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At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

[Correlation between lipid pattern and body mass index in obesity].

Lipid plasma levels were measured in a group of 519 obese subjects, aged 7-66 years, divided according to age, sex and BMI. Lipidemia and total cholesterolemia increased both with age and BMI, irrespective of sex; LDL and VLDL increased in relation to age and, with less evident differences, to BMI. Triglycerides increased in the age bracket from adolescent to adult, especially in males, whereas their increase in relation to BMI showed no difference between the sexes. Chylomicron plasma levels remained steady both in relation to age and BMI.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

[The pattern of body temperature changes during cooling in relation to the properties of its covering (mathematical research)].

A sphere model simulating the rabbit organism was subjected to the effects of ice-cold water and cold air (0 degrees C). Distributions of the temperature within the sphere and its membrane depending on the thickness of the membrane, are presented. A 3.6-fold increase in the sphere heat-production resulted in maintenance of a normal average temperature (37 degrees C) within the sphere.

Air↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Electrophoretic protein patterns of body extracts and species identification in some pseudoscorpions (Neobisiidae: Pseudoscorpiones: Arachnida).

The technique of the universal film agarose electrophoresis has been used to detect biochemical characteristics of the body extract proteins in 3 different species and 2 genera of the pseudoscorpion family Neobisiidae. The migration rate of these proteins as well as their relative abundance for Neobisium carpaticum Beier, Neobisium macrodactylum (Daday) and Roncus pannonius Curcić, Dimitrijević & Karamata, from Yugoslavia, were compared. Electrophoretic identifications of these species showed both species-specific and (probably) intergeneric differences. It is assumed that body protein electrophoresis can be also used: (a) to differentiate species in any stage of their life cycle, (b) to reveal the presence of sibling species, and to differentiate the taxonomic and evolutionary interrelations both in congeneric as well as in other, more distant taxa.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Repolarization pattern of body surface potential maps (BSPM) in coronary artery disease.

The aim of our study was to assess if repolarization BSPM were able to evaluate the site, size and severity of chronic ischaemic damages and if BSPM were in any way related to the regional attenuation of myocardial contractility or to the site of coronary artery occlusion. The BSPM were obtained from 69 patients suffering from coronary artery disease confirmed by coronarography, with at least 75% occlusion of at least one coronary artery. According to the site of single occlusion, or a combination of the sites of multiple occlusions, the patients were divided into 6 subgroups. According to the region of attenuated kinetics the same group of 69 patients was also divided into other 6 subgroups. As in the polarity distribution there was only a limited accordance in BSPM with coronarographic and echocardiographic findings, in the localization of extreme values there were very important specific changes in patients with normal kinetics as determined by both contrast ventriculography and two-dimensional echocardiography. The repolarization maps can distinguish patients with coronary artery disease and normal echocardiography from healthy persons with a sensitivity of 85% and a specificity of 65% in the case of the isoareal map from the ST segment (RIAM) and 90% and 85%, respectively, in the case of the isointegral map from the whole ST-T segments (RIIM).

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Beta-endorphin response to exogenous corticotrophin-releasing hormone in obese women with different patterns of body fat distribution.

Obese individuals may be characterized by higher than normal basal and stimulated beta-endorphin plasma concentrations, which suggests an increased activity of the opioid system. This study was carried out to investigate whether the regulation of beta-endorphin secretion may be different in different phenotypes of obesity. Twenty-two obese women (body mass index greater than 30 kg/m2) without other endocrine and metabolic abnormalities were investigated. A group of seven normal weight healthy women matched for age served as controls. According to the protocol, obese women included in the study had a waist-to-hip ratio higher than 0.85 (n = 9) or lower than 0.80 (n = 13). The former were defined as having abdominal type and the latter peripheral type body fat distribution. Both groups were matched for body mass index. All women randomly underwent a corticotrophin-releasing hormone test (human CRF, 1 microgram/kg body weight) and a control saline study, with blood samples for beta-endorphin determination taken at regular intervals. Basal beta-endorphin levels were not significantly different between the three groups. No significant variation in the hormone levels occurred during the control study in either group. After CRF injection, however, beta-endorphin rose significantly in all women, but the hormone concentrations were significantly higher in obese women with abdominal fat distribution than in those with peripheral fat distribution and in controls. These results indicate that, among obese women, only those with the abdominal phenotype seem to have increased opioid activity.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1996

Development and tracking of central patterns of subcutaneous fat in adolescence and adulthood: the Amsterdam Growth and Health Study.

BACKGROUND: A central pattern of body fat is recognized as a risk indicator of cardiovascular diseases in adulthood. The development of this body fat pattern from childhood into adulthood however, remains to be explored. METHODS: The development of two trunk skinfolds (subscapular; supra-iliac), two extremity skinfolds (biceps; triceps), and three trunk-extremity skinfold ratios for males (n = 71) and females (n = 84), were described over a period of 17 years from 13 to 29 years of age. In addition, tracking of the skinfolds and the skinfold ratios was investigated over this period. Data for this study came from the Amsterdam Growth and Health Study, an ongoing longitudinal study in the Netherlands that started in 1977. RESULTS: In adolescence, a decrease was seen in extremity skinfolds for men but not for women. For both sexes, the trunk skinfolds increased over the entire period of study. An increase was found in trunk-extremity skinfold ratios in males, but not in females. Tracking coefficients, calculated as Pearson correlation coefficients between the initial measurement and subsequent measurements, were about 0.4 for the single skinfolds between 13 and 29 years of age for both men and women. For the skinfold ratios, these correlation coefficients were about 0.55. Longitudinal tracking coefficients, measuring the association between the initial measurement and all follow-up data simultaneously, were about 0.65 for both men and women. CONCLUSIONS: A central pattern of body fat, mainly seen in males, seems to start in adolescence. From a preventive point of view, tracking coefficients were too low to be of predictive value. In order to conclude that the roots of a central pattern of body fat are in adolescence, careful search for determinants of change of this body fat pattern is needed.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Homology, limbs, and genitalia.

Similarities in genetic control between the main body axis and its appendages have been generally explained in terms of genetic co-option. In particular, arthropod and vertebrate appendages have been explained to invoke a common ancestor already provided with patterned body outgrowths or independent recruitment in limb patterning of genes or genetic cassettes originally used for purposes other than axis patterning. An alternative explanation is that body appendages, including genitalia, are evolutionarily divergent duplicates (paramorphs) of the main body axis. However, are all metazoan limbs and genitalia homologous? The concept of body appendages as paramorphs of the main body axis eliminates the requirement for the last common ancestor of limb-bearing animals to have been provided with limbs. Moreover, the possibility for an animal to express complex organs ectopically demonstrates that positional and special homology may be ontogenetically and evolutionarily uncoupled. To assess the homology of animal genitalia, we need to take into account three different sets of mechanisms, all contributing to their positional and/or special homology and respectively involved (1) in the patterning of themain body axis, (2) in axis duplication, followed by limb patterning mechanisms diverging away from those still patterning the main body axis (axis paramorphism), and (3) in controlling the specification of sexual/genital features, which often, but not necessarily, come into play by modifying already developed and patterned body appendages. This analysis demonstrates that a combinatorial approach to homology helps disentangling phylogenetic and ontogenetic layers of homology.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

A Wnt signaling pathway controls hox gene expression and neuroblast migration in C. elegans.

The specification of body pattern along the anteroposterior (A/P) body axis is achieved largely by the actions of conserved clusters of Hox genes. Limiting expression of these genes to localized regional domains and controlling the precise patterns of expression within those domains is critically important for normal patterning. Here we report that egl-20, a C. elegans gene required to activate expression of the Hox gene mab-5 in the migratory neuroblast QL, encodes a member of the Wnt family of secreted glycoproteins. We have found that a second Wnt pathway gene, bar-1, which encodes a beta-catenin/Armadillo-like protein, is also required for activation of mab-5 expression in QL. In addition, we describe the gene pry-1, which is required to limit expression of the Hox genes lin-39, mab-5 and egl-5 to their correct local domains. We find that egl-20, pry-1 and bar-1 all function in a linear genetic pathway with conserved Wnt signaling components, suggesting that a conserved Wnt pathway activates expression of mab-5 in the migratory neuroblast QL. Moreover, we find that members of this Wnt signaling system play a major role in both the general and fine-scale control of Hox gene expression in other cell types along the A/P axis.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

Left-right asymmetry: class I myosins show the direction.

Myosins are actin-based molecular motors that are found in almost all eukaryotes. Phylogenetic analysis allows the discrimination of 37 different types of myosins, most with unknown functions. Recent work in Drosophila has revealed a crucial role for type ID unconventional myosin in left-right asymmetry. Mutations in Myosin ID completely reverse the left-right axis (situs inversus), a phenotype that is dependent on an intact actin cytoskeleton. How this myosin might orient the left-right axis has began to be elucidated by showing that it interacts directly with beta-catenin, suggesting that myosin ID interacts with the adherens junction to control the direction of organ looping. This is the first demonstration of a role of a myosin in body patterning.

Adherens Junctions↗
PubMed2001

Weightlessness as an accelerated model of nutritional disturbances.

Food intake and eating patterns, body functions and composition are significantly altered by short-duration space flight. Prolonged missions lasting weeks or months further aggravate these changes, and are responsible for acute or chronic physical impairments at return to ground conditions. Current projects of missions to Mars, resulting in 2 years of microgravity conditions, stress the critical need for the development of optimal nutritional programs and physical countermeasures to prevent body mass and function alterations. This review outlines ground models of microgravity simulation, summarizes the major effects of weightlessness on body composition, protein metabolism, hormonal pattern, and muscle function, and addresses contradictory findings related to the oxidative stress secondary to space flight. Potential countermeasures, such as nutrient intake and physical conditioning, as well as areas of interest for future research both in ground and space medicine, are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Immunological and biochemical characterization of the keratin-related component of Mallory bodies: a pathological pattern of hepatocytic cytokeratins.

Mallory bodies induced by long-term griseofulvin feeding in mouse liver were isolated and analyzed by one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and reaction of the separated polypeptides with cytokeratin antibodies using the blotting technique. Comparison with normal intermediate filament cytoskeletons from mouse hepatocytes revealed that Mallory bodies contain two polypeptides: Component II (Mr: 55,000; apparent isoelectric point values: 6.45, 6.1, 5.9) and component III (Mr: 48,000; apparent isoelectric point values: 5.7, 5.5, 5.43, 5.38, 5.2) which appear to be similar, if not identical, to liver cytokeratins A and D, respectively. By contrast, component I of Mallory bodies (Mr: 65,000; apparent isoelectric point values: 5.4, 5.38, 5.2) was not found in appreciable amounts in normal hepatocytes. Component II was positive in immunoreaction with antibodies to murine hepatocyte keratins A and D as well as epidermal prekeratin. Component III showed reaction with the antibodies to murine hepatocyte keratins A and D but not with those raised against epidermal prekeratins. By contrast, the unusual component I reacted with antibodies to murine hepatocyte keratin D and to epidermal prekeratins. The results prove that cytokeratin polypeptides are major constituents of Mallory bodies and suggest that the pattern of liver cytokeratin polypeptides is altered during the toxic treatment and/or Mallory body formation.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Cell and molecular regulation of the mouse blastocyst.

Animals use diverse strategies to specify tissue lineages during development. A common strategy is to partition maternally supplied and localized lineage determinants into progenitor cells. The mouse embryo appears to use a different, more regulative strategy to specify the first three lineages: the epiblast (EPI: future embryo), the trophectoderm (TE: future placenta), and the primitive endoderm (PE: future yolk sac). These lineages are specified during two successive differentiation steps leading to formation of the blastocyst. Here, we review classic and contemporary models of early lineage specification in the mouse, and describe recent efforts to understand the molecular regulation of these events. We describe evidence that trophectoderm differentiation bears resemblance to the process of epithelialization and describe the importance of apical/basal protein complexes in regulating this process. Next, we present a revised model of PE specification, and describe evidence that PE cells in the inner cell mass sort out to occupy their ultimate position on the surface of the EPI. Finally, we describe factors that reinforce these lineages and three distinct stem cell types that can be isolated from them. Together, these mechanisms guide the differentiation of the first lineages of the mouse and thereby set up tissues that will be important for the first steps of embryonic body patterning.

Animals↗