophrenic diagnosis, we devised a study to test whether redundant clothing is a reliable indicator of schizophrenia. Of 25 patients who presented at the city psychiatric emergency room wearing redundant clothes, 18 received schizophrenic diagnoses. A Chi square analysis comparing proportions attained significance at the P < .0001 level. Although not a particularly sensitive measure, wearing redundant clothes appears to be a readily observable behavior associated with schizophrenia in the psychiatric emergency room.

Clothing↗
PubMed2004

Complex investigation of body and clothing injuries during the identification of the assault instrument.

The value of complex analyses of body injuries and clothing has been proven by practice. The purpose of presented study is to discuss what additional information can be obtained during investigations of clothes in the area of injury. A case study, in which results of visual and stereomicroscopic morphological analysis of wounds, lesions of clothing and their comparison are presented. Examination of wounds revealed that some of them were made by blunt, others--by stabbing instrument. Lesions of clothes were made by secant instrument. Comparison of data enabled to determine characteristics of the instrument with greater precision--it was secant-stabbing tool. An experiment with suspected assault instrument--wheel wrench--under controlled conditions was performed. It was found that the head of this wheel wrench can be fixated when secant blow are performed, and it's sharp edge leaves secant-stabbing wounds. Our study revealed that precise knowledge of the assault circumstances enabled to select suitable conditions for experiment and this in turn enabled to identify the instrument of assault.

Clothing↗
PubMed1999

The role of performance tests, manikins and test houses in defining clothing characteristics relevant to risk assessment.

Clothing is an important determinant of human heat exchange and accordingly a critical factor for heat stress risk assessment. A large number of international standards exist concerning protective properties of clothing. However, few standards deal with ergonomic properties and requirements of clothing, making it difficult to evaluate the function of a clothing ensemble in terms of both protection and physiological strain or discomfort. The paper examines existing test methods and procedures for improvement of the situation. Much of the work are presently at research stages, but should in the near future be available for test houses and consumers.

Body Temperature Regulation↗
PubMed1999

Clothing convective heat exchange--proposal for improved prediction in standards and models.

Convection is an important determinant for both sensible and evaporative heat exchange. Heat transfer by convection for normal boundary conditions is readily described by simple power functions. Clothing affects convection in various ways and existing characterisation of clothing by its static insulation values produces inaccurate prediction of sensible heat exchange, eventually leading to erroneous risk assessment. The present paper reviews various methods for evaluation of clothing convective (sensible) heat exchange. Based on available data, two equations are proposed for determination of the reduction of the total insulation values obtained under static, still wind conditions as a consequence of wind and walking effects. The equations apply from 0 to 1.84 clo, from 0.2 to 3 m/s and for walking speeds up to 1.2 m/s. The equations are incorporated in ISO 7933 to provide a more realistic and accurate prediction of sensible heat transfer through clothing.

Bias↗