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At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Candida onychomycosis--an evaluation of the candida species as primary keratinolytic yeasts in nail disease.

This is a pilot study of 5 nail specimens to evaluate the role of candida species in onychomycosis by taking pure isolates of different species of candida, growing these yeasts with normal nail keratin and assessing the growth of fungus periodically macroscopically and the final evaluation was made under electron microscope. The results suggest that the candida albicans primarily has an important role in keratolysis of nails.

Candida↗
PubMed2005

Differentiation of Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis using a single-enzyme PCR-RFLP method.

Candida dubliniensis is a novel Candida spp. that is similar to Candida albicans with respect to several phenotypic characteristics. However, they differ from each other with respect to epidemiology, pathogenesis, and the rapid development of resistance to fluconazole. In the present study, we used a single-enzyme PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) technique to differentiate C. dubliniensis from C. albicans. The amplified ITS region of C. dubliniensis was digested once using the enzyme B1nI, whereas that of C. albicans remained intact. All standard strains tested were identified successfully by this method. None of 140 clinical isolates identified morphologically as C. albicans were recognized as C. dubliniensis based on their PCR-RFLP pattern. Our PCR-RFLP method easily differentiated C. dubliniensis from C. albicans, and this result was also demonstrated with standard strains.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Molecular identification of Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis strains isolated from clinical samples].

Candida dubliniensis is a recently identified opportunistic pathogen, which has close phylogenetic relation with Candida albicans. The aim of this study was the genotypic differentiation of 55 germ tube-positive Candida strains isolated from clinical specimens (30 blood, 25 throat swab specimens). The isolates were phenotypically identified by API ID 32C system, and genotypically identified by using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment lenght polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. Initially ITS2 region has been amplified by using universal fungal primers with PCR. After amplification and purification of approximately 340 base pair products, they were treated with species-specific restriction enzymes (MspA1 I and BsmAI for C. albicans and C. dubliniensis, respectively). As a result, API ID 32C system identified 52 (94.5%) isolates as C. albicans and 3 (5.5%) isolates as C. dubliniensis, whereas PCR-RFLP analysis yielded 50 (90.9%) C. albicans and 5 (9.1%) C. dubliniensis. It can be concluded that PCR-RFLP method may be used for the differentiation of C. dubliniensis and C. albicans isolates in clinical samples.

Candida↗
PubMed2001

[The comparison of susceptibility of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata to miconazole].

Candida glabrata is very important pathogen which is resistant to some imidazoles (fluconazole). The aim of study was to compare a susceptibility of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata - strains isolated from patietnts treated in Centre for Treatment of Parasitic Diseases and Mycoses - to miconazole using MIC. 96.5% of strains were sensitive to miconazole; values of MIC for C. albicans were lower than for C. glabrata.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed1990

Demonstration of fungal proteinase during phagocytosis of Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis.

The extracellular acid proteinase of Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis was monitored in vitro during phagocytosis by murine peritoneal macrophages. Fungal blastospores were quickly ingested by the thioglycolate-elicited macrophages and the intracellular blastospores partly resisted killing and started to grow out after 6 h incubation, causing destruction of the macrophage. Proteinase antigen appeared on fungal cells after 30 min in culture medium containing 10% fetal calf serum. The antigen was detected on ingested blastoconidia and filamentous cells of C. albicans serotype A. The proteinase antigen was also expressed by blastoconidia of C. albicans serotype B but was missing on the filamentous cells of this serotype. Isolates of C. tropicalis behaved similarly to C. albicans serotype A. The acid proteolytic activity of Candida cells was confirmed by the haemoglobin test on culture supernatants. Lysates of infected and noninfected phagocytes showed a differential acid proteolytic activity; noninfected macrophages revealed rising activity, while infected macrophages showed a distinct reduction of activity. The proteolytic activity of lysates of noninfected cells is due to lysosomal cathepsin-D. Cathepsin-D was also most likely to be responsible for the declining proteolytic activity in lysates from infected phagocytes; such lysates contained increasing amounts of fungal proteinase antigen. The differential kinetics of this antigen and the total acid proteolytic activity in the lysates suggest a conflict between microbial and lysosomal hydrolases in infected phagocytes. The outcome of this conflict depends on the number and hydrolytic activity of the ingested yeasts and may be decisive in the progress of infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Polyamine depletion and growth inhibition in Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis by alpha-difluoromethylornithine and cyclohexylamine.

The ability of two known inhibitors of polyamine synthesis, alpha-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), an inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), and cyclohexylamine, an inhibitor of spermidine synthase, to inhibit the in vitro growth and polyamine synthesis of clinical isolates of Candida tropicalis and Candida albicans was examined. Treatment of C. tropicalis and C. albicans with either DFMO or cyclohexylamine resulted in depletion of cellular polyamines and inhibition of growth. The growth inhibition produced by each of these compounds was completely reversed by exogenous polyamines. Depletion of polyamines by low concentrations of DFMO significantly enhanced the growth inhibitory activity of cyclohexylamine versus C. albicans. DFMO inhibited ODC activity in both C. albicans and C. tropicalis. These findings document the ability of cyclohexylamine and DFMO to inhibit polyamine synthesis and growth in clinically important species of Candida.

Candida↗
PubMed1997

The antifungal effect of lactoferrin and lysozyme on Candida krusei and Candida albicans.

Lactoferrin and lysozyme (muramidase) are non-immune defence factors present in various exocrine secretions, including saliva. Previous studies have shown that both proteins, either singly or in combination, are bactericidal in nature and their combined activity is synergistic. As little is known of their interactions with Candida species, 20 oral isolates of C. krusei and 5 isolates of C. albicans were studied for their susceptibility to human apo-lactoferrin and lysozyme, either singly or in combination, using an in vitro assay system. The two species exhibited significant interspecies differences in susceptibility to lactoferrin (p < 0.05), but not for lysozyme; C. krusei being more sensitive to lactoferrin (c 1.4 times) than C. albicans. Both species revealed significant intraspecies differences in their susceptibility to lysozyme (p < 0.05), but not for lactoferrin. No synergistic antifungal activity of the two proteins on either Candida species was noted. The results imply that the variable expression of the fungicidal activity of lactoferrin and lysozyme on Candida species may modulate the oral carriage of yeasts in a complex manner.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed1997

A crossreactivity at the immunoglobulin E level of the cell wall mannoproteins of Candida albicans with other pathogenic Candida and airborne yeast species.

BACKGROUND: Candida albicans crossreacts with Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Pityrosporum ovale at the IgE level. However, the extent of crossreactivity of C. albicans with other yeast species is not known. OBJECTIVE: The crossreactivity at the immunoglobulin E (IgE) level of Candida albicans with other pathogenic Candida species and to the airborne yeast species Cryptococcus and Rhodotorula was studied by immunoblot analysis. METHODS: Crude antigens, designated as heat extract, were prepared from 13 different yeast species and a dot blot test was performed to detect IgE antibodies against each of the heat extracts in 349 patients with allergies who were positive for IgE antibodies against C. albicans in a CAP system. RESULTS: In the dot blot test, most of the sera reacted with the heat extracts of not only C. albicans but also those prepared from the other yeast species. The sera of 41 of the 349 patients (11.7%) reacted with the heat extracts of all 13 yeast species. The extent of the binding of IgE antibodies to multiple yeast species correlated with both the fluorescence intensities measured in the CAP system and the intensities of dots generated by the heat extract of C. albicans in the dot blot test. In an inhibition dot blot test, mannoproteins, but not proteins, of C. albicans strongly inhibited the subsequent binding of IgE antibodies to all yeast species. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that the C. albicans mannoproteins are responsible for the crossreactivity among these yeast species at the IgE level.

Air Microbiology↗
PubMed1998

Adhesion to denture acrylic surfaces and relative cell-surface hydrophobicity of Candida parapsilosis and Candida albicans.

C. parapsilosis is an opportunistic emerging pathogen which together with C. albicans causes diseases in immunocompromised patients. Adhesion of Candida species to various surfaces is an important event in colonization and pathogenesis, and the relative cell-surface hydrophobicity (CSH) of the organism is a contributory physical force involved. Therefore, in vitro adhesion to acrylic surfaces and relative CSH of 24 isolates of C. parapsilosis and 10 isolates of C. albicans were studied. There was no significant difference in relative adhesion of C. parapsilosis isolates and C. albicans, although the former demonstrated a tendency for increased adhesion. There was significant intra-species variation in adhesion among isolates of C. parapsilosis (p=0.0001), but not C. albicans. In general, C. parapsilosis isolates demonstrated a two-fold greater relative CSH than C. albicans (p=0.0003). When the relative CSH of superficial and systemic isolates of C. parapsilosis were compared, the former showed a significantly higher (49.15%) relative CSH than their systemic counterparts (p<0.01). A highly significant positive correlation between adhesion and relative CSH of C. parapsilosis (p=0.74, p<0.0001) was also noted. Taken together, these data suggest that the attributes of adhesion and relative CSH of Candida species may contribute differentially in varying disease states of the human host, such as superficial and systemic Candida infections.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed1987

Transient fungemia and Candida arthritis due to Candida zeylanoides.

A 37 year old man developed transient fungemia caused by Candida zeylanoides following a kidney and pancreas transplant. For the next seven months the patient had signs and symptoms of right knee arthritis. Candida zeylanoides was finally identified as the aetiological agent. Treatment with intravenous amphotericin B was successful. To our knowledge this is the first report of Candida zeylanoides arthritis.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

An unusual case of Candida tropicalis and Candida krusei arthritis in a patient with acute myelogenous leukemia before chemotherapy.

A 79-year-old male with acute myelogenous leukemia developed acute right knee arthritis during admission, after the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics before chemotherapy. The initial synovial fluid sample appeared to be mildly inflammatory with a low white cell count. The fungal septic arthritis was not diagnosed until Candida tropicalis, a rare species of Candida, was isolated in the synovial fluid. Although fluconazole is effective in treating the microorganism, the untreated leukemia rendered the infection incurable and led to the growth of fluconazole-resistant Candida krusei. We reported the unusual case of fungal arthritis and reviewed the literature.

Aged↗
PubMed1984

A purified polysaccharide isolated from Candida albicans induces antibody response in vitro by human peripheral blood lymphocytes and discriminates between sera from normal and Candida albicans-infected individuals.

A purified polysaccharide extracted from Candida albicans (MPPS), stimulates in vitro synthesis of specific antibodies by human peripheral blood lymphocytes. These antibodies can be detected by a sensitive enzyme-linked immunoassay. The same assay can be applied to the quantitation of anti-candida antibodies in serum. Statistically significant differences were found between sera of normal and candida-infected individuals.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Two new species in the Pichia guilliermondii clade: Pichia caribbica sp. nov., the ascosporic state of Candida fermentati, and Candida carpophila comb. nov.

Pichia caribbica sp. nov. (type strain DBVPG 4519, NRRL Y-27274, CBS 9966) is described as the ascosporic state of Candida fermentati, and Candida guilliermondii var. carpophila (type strain DBVPG 7739, NRRL Y-17905, CBS 5256) is elevated to species status as Candida carpophila comb. nov. These new taxa, which are indistinguishable on the basis of conventional taxonomic criteria, differ from one another and from Pichia guilliermondii by low DNA base sequence relatedness, different electrophoretic karyotypes, and nucleotide divergence in domains D1/D2 of 26S rDNA. Pichia caribbica produces one, rarely two, saturn-shaped ascospores in persistent asci. On the basis of molecular criteria, C. carpophila comb. nov., C. fukuyamaensis, and C. xestobii are conspecific, with the name C. carpophila having taxonomic priority.

Candida↗
PubMed2003

Enzymatic differentiation of Candida parapsilosis from other Candida spp. in a membrane filtration test.

A previously reported enzyme assay on a membrane filter using 4-methylumbelliferyl (4-MU)-N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminide, -phosphate and -pyrophosphate as substrates for the differentiation of four Candida spp. has been extended to Candida parapsilosis. The substrate 4-MU-beta-D-glucoside was hydrolyzed by 28 test strains of this species but to a variable extent by seven other yeasts also. For a full enzymatic differentiation of C. parapsilosis from other medical yeasts, a battery of six reactions was required. Of 71 C. parapsilosis positive clinical samples, 4.2% gave a false negative result due to overgrowth by Candida albicans. The present assay is more rapid than a described spectrofluorometric determination of beta-D-glucosidase in a broth, i.e., 9-11 h versus up to >48 h.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed2002

Nasal vaccination induces the ability to eliminate Candida colonization without influencing the pre-existing antigen-specific IgE Abs: a possibility for the control of Candida-related atopic dermatitis.

In some cases of atopic dermatitis (AD), a possible pathological contribution to disease development by Candida albicans (C. albicans) has been suggested. AD patients with severe symptoms showing positive capsulated hydrolic carrier polymer radioallergosorbent test (CAP-RAST) against C. albicans demonstrated significantly higher levels of serum IgE Abs than did AD patients with mild symptoms. Based on the clinical facts, we have postulated that elimination of C. albicans by mucosal vaccination may lead to the restoration of severe symptoms in AD patients. For this purpose, we have developed an allergic murine model. Mice which were systemically challenged with C. albicans-associated antigen, manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) or secreted aspartic proteases 2 (SAP2), together with alum, exhibited hyper IgE Abs. Systemically primed mice were then immunized with MnSOD or SAP2 plus cholera toxin (CT) as mucosal adjuvant through the nasal route. Interestingly, nasally immunized mice showed increased levels of Candida Ag-specific IgA Ab in fecal and nasal washes as well as in saliva samples but unchanged levels in Ag-specific IgE responses. Consistent with the Ab levels, high numbers of Candida Ag-specific IgA Ab-forming cells were induced in mononuclear cells isolated from intestinal lamina propria, nasal passages and salivary glands of nasally vaccinated mice with Ag plus CT. Furthermore, nasal immunization using MnSOD or SAP2 together with CT resulted in the elimination of colonized C. albicans from the intestinal tract. These results also suggest a potential role of mucosal vaccination in the control of C. albicans in patients with allergic diseases, including AD, although more research is needed to establish this therapeutic approach for mucosal vaccination.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1998

National surveillance of nosocomial blood stream infection due to species of Candida other than Candida albicans: frequency of occurrence and antifungal susceptibility in the SCOPE Program. SCOPE Participant Group. Surveillance and Control of Pathogens of Epidemiologic.

A national surveillance program of nosocomial blood stream infections (BSI) in the USA between April 1995 and June 1996 revealed that Candida was the fourth leading cause of nosocomial BSI, accounting for 8% of all infections. Forty-eight percent of 379 episodes of candidemia were due to species other than Candida albicans. The rank order of non-C. albicans species was C. glabrata (20%) > C. tropicalis (11%) > C. parapsilosis (8%) > C. krusei (5%) > other Candida spp. (4%). The species distribution varied according to geographic region, with non-C. albicans species predominating in the Northeast (54%) and Southeast (53%) regions, and C. albicans predominating in the Northwest (60%) and Southwest (70%) regions. In vitro susceptibility studies demonstrated that 95% of non-C. albicans isolates were susceptible to 5-fluorocytosine, and 84% and 75% were susceptible to fluconazole and itraconazole, respectively. Geographic variation in susceptibility to itraconazole, but not other agents, was observed. Isolates from the Northwest and Southeast regions were more frequently resistant to itraconazole (29-30%) than those from the Northeast and Southwest regions (17-18%). Molecular epidemiologic studies revealed possible nosocomial transmission (five medical centers). Continued surveillance for the presence of non-C. albicans species among hospitalized patients is recommended.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed2000

Activity of voriconazole against Candida albicans and Candida krusei isolated since 1984.

With the recent dramatic rise in fluconazole use, there has been an increase in Candida species resistant to that agent. This has led to the clinical development of newer triazoles such as voriconazole that have greater potency and a broader spectrum of activity. We therefore hypothesized that fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans and Candida krusei would be susceptible to voriconazole. Susceptibility testing was performed on 205 isolates of C. albicans collected from 1984 to 1995, and on C. albicans and C. krusei that were identified as fluconazole resistant since 1995. The anti fungal agents used were amphotericin B, 5-flucytosine, itraconazole, ketoconazole, fluconazole and voriconazole. Three C. albicans and 26 C. krusei isolates had a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) >/=20 mg/l and were defined as fluconazole resistant. Of these, 28 isolates were susceptible to </=2.5 mg/l voriconazole, with a mean MIC of 0.78 mg/l. The mean amphotericin B MIC for these same strains was 0.98 mg/l. Only one isolate of C. krusei was relatively resistant to voriconazole with a MIC of 5 mg/l. Of these 29 isolates, there were ten amphotericin-resistant strains of C. krusei (MIC>2 mg/l) but all were susceptible to </=2.5 mg/l voriconazole. The higher potency of voriconazole may be useful in the treatment of fluconazole- and amphotericin-resistant C. albicans and C. krusei.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed2001

Candida glabrata and Candida krusei fungemia after high-risk allogeneic marrow transplantation: no adverse effect of low-dose fluconazole prophylaxis on incidence and outcome.

Candidemia is a serious complication in patients following allogeneic blood, marrow, and organ transplantation. Fourteen patients developed nosocomial fungemia among 204 allogeneic marrow transplants performed during 1997-1999. Incidence of hematogenous candidiasis was 6.8 per 100 allogeneic BMT. All 14 had an indwelling central venous catheter (CVC) and fluconazole (100-200 mg daily) was given prophylactically. In 11 (78.5%) neutropenic patients, duration between agranulocytosis and diagnosis of fungemia was (median, +/- s.d.) 10 +/- 8 days. Candida glabrata (53.3%) was the most common yeast species, followed by C. krusei (33.3%), and C. parapsilosis (13.3%). Candida albicans was conspicuously absent. Ten patients (71.4%) had primary transplant-related complication (>2 days) including hemolytic uremic syndrome/thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (HUS/TTP) (n = 5), severe hemorrhagic cystitis (n = 3), and bacteremia (n = 2). Seven (50.0%) patients expired and in three (21.4%) deaths were attributed to fungemia. The impact of a primary transplant-related complication on short-term survival in this setting was not significant (P = 0.07) (HUS/TTP (P > 0.5); neutropenia (P > 0.5); GVHD (P = 0.35)). Removal of CVC did not alter outcome in our group (P > or = 0.5) although in patients with persistent fungemia (>72 h), and those with preceding bacteremia, mortality was significantly higher (P = 0.002). Conventional prognosticators of poor outcome did not adversely effect short-term survival in our transplant recipients with hematogenous candidiasis. The predominance of C. glabrata and C. krusei breakthrough infections was similar to what is seen with high-dose fluconazole (400 mg) prophylaxis, and no adverse effects of low-dose fluconazole in terms of increased incidence of non-susceptible Candida species was seen.

Adolescent↗