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PubMed2002

Zinc absorption and exchangeable zinc pool sizes in breast-fed infants fed meat or cereal as first complementary food.

BACKGROUND: The aims of this study were to compare the absorption efficiency of zinc from rice cereal and meat, with and without human milk, in 7-month-old breast-fed infants and to compare the size of exchangeable zinc pools in the infants according to the assigned complementary food. METHODS: Fractional absorption of zinc was measured in male infants using extrinsic labeling with a stable isotope of zinc in a test meal of either pureed beef (n = 9) or iron-fortified infant rice cereal (n = 9). The effect on fractional absorption of the addition of human milk to each complementary food was measured in each infant with a second oral zinc isotope. Fractional absorption was measured using fecal monitoring of isotope excretion, and exchangeable zinc pool size was calculated from isotopic enrichment in urine. RESULTS: Fractional absorption of zinc did not statistically differ between the beef (0.41 +/- 0.11) and cereal (0.36 +/- 0.05) test meals, although the trend showed that beef had higher fractional absorption than cereal. The higher intake of zinc from the beef versus cereal test meal resulted in a 16-fold greater amount of absorbed zinc ( P = 0.0002). The addition of human milk caused significant decreases in fractional absorption of zinc (0.07 +/- 0.02, P = 0.01) and absorbed zinc (0.04 +/- 0.01 mg, P < 0.0001). The size of the exchangeable zinc pool did not differ according to group but was strongly correlated with mean daily zinc intake ( r = 0.72, P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: These results confirm that meat as a complementary food for breast-fed infants can provide a rich source of dietary zinc that is well absorbed. The significant positive correlation between zinc intake and exchangeable zinc pool size suggests that increasing zinc intake positively affects metabolically available zinc.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Vegetables, cereals and colon cancer mortality: long-term trend in Japan.

Vegetables, cereals and meat are foods of interest in the aetiology of colon cancer. While vegetable consumption is considered to be protective against colon cancer, the role of cereals in colon carcinogenesis remains controversial. Colon cancer mortality has rapidly increased in Japan since the 1950s. We examined the trend of consumption of vegetables, cereals and meat in Japan during the period from 1950 to 1995. Vegetable consumption has been almost constant during the period, whereas cereal consumption has declined drastically. Meat consumption increased up until the 1970s, but the increase has been minimal thereafter. These consumption patterns suggest that cereals are an important dietary factor determining the risk of colon cancer in Japan.

Colonic Neoplasms↗
PubMed2005

Grains of knowledge: genomics of model cereals.

The economic and scientific importance of the cereals has motivated a rich history of research into their genetics, development, and evolution. The nearly completed sequence of the rice genome is emblematic of a transition to high-throughput genomics and computational biology that has also pervaded study of many other cereals. The relatively close (ca. <50 million years old) relationships among morphologically diverse cereals native to environments that sample much of global geographic diversity make the cereals particularly attractive for comparative studies of plant genome evolution. Extensive germplasm resources, largely a byproduct of their economic importance, together with growing collections of defined mutants, provide foundations for a host of post-genomic studies to shed more light on the relationship between sequence and function in this important group. Using the rapidly growing capabilities of several informatics resources, genomic data from model cereals are likely to be leveraged tremendously in the study and improvement of a wide range of crop plants that sustain much of the world's population, including many which still lack primary genomic resources.

DNA, Plant↗
PubMed1992

A novel light-regulated promoter is conserved in cereal and dicot chloroplasts.

The chloroplast psbD-psbC genes encode D2 and cp43, a reaction center protein and chlorophyll-binding antenna protein of photosystem II, respectively. We have previously shown that differential accumulation of light-induced psbD-psbC mRNAs in barley chloroplasts is due to transcription from a blue light-responsive promoter (LRP). It is hypothesized that the light-induced mRNAs help to maintain levels of the D2 polypeptide, which is photodamaged and degraded in illuminated plants. To determine if light-induced accumulation of psbD-psbC mRNAs was a conserved phenomenon in chloroplasts, the expression of psbD-psbC operons from five cereals (barley, wheat, rice, maize, and sorghum) and three dicot (tobacco, spinach, and pea) species was examined. Cereal and dicot psbD-psbC operons differ due to several DNA rearrangements that moved psbK-psbI proximal to psbD-psbC, allowing cotranscription of these genes and production of several unique transcripts in cereals. Despite differences in the structure and expression of the cereal and dicot psbD-psbC operons, the accumulation of light-induced psbD-psbC mRNAs was conserved in all species studied. An unusual feature of the light-induced mRNAs was the occurrence of 5' end microheterogeneity. The multiple 5' termini were mapped to several consecutive nucleotides (8 to 25 bp) within a highly conserved (61%) DNA region that represents the transcription initiation site for the mRNAs in barley and tobacco. The novel LRP differs in sequence from typical plastid promoters that have prokaryotic "-10" and "-35" elements and is centered 570 bp (cereals), 900 bp (tobacco, spinach), or 1100 bp (pea) upstream from the psbD translational start codon. We propose that physiological and gene regulatory demands of the chloroplast act as constraints that preserved the linkage of the LRP with psbD despite DNA inversions involving the psbD upstream region.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1980

Hypersensitivity to inhaled flour allergens. Comparison between cereals.

Radioallergosorbent testing (RAST) of sera from subjects sensitized to wheat and rye flour indicated that there is significant reaction with seed extracts of 12 cereals (wheat, durum wheat, triticale, cereal rye, barley, rye grass, oats, canary grass, rice, maize, sorghum and Johnson grass). Results were evaluated in terms of taxonomic relationships and of the electrophoretically determined protein composition of the cereal extracts. RAST uptakes were uniformly low in sera from four rhinitic bakers, yet were significantly above the levels for non-allergic and cord sera. Much higher RAST uptakes were obtained with sera from four asthmatic bakers when tested with wheat and its close relatives, but there was still reasonably high reactivity with more distantly related cereals. RAST inhibition experiments indicated in a more direct way the extent of cross-reactivity between grain extracts of wheat, rye, barley and oats. One baker had a history of more severe attacks of breathlessness following inhalation of rye flour compared with wheat flour. This was confirmed by bronchial challenge testing, but the comparison was not obviously consistent with the results of prick testing or estimation of histamine released from his leucocytes. The results as a whole suggested that the bran layers of cereal grains are at least as allergenic as flour.

Allergens↗
PubMed1988

Farm animal feeders: another group affected by cereal flour asthma.

Asthma induced by cereal flour is a long recognized entity. We present studies of three patients affected by asthma related to exposure to cereal flour contained in animal formula feeds. Skin prick test performed with the formula feed components showed positive reactions to cereal flours (wheat, rye and barley) and negative to the other substances in these formulas. Specific anti-wheat, rye and barley flour IgE antibodies were found by RAST. Bronchial provocation tests (BPT) with wheat flour (patients 1 and 2) and barley flour (patient 3) all showed immediate responses. These findings suggest that our patients' symptoms were caused by an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity to cereal flours from animal formula feeds. We call attention to the importance of cereal flours in animal formula feeds as a cause of occupational asthma in farm and animal feeders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Allergy to ingested cereals in atopic children.

Clinical features, hypersensitivity mechanisms, and differential diagnosis of cereal allergy or intolerance were investigated in children with atopic dermatitis (AD). On oral provocation, 18 children exhibited a positive response to wheat, three to rye, one to barley, and one to oats. Cereal-induced symptoms were dermatologic, gastrointestinal, or oropharyngeal, and their onset after provocation was immediate (eight cases), delayed (14 cases), or both immediate and delayed (one case). A combination of type I allergy tests (prick test, RAST, and histamine-release test) detected all immediate reactors and 9/14 delayed reactors. Of the five subjects remaining negative in these tests, three were positive in the patch or lymphocyte-proliferation tests. Subjects with cereal allergy or intolerance frequently possessed IgE, IgA, and IgG antibodies against gliadin, but only one of these children was HLA-DR3-positive, and none had reticulin antibodies typical of celiac disease. Combining tests of immediate and delayed hypersensitivity can confirm allergy to cereals in a more reliable way. The coexistence of cereal allergy and celiac disease seems to be rare.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Comparison of amylolytic and proteolytic activities of ruminal fungi grown on cereal grains.

Strains of the ruminal fungi Neocallimastix patriciarum, Orpinomyces joyonii, and Piromyces communis were grown on cellobiose and on cereal grains and then examined for proteolytic and amylolytic activities. On cellobiose all three fungi displayed similar activities, with the exception of little amylolytic activity in the cell-associated fraction of N. patriciarum. Growth on the cereal grains barley, corn, and wheat showed differences in proteolytic and amylolytic activities amongst the ruminal fungi and between the cereal grains. The data suggest that while these fungi are capable of fermenting the cereal grains the mode of enzymatic attack varies both with the particular fungus and the type of cereal grain.

Amylases↗
PubMed1997

The role of viscous soluble fiber in the metabolic control of diabetes. A review with special emphasis on cereals rich in beta-glucan.

Recent recommendations for the dietary management of diabetes mellitus state that diet needs to be individualized so that there is improved glucose and lipid control in the patient. In a majority of individuals with diabetes, this is best done with a diet that is low in fat and high in carbohydrate, particularly that of cereal origin. However, symptoms of hyper- and hypoglycemia must be averted. Most cereal products, however, tend to have a high glycemic index Cereals such as Prowashonupana barley or fractions of oat bran are particularly high in the soluble fiber beta-glucan, which when taken with a meal increases the viscosity of the meal bolus once it has reached the small intestine, where the absorption of nutrients occurs. This high viscosity delays absorption. A 50% reduction in glycemic peak can be achieved with a concentration of 10% beta-glucan in a cereal food. A significant lowering of plasma LDL cholesterol concentrations can also be anticipated with the daily consumption of > or = 3 g of beta-glucan. Diabetic individuals can benefit from diets that are high in beta-glucan, which, as a component of oats and barley, can be incorporated into breakfast cereals and other products.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed2002

[Expression of interleukin-4, interferon-gamma and lymphocyte surface markers in small intestinal mucosa of adult patients with cereal allergy].

INTRODUCTION: The mechanism for adverse reactions to foods in the gastrointestinal tract are poorly understood. Previous studies of other atopic diseases and animal models suggest that lymphocytes and cytokines may be implicated in the pathogenesis of food allergy. AIM: The authors investigated the expression of interleukin-4, interferon-gamma and other lymphocyte markers of patients with cereal allergy (wheat, rye, oats) and of controls. PATIENTS/METHOD: Expressions of cytokines and lymphocyte markers on duodenal mucosa of nine patients (mean age 38.3 years, range 18-50 years, 8 women and one man) and nine controls (mean age 36 years, range 24-54 years, 6 women, 3 men) by means of immunohistochemistry were investigated. RESULTS: The mucosal structure on every biopsy specimens was normal. Despite the normal structure the expression of Ki-67 intranuclear proliferation marker was higher in patients with cereal allergy. Expression of interleukin-4 was markedly elevated in the food allergy group, however, interferon-gamma density showed no inter-group difference. The densities of CD4 (1251 vs. 1053 cells/mm2) and HLA-DR positive cells (1227 vs. 1064 cells/mm2) in the lamina propria of cereal allergy group were significantly elevated when compared with controls (P = 0.05 and P = 0.04, respectively). The densities of CD3, CD8, TCR alpha/beta and gamma/delta, HLA-DP, IgA, IgA1, IgA2-containing cells did not differ in the two groups studied. CONCLUSIONS: The authors results suggest that, despite the normal mucosal structure, the increased expression of CD4 and HLA-DR positive cells show a sign of inflammation in duodenal biopsies of patients with cereal allergy. Moreover, increased density of IL-4 may suggest its role in the pathogenesis of cereal hypersensitivity.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Cytopathology of plants infected with viruses. Ultrastructure of the leaf cells of cereals affected by rhabdoviruses].

Ultrathin sections of oat, wheat, and ryegrass leaves from healthy plants and plants infected with rhabdoviruses by leafhoppers Laodelphax striatellus Fallen were studied under the electron microscope. The bacilliform virions often surrounded by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes, viroplasm, and tubular structures conforming, in diameter and structure, to the rhabdovirion nucleocapsid were observed in the cytoplasm of leaf cells of the diseased plants. The cereal pseudorosette virus [(165-200) x (63-70) nm, CPV] is the causative agent of the disease of cereals in Siberia. The mycoplasma-like organisms were found in the phloem cells of plants infected with CPV. The cereal mosaic virus [(360-420) x (56-64) nm, CMV] is the causative agent of the disease of cereals in the Russian Far East. CMV appears to be a strain of the northern cereal mosaic virus occurring in Japan and China.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[Cereal products as a source of selenium in Polish food rations].

The aim of the study was to update the data concerning the level of selenium in cereal products and to determine its uptake with daily food rations and percentage of cereal products in the 24-hour pool of selenium ingested. Selenium was determined fluorometrically after the reaction of Se (IV) with 2.3-diaminonaphthalene and extraction of naphtho-[2.3-d]-2-seleno-1.3-diazole to cyclohexane. Compared to the results found several years ago, the selenium levels observed in cereals, flour and bakery products were significantly lower. The mean levels of selenium in the above-mentioned products ranged from 22.9 micrograms/kg to 53.0 micrograms/kg and were markedly lower compared with pasta which reach to level 528 micrograms/kg, especially when pasta was made from semoline or contained eggs. The average daily intake of selenium with reconstructed rations was 37.9 micrograms while with home made rations 60.4 micrograms. The values calculated on the basis of the data collected in the 80-ties were significantly stray to analytical results, and those based on our findings was comparable. The percentage of the most important products in the daily selenium pool changed significantly after taking into account these new results because according to the data from 80-ties, the major sources of selenium in home and reconstructed rations were cereal products which share to 48%. According to the new results the main source of selenium in daily rations were meat one its products about 26% and cereal products somewhat less than 20%.

Edible Grain↗
PubMed2005

[Cereal bars with soy protein and wheat germ, physicochemical characteristics and texture during the storage].

Studies analyzing cereal bars have reported on consumer characteristics and preferences in sensory analyses and on their market growth, however little has been published on their physicochemical data and texture properties. Thus the objective of this research was to provide information about the storage of a cereal bar formulation with high protein and vitamin levels based on soy protein and wheat germ, packaged in 3 different films (A: PET/PEBD; B: PETmet/PEBD; C: PET/PEBD/AL/PEBD), during 6 months under environmental conditions of temperature (25 +/- 2 degrees C) and relative humidity (56%). The moisture content, water activity, pH and total acidity of the cereal bars were determined. The textural measurements accompanied during storage were breaking strength, hardness and cohesiveness. The cereal bars presented variations in water activity (Aw), moisture content and total acidity during storage. The moisture content of the bars tended to increase, which led to a significant (p = 0.05) influence on the texture characteristics of breaking strength and hardness, in the different packaging films tested. The increase in the values for breaking strength (A: 4756,5N; B: 5093,0N; C: 5575,6N) at 45 days of storage was attributed to a possible crystallization of the agglutinating syrup used for the bars. The textured soy protein used in the formulation could also have contributed to this fact due to its hygroscopic character, also interfering in the decrease in the cohesiveness measurements (deformation) with time. The effect of the different barrier properties of the packaging films tested was significant (p < 0.05) in the stability of the cereal bars during storage.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMed2005

Mycological analysis of cereal samples and screening of Fusarium strains' ability to form deoxynivalenole (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA) mycotoxins--a pilot study.

Filamentous fungi are cosmopolitan microorganisms found in almost all environments. It should be pointed out that occurance of moulds on food or feed may cause health disorders in humans and animals. Mycoflora appears as a source of toxic methabolites, mycotoxins, which hepatotoxic, genotoxic, nefrotoxic and carcinogenic abilities were already proven in several studies. Hense mycological analysis of cereal grains raises as an important manner in evaluation of food and feed health features. Among the most frequent cereal contaminants Alternaria, Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium strains are mentioned. Due to their ability to grow on cereals during both its field growth and storage, Fusarium moulds occure to be an important contamination factors in food and feed industry. In this study Fusarium strains isolates from wheat and maize were examined in order to recognize their abilities to produce two toxins: zearalenon (ZEA) and deoxynivalenole (DON). Mycological analysis shown differentiation within fungal microflora occuring in samples of different storage conditions, where Fusarium strains represented aproximately 20-70% of all mould species present. In purpose of Fusarium strains species evaluation, isolates were mycologically analysed. In the second step of the project, toxicological screening of isolates was performed using Thin Liquid Chromatography (TLC) evaluating toxigenic potential of single strains' production of ZEA and DON. This data gives the possibility of pointing the most toxigenic strains and also shows differentiations in their occurance in cereals. This paper presents introductory research data, which can be useful in recognition of cereal contamination with moulds and their toxic methabolites.

Chromatography, Thin Layer↗
PubMed1975

The absorption of iron as supplements in infant cereal and infant formulas.

The absorption of iron was measured from isotopically tagged salts used in supplementing infant cereals and as the iron supplement in cow's milk and soy-based formulas. Iron as sodium iron pryophosphate and ferric orthophosphate were poorly absorbed from infant cereal (mean, smaller than 1.0%) and thus are not dependable sources of iron to meet the nutritional needs of infants. Reduced iron of very small particle size and ferrous sulfate when added to cereal was absorbed to a greater extent (mean, 4.0% and 2.7% respectively). For technical reasons, these two forms of iron had not been added to commercial cereal products because of discoloration, distribution problems of the iron in the product, and shortened shelf life. Therefore, at the present time, iron supplementation of infant cereals with sodium iron pyrophosphate, ferric orthophosphate, and reduced iron of large particle size does not provide a predictable and available source of iron to meet the needs of infants. Supplemental iron as ferrous sulfate in milk- and soy-based formulas gave a mean absorption of 3.4% and 5.4%. The iron supplements in these formulas can essentially meet the needs for dietary iron of healthy infants.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Factors related to the cariogenic potential of breakfast cereals.

Reported is a series of studies in which several breakfast cereals were tested for the following properties: sugar retained by, and plaque formed on, extracted teeth that chewed the cereals: ability of the cereals to induce acid formation when incubated with saliva and to neutralize acids when mixed with water: and, as a summary, ability to induce caries formation under mouth-simulation conditions. It was found that the cariogenic potential of the cereals tested is not dependent upon their sugar content, their retentiveness on the teeth, the amount of sugar retained by the teeth, or the amount of plaque formation they induced on the teeth. The only parameter that related well with the carcinogenic potential of the cereals was their buffering (or acid-neutralizing) ability: the greater the buffering, the lesser the carcinogenic potential. These results, which were confirmed in independent animal studies, case some doubts upon the role traditionally attributed to sugars in caries formation. At least they caution against generalizations and point out other factors that should be studied before a thorough understanding of the factors determining the cariogenicity of foods can be gained.

Acids↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Organization of rRNA genes in various tribes of plants in the cereal family (Poaceae barnh.)].

The organization of 18S and 26S rRNA in 14 plant species, belonging to 8 tribes of the cereal family was studied. In rDNA of all the cereals studied, except maize and reed, the similar character of localization of nucleotide sequences, recognized by restrictases BamHI and EcoRI in 18S and 26S rRNA genes was revealed. The structural organization of rDNA of sainfoin (Papilionaceae) was shown to differ from genes, coding for high molecular rRNA in cereals. The primary structure of subrepeat of non-transcribed rDNA spacer of diploid wheat Tr. urartu, consisting of 132 base pairs was determined. The given subrepeat was hybridized with BamHI-fragments of DNA from cereals and sainfoin. It is shown to hybridize with rDNA of all the cereals studied, and it hardly hybridizes with rDNA of maize and sorghum, but doesn't hybridize with rDNA of sainfoin. The conclusion is made that the size polymorphism of restriction fragments in the coding rDNA region and the level of similarity of subrepeats of rDNA of the non-transcribed spacer may help to reveal the phylogenetic affinity of plants, belonging to different tribes within one family.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1989

Fat and fatty acid contents of cereals and pulses and their relevance to Indian diets.

Invisible fat and fatty acid content of cereals and pulses were analysed by newer and more accurate methods. In all cereals (except ragi) and in all pulses (except black gram) linoleic acid (18:2 n-6) was the major fatty acid. On an average pulses contained more alpha-linolenic acid (18:3 n-3) than cereals. From data on dietary intakes of the rural population in India, the average per caput consumption of total invisible fat, 18:2 n-6 and 18:3 n-3 from cereals, pulses and milk was calculated. From the figures arrived at for 18:2 n-6 in cereals, pulses and milk and the FAO/WHO 1977 recommendations for 18:2 n-6 (3 per cent of energy), the vegetable oil requirement for different physiological groups has been computed. These calculations showed that the ratio of 18:2 n-6/18:3 n-3 with sources of oils other than rapseed was higher than the desirable ratio of 10. The current view of upper limits of energy from total fat is 30 per cent. Diets of high income groups provide 12 per cent of energy from invisible fat. To keep the calories from total fat below 30 per cent, visible fat intake in Indian diets should not exceed 18 per cent or 50 g/person/d.

Coronary Disease↗