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PubMedDate not supplied

A high-pressure liquid chromatographic method for the determination of N-acetyl-p-aminophenol (acetaminophen) in serum or plasma using a direct injection technique.

N-Acetyl-p-aminophenol (acetaminophen) is becoming more prevalent as an intoxicant in accidental or intentional overdose, therefore, a direct injection ultra-micro high-pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method has been developed for its quantitation. The HPLC analysis was performed using a Model 110 Solvent Metering Pump equipped with a Model 110-19 Pressure Filter (Altex Scientific, Berkeley, CA), a Model 7120 Rheodyne Injector (Rheodyne, Berkeley, CA) or a Model U6K Injector (Waters Associates, Milford, MA) a Model 440 Absorbance Detector (Water's Associates), and a Model 3380A Recorder Integrator (Hewlett Packard, Avondale, PA). A commercially prepared muBonapak C18 Column (Water's Associates) was used. Acetaminophen was eluted with a mixture of 0.01 mol/L aqueous sodium acetate, pH 4.0: acetonitrile (93:7) and the absorbance detector was operated wih a 254 nm filter. The method, which requires only 2 microL of serum or plasma for analysis, offers several distinct advantages to the analyst. No pre- or post-column extraction or other manipulation of the specimen is required to obtain a quantitative result. Rapid processing of the specimen is possible because both acetaminophen and the internal standard are eluted in less than 10 minutes. The small sample (2 microL) is ideal for use with pediatric patients.

Acetaminophen↗
PubMed1977

Airborne mutagens bioassayed in Salmonella typhimurium.

Particulate airborne pollutants, collected in Buffalo, New York, and Berkeley, California, were asayed for mutagenic activity in the Ames Salmonella typhimurium test system. Mutagens requiring liver enzymes for activation, as well as direct acting mutagens, were readily detected in the Buffalo sample. By contrast, only direct acting mutagens were detected in the Berkeley sample.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1978

A crucial factor in community program success: the extended psychosocial kinship system.

A crucial factor in community program success is the program's capacity to foster and strengthen an extended psychosocial network of neighbors, friends, and associates at work or school, as well as the extended kinship system. The chronically hospitalized patient and the young, isolated, acutely psychotic adult are both in need of an enhanced psychosocial system when entering a community program. The experience of Berkeley House, a psychiatric halfway house, is related as an example of a program that has achieved successful community tenure for its patients through the creation of an extended psychosocial kinship system. Four principal ways in which the system was sustained through the Berkeley House program are described: (1) through the ex-resident program; (2) through housing arrangements; (3) through work; and (4) through a variety of avocational and social groupings. The extended psychosocial matrix formed by overlapping groups is illustrated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Hextend, a physiologically balanced plasma expander for large volume use in major surgery: a randomized phase III clinical trial. Hextend Study Group.

UNLABELLED: Hextend (BioTime, Inc., Berkeley, CA) is a new plasma volume expander containing 6% hetastarch, balanced electrolytes, a lactate buffer, and physiological levels of glucose. In preclinical studies, its use in shock models was associated with an improvement in outcome compared with alternatives, such as albumin or 6% hetastarch in saline. In a prospective, randomized, two-center study (n = 120), we compared the efficacy and safety of Hextend versus 6% hetastarch in saline (HES) for the treatment of hypovolemia during major surgery. Patients at one center had a blood sample drawn at the beginning and the end of surgery for thromboelastographic (TEG) analysis. Hextend was as effective as HES for the treatment of hypovolemia. Patients received an average of 1596 mL of Hextend: 42% received >20 mL/kg up to a total of 5000 mL. No patient received albumin. Hextend-treated patients required less intraoperative calcium (4 vs 220 mg; P < 0.05). In a subset analysis of patients receiving red blood cell transfusions (n = 56; 47%), Hextend-treated patients had a lower mean estimated blood loss (956 mL less; P = 0.02) and were less likely to receive calcium supplementation (P = 0.04). Patients receiving HES demonstrated significant prolongation of time to onset of clot formation (based on TEG) not seen in the Hextend patients (P < 0.05). No Hextend patient experienced a related serious adverse event, and there was no difference in the total number of adverse events between the two groups. The results of this study demonstrate that Hextend, with its novel buffered, balanced electrolyte formulation, is as effective as 6% hetastarch in saline for the treatment of hypovolemia and may be a safe alternative even when used in volumes up to 5 L. IMPLICATIONS: Hextend (BioTime, Inc., Berkeley, CA) is a new plasma volume expander containing 6% hetastarch, balanced electrolytes, a lactate buffer, and a physiological level of glucose. It is as effective as 6% hetastarch in saline for the treatment of hypovolemia but has a more favorable side effects profile in volumes of up to 5 L compared with 6% hetastarch in saline.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Chelation of 238Pu(IV) in vivo by 3,4,3-LICAM(C): effects of ligand methylation and pH.

The linear tetracarboxycatecholate ligand, 3,4,3-LICAM(C) (N1,N5,N10,N14-tetrakis(2,3-dihydroxy-4-carboxybenzoyl-tetraaza tet radecane, tetra sodium salt) injected within 1 h after injection of Pu(IV) citrate, removes about the same fraction of Pu from animals as CaNa3-DTPA (diethylenetriaminepentaacetate, calcium, sodium salt) but removes less inhaled Pu than CaNa3-DTPA and leaves a Pu residue in the renal cortex. However, the formation constant of the expected Pu-3,4,3-LICAM(C) complexes are orders of magnitude greater than that of Pu-DTPA, and 3,4,3-LICAM(C) is 100 times more efficient than CaNa3-DTPA for removing Pu from transferrin in vitro. Because the formation constants of their actinide complexes are central to in vivo actinide chelation, ligand design strategies are dominated by the search for ligands with large Pu complex stabilities, and it was necessary to explain the failure of 3,4,3-LICAM(C) to achieve its thermodynamic potential in vivo. All the batches of 3,4,3-LICAM(C) prepared at Berkeley or in France [Euro-LICAM(C)] were found by high-pressure liquid chromatography to be mixtures of the pure ligand [55% in Berkeley preparations, 8.5% in Euro-LICAM(C)] and its four methylesters. A revised synthesis for 3,4,3-LICAM(C) is appended to this report. All of the incompletely hydrolyzed 3,4,3-LICAM(C) preparations and the pure ligand were tested for removal of Pu from mice [238Pu(IV) citrate intravenous, 30 mumol kg-1 of ligand at 1 h, kill at 24 h, radioanalyze tissues and separated excretal]. The presence of methylesters did not significantly impair the ability of the ligands to remove Pu from mice, and it did not alter the fraction of injected Pu deposited in kidneys. Temporary elevation (reduction) of plasma and urine pH of mice by 0.5 mL of 0.1 M NaHCO3 (NH4Cl) injected before or simultaneously with pure 3,4,3-LICAM(C) somewhat improved (significantly reduced) Pu excretion but had little influence on Pu deposition in kidneys. Review of the investigations of Pu removal from animals by 3,4,3-LICAM(C) revealed that the fractional renal Pu deposit was characteristic of the species and that it could be reduced by vigorous alkalinization which indicated the need to examine the details of the pH dependence of Pu complexation by 3,4,3-LICAM(C).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2003

The role of effort in perceiving distance.

Berkeley proposed that space is perceived in terms of effort. Consistent with his proposal, the present studies show that perceived egocentric distance increases when people are encumbered by wearing a heavy backpack or have completed a visual-motor adaptation that reduces the anticipated optic flow coinciding with walking effort. In accord with Berkeley's proposal and Gibson's theory of affordances, these studies show that the perception of spatial layout is influenced by locomotor effort.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

The transposable elements of the Drosophila melanogaster euchromatin: a genomics perspective.

BACKGROUND: Transposable elements are found in the genomes of nearly all eukaryotes. The recent completion of the Release 3 euchromatic genomic sequence of Drosophila melanogaster by the Berkeley Drosophila Genome Project has provided precise sequence for the repetitive elements in the Drosophila euchromatin. We have used this genomic sequence to describe the euchromatic transposable elements in the sequenced strain of this species. RESULTS: We identified 85 known and eight novel families of transposable element varying in copy number from one to 146. A total of 1,572 full and partial transposable elements were identified, comprising 3.86% of the sequence. More than two-thirds of the transposable elements are partial. The density of transposable elements increases an average of 4.7 times in the centromere-proximal regions of each of the major chromosome arms. We found that transposable elements are preferentially found outside genes; only 436 of 1,572 transposable elements are contained within the 61.4 Mb of sequence that is annotated as being transcribed. A large proportion of transposable elements is found nested within other elements of the same or different classes. Lastly, an analysis of structural variation from different families reveals distinct patterns of deletion for elements belonging to different classes. CONCLUSIONS: This analysis represents an initial characterization of the transposable elements in the Release 3 euchromatic genomic sequence of D. melanogaster for which comparison to the transposable elements of other organisms can begin to be made. These data have been made available on the Berkeley Drosophila Genome Project website for future analyses.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Stereotactic heavy-charged-particle Bragg peak radiosurgery for the treatment of intracranial arteriovenous malformations in childhood and adolescence.

Forty patients aged 6 to 18 years have now been treated for inoperable intracranial arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) using stereotactic heavy-charged-particle Bragg peak radiosurgery at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory 184-inch Synchrocyclotron at the University of California, Berkeley. This paper describes the procedures for selection of patients, the treatment protocol, and the neurological and neuroradiological responses to stereotactic radiosurgery in this age group. The volumes of the treated AVMs ranged from 265 mm3 to 60,000 mm3. The results are favorable: thus far, 20 of 25 patients have experienced greater than or equal to 50% obliteration of their AVMs within 1 year after treatment, and 14 of 18 patients have experienced total obliteration of the AVM by 2 years after treatment. Two patients hemorrhaged from radiosurgically treated AVMs within 12 months after treatment, but none thereafter. Complications include vasogenic edema and arterial occlusion; three patients have had neurological worsening as definite or possible sequelae of treatment. The strengths and limitations of the method are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Progression and multiple events in radiation carcinogenesis of rat skin.

The multistage theory of carcinogenesis specifies that cells progress to cancer through a series of discrete, irreversible genetic alterations, but data on radiation-induced cancer incidence in rat skin suggests that an intermediate repairable alteration may occur. Data are presented on cancer induction in rat skin exposed to the following radiations: 1. an electron beam (LET = 0.34 kev/mu), 2. a neon ion beam (LET = 45 kev/mu) and 3. an argon ion beam (LET = 125 kev/mu). The latter 2 beams were generated by the Bevalac at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, CA. About 6.0 cm2 of skin was irradiated per rat. The rats were observed every 6 weeks for at least 78 weeks and tumors were scored at first occurrence. Several histological types of cancer, including squamous and basal cell carcinomas, were induced. The total cancer yield was fitted by the quadratic equation, and the equation parameters were estimated by linear regression for each type of radiation. Analysis of the DNA from the electron-induced carcinomas indicated that K-ras and/or c-myc oncogenes were activated in all tumors tested. In situ hybridization indicated that the cancers contain subpopulations of cells with differing amounts of c-myc and H-ras amplification. The results are consistent with the idea that ionizing radiation produces stable, carcinogenetically relevant lesions via 2 repairable events at low LET and via a non-repairable, linked event pathway at high LET; either pathway may advance the cell by 1 stage in the multistage model.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Skin sensitivity to histolyn, spherulin, and PPD in the People's Republic of China.

One hundred one subjects living in northwest Hunan Province, People's Republic of China (PRC) were tested with histolyn, (Berkeley Biological Laboratories), spherulin (Berkeley Biological Laboratories), and tubersol (PPD 5 tuberculin units, Connaught Laboratories). Age of the tested subjects ranged from 16 to 58 years; 93 subjects were 22 years old or younger. Nine subjects reacted to histolyn with 5.0 mm or more induration, two subjects reacted to spherulin, and 34 subjects reacted to tubersol. One of the spherulin reactors also reacted to both histolyn and tubersol. The feasibility and advisability of doing a large-scale survey throughout the PRC seem clearly supported by this pilot project.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

The historical background for large-animal studies with neutrons of various energies.

Studies of the biological effects of fast neutrons were started as soon as adequate sources became available, and the first of these was the cyclotron at Berkeley. Limitations on methods for physical dosimetry render most of the earliest studies nearly useless, and the first landmark studies with modern methodology were done at Berkeley in the 1950s. This report is an attempt to review and summarize all the work that took place from 1950 to 1965. The RBE for fast neutrons in the dog is generally in the range of 1.0 or less, depending upon reference radiation, the biological end point chosen, and the exposure geometry. Also the RBE seems to be relatively independent of the fast-neutron spectrum, at least for the range of values that has been studied. Mean after-survival times in irradiated dogs and goats indicate that the bone marrow syndrome usually predominates in large animals irradiated with fast neutrons. The gastrointestinal threshold for the dog is around 1200 cGy, and for neutrons the biological effectiveness for the GI syndrome still does not bring the GI threshold down to the point where it predominates over the bone marrow syndrome. As expected from biological first principles, for dose rates in excess of a few tens of centigrays per minute, dose rate seems to have no effect on the outcome with either neutron, gamma or X irradiations when the end point is lethality.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A continuing education preference survey of public health graduates.

Continuing education (CE) is a vital component in strengthening the public health work force, and its importance has been emphasized by the Institute of Medicine and the Council for Education in Public Health. A CE preference survey was undertaken of alumni of the University of California, Berkeley, School of Public Health (UCB-SPH). Questionnaires were mailed to a one-third random sample of 1,500 graduates from 1981-1992 who currently reside in U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Region IX. A response rate of 57% was achieved. Results of the survey show that CE activities are highly desired among respondents. Overall, 58% of respondents prefer a half-day to one-day seminar format during regular business hours, as opposed to night classes. They prefer a traditional didactic classroom presentation that is within one hour's automobile travel. The optimal setting for CE courses would be at the University of California, Berkeley, or in-house at their institution. Subject areas of interest noted by respondents are health policy development, communication in public health, community involvement, and research. Schools of public health may respond to the CE needs of their alumni through a variety of channels, including the mainstreaming of CE as part of a school's teaching responsibility, special seminars or institutes, extension courses through the larger university system, distance-based learning, and through a separately funded for-profit CE activity.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Seroprevalence of HIV and risk behaviors among young homosexual and bisexual men. The San Francisco/Berkeley Young Men's Survey.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and risk behaviors among young homosexual and bisexual men sampled from public venues in San Francisco and Berkeley, Calif. DESIGN: A survey of 425 young homosexual and bisexual men sampled from 26 locations during 1992 and 1993. Participants were interviewed and blood specimens were drawn and tested for HIV, level of CD4+ T lymphocytes, and markers of hepatitis B and syphilis. SETTING: Public venues in San Francisco and Berkeley, including street corners and sidewalks, dance clubs, bars, and parks. POPULATION STUDIED: Homosexual and bisexual men aged 17 to 22 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence of HIV infection and risk behaviors. RESULTS: The HIV seroprevalence was 9.4% (95% confidence interval, 6.8% to 12.6%). The prevalence of markers for hepatitis B was 19.8% (95% confidence interval, 16.1% to 23.9%), and that for syphilis was 1.0% (95% confidence interval, 0.3% to 2.4%). The HIV seroprevalence was significantly higher among African Americans (21.2%) than among other racial/ethnic groups (P = .002). Approximately one third (32.7%) of the participants reported unprotected anal intercourse, and 11.8% reported injecting drug use in the previous 6 months. At the time of interview, 70.0% of the HIV-infected men did not know that they were HIV seropositive, and only 22.5% were receiving medical care for HIV infection. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of HIV infection is high among this young population of homosexual and bisexual men, particularly among young African-American men. The high rates of HIV-related risk behaviors suggest a considerable risk for HIV transmission in this population. Prevention programs and health services need to be tailored to address the needs of a new generation of homosexual and bisexual men.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Embryonic effects transmitted by male mice irradiated with 512 MeV/u 56Fe nuclei.

High-energy, high-charge nuclei may contribute substantially to the yearly equivalent dose in space flight from galactic cosmic radiation (GCR) at solar minimum. The largest single heavy-ion component is 56Fe. We used the mouse embryo chimera assay to test 512 MeV/u 56Fe nuclei for effects on the rate of proliferation of embryonic cells transmitted by sperm from irradiated mice. Male CD1 mice were acutely irradiated with 0.01, 0.05 or 0.1 Gy (LET, 184 keV/micron; fluence, 3.5 x 10(4)-3.3 x 10(5) nuclei/cm2; average dose rate, 0.02 Gy/min) at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory BEVATRON/BEVALAC Facility in Berkeley, CA. Irradiated males were bred weekly for 7 weeks to nonirradiated females and their four-cell embryos were paired with control embryos, forming aggregation chimeras. After 30-35 h of culture, chimeras were dissociated to obtain "proliferation ratios" (number of cells contributed by the embryo from the irradiated male/total number of cells in the chimera). Significant dose-dependent decreases in proliferation ratios were obtained across all three dose groups for postirradiation week 2 (P < 0.05 to P < 0.003). The 0.01- and 0.05-Gy dose groups also produced significant decreases in proliferation ratios for postirradiation week 1 (P < 0.05 to P < 0.01) and the 0.05-Gy dose group produced significant decreases in proliferation ratios for postirradiation week 6 (P < 0.05). Postirradiation weeks 1, 2 and 6 correspond to irradiation of epididymal sperm, testicular spermatids and spermatogonia, respectively. We calculate that only about 5% of sperm in the 0.1-Gy, 2.5% in the 0.05-Gy and 0.5% in the 0.01-Gy dose groups sustained direct hits from 56Fe nuclei. However, up to 47% of sperm during postirradiation weeks 1 and 2 transmitted proliferation ratios that were at or below one standard deviation from control mean proliferation ratios. Morphometry on sectioned testes showed a significant log-linear dose response for cell killing of type B spermatogonia, which are the most radiosensitive stage of spermatogenesis and which would have been tested as mature sperm during postirradiation week 6. We conclude that amplification from secondary radiation produced in the mouse and/or from diffusible chemical products arising from hit sperm and adjacent cells contributed to the high incidence of transmitted effects on proliferation of embryonic cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Assessing the reliability, discriminative ability, and validity of disability glare tests.

PURPOSE: To gather information regarding the reliability, discriminative ability, and validity of disability glare tests. METHODS: The following glare tests were evaluated: the Miller-Nadler, Vistech MCT8000, Berkeley, van den Berg Straylightmeter, and the Brightness Acuity Tester used with the Pelli-Robson and Regan charts. Three test evaluation criteria were used: (1) repeatability--comparing test scores on two visits; (2) discriminative ability--the tests' ability to differentiate between young and old subjects and between old normal and cataract subjects; (3) validity--comparing cataract test scores with the reference standard of the van den Berg Straylightmeter. Three subject groups were evaluated: young normals (n = 24, mean age 24.3 +/- 3.3 yr), older normals (n = 22, mean age 66.0 +/- 6.2 yr), and early cataract (n = 33, mean age 70.6 +/- 8.1 yr). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Data indicate that contrast sensitivity or low contrast acuity measured in the presence of glare are superior to disability glare scores in assessing cataract patients with normal neural function. Under glare conditions, contrast sensitivity and low contrast acuity scores from the Pelli-Robson, Regan, and Berkeley tests provide similarly reliable, discriminative, and valid measures of visual assessment in cataract. The Miller-Nadler glare tester poorly detects and measures subtle changes in the ocular media, such as early cataract, because of its large step sizes at low contrast thresholds. The poor reliability of the Vistech MCT8000 limits its usefulness. The study suggests that unless good chart design and psychophysics are used, the geometry and intensity of the glare source are of little importance.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Microcomputer assisted identification of Bacillus species.

A microcomputer based system for the identification of unknown isolates of Bacillus species is described. The identification matrix includes 78 test probabilities for 38 recognised species and other groups in the genus Bacillus and it is based on the work of Logan and Berkeley (1984). Morphological characters together with the results of tests using API 20E and API 50CHB, read after 24 and 48 h incubation, are used to obtain a probabilistic identification of an unknown aerobic endospore forming rod. Any differences between the observed and expected results for any identified organism are listed. Identification can be attempted on the basis of a limited set of test results, although this is rarely if ever done with this largely API based system, and if the unknown cannot be successfully identified then a set of additional tests can be selected which should permit identification. The computer system can store and recall test results entered for any isolate. This feature allows the accumulation of data on isolates which could be used to update the identification matrix in future taxonomic studies.

Bacillus↗
PubMed1988

AIDS, policy analysis, and the electorate: the role of schools of public health.

Current debates concerning appropriate policy to combat the epidemic of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) have raised critical questions regarding the role that schools of public health and individual public health professionals should play, if any, in AIDS-related policy analysis and social advocacy. In the summer of 1986, the School of Public Health at the University of California at Berkeley initiated a telegram sent by the Deans of all 23 schools of public health to protest US Department of Justice AIDS policy and, in the subsequent fall, the school expanded its public educational role in an unprecedented manner by initiating and issuing, with California's other three schools of public health, a policy analysis of Proposition 64, the LaRouche AIDS Quarantine Initiative. That analysis exposed the proposition's fallacious claims regarding casual transmission of AIDS and served to educate the electorate on the likely public health impact of this deleterious legislation. Based on these experiences, and in light of ongoing national controversy regarding AIDS, we believe schools of public health have an important role to play in policy analysis, and individual public health professionals have a role to play in social advocacy.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2003

Rapidly growing mycobacterial infections after pedicures.

BACKGROUND: Rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM) can cause a variety of cutaneous and systemic diseases. The causative organisms are typically Mycobacterium fortuitum or Mycobacterium chelonae (also known as Mycobacterium abscessus). Primary cutaneous lesions may develop after a variable latent period, from weeks to several months, and usually result from direct inoculation after trauma, from injections, or during surgery via contaminated medical instruments. Recently, investigators from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga, and the California Department of Health Services, Berkeley, documented a large, unprecedented outbreak of community-acquired RGM infection, during which more than 100 patrons of a northern California nail salon contracted furunculosis in their legs as a result of exposure to whirlpool footbaths that were contaminated with M fortuitum. OBSERVATIONS: We report the clinical and epidemiological findings in 3 cases of lower extremity RGM infections that occurred after similar whirlpool footbath exposure at several different nail salons in southern California. These infections typically presented as recurrent furunculosis, causing considerable morbidity as a result of scarring, delayed diagnosis, and the need for long-term polymicrobial therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Rapidly growing mycobacterial infections related to pedicures may continue to occur in a sporadic fashion. Clinicians should consider the possibility of RGM infection and inquire about recent pedicures in a patient with recurrent lower extremity furunculosis and abscesses that are unresponsive to conventional antibiotic therapy.

Adult↗