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PubMed1979

The relative contribution of pre- and neonatal ethanol administration to changes in mice behavior.

Parent C57BL/10Bg and DBA/1Bg inbred mice were fed 10% ethanol in their drinking solution during mating and pregnancy and/or early post parturition period. The susceptibility to audiogenic seizures and the open field behavior of their offspring were tested at age 29--33 days. Our previous experiments have indicated that continuous exposure to ethanol during pre- and neonatal periods enhanced the susceptibility to audiogenic seizures in both strains and decreased open field activity only in the strain C57. The present study, while confirming previous findings, assessed the relative contribution of the prenatal and the neonatal administration of ethanol to the behavioral changes. Among C57 mice, the neonatal period was most important for the induction of changes in seizures, but prenatal exposure which alone had no effect, enhanced the outcome of neonatal administration. Among DBA mice either period induced seizures, but the contribution of the neonatal period was the most significant. Early ethanol administration affected open field behavior only in C57 mice. There was an additive interaction between the two periods (latency), no effect by any period alone but together they produced a full effect (ambulation), or that either period alone was sufficent to produce a full effect (defecation).

Animals↗

PubMed1979

Quantitative anatomical and behavioral analyses of regeneration and collateral sprouting following spinal cord transection in the nurse shark (ginglymostoma cirratum).

The spinal cord was transected at the mid-thoracic level in 32 nurse sharks. Four animals per group were sacrificed at intervals of 10, 20, 30, 40, 60 and 90 days postoperative. Two groups of fish underwent a subsequent spinla1 cord retransection at the same site at 90 days and were sacrificed 10 and 20 days later. Three sections of spinal cord were removed from each shark for histological analysis. Behaviorally, timed trials for swimming speed and a strength test for axial musculature contraction caudal to the lesion site were performed at 5 day postoperative intervals. Histological analysis showed little regeneration (9-13 percent) of two descending tracts 90 days following the lesion and no return of rostrally controlled movements caudal to the lesion. However, synaptic readjustment did occur caudal to the lesion. This phenomenon was attributed to local segmental sprouting of adjacent, intact nerve fibers. A close correlation was shown between this synaptic readjustment and the strength of uncontrollable undulatory movements seen caudal to the lesion site following spinal cord transection. The relationship of regeneration and collateral sprouting to quantitative behavioral changes is discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

Effects of chronic lead ingestion on social development in infant rhesus monkeys.

The social behavior of infant rhesus monkeys during the first year of life was examined under a variety of lead (Pb) exposure conditions in four separate experiments. Daily ingestion of PB acetate in milk for one year elevated blood Pb levels to 30-100 microgram/dl, suppressed play, increased social clinging, and exacerbated the disruption of social behavior caused by changing the play environment midway through the year of observation. The presence of control monkeys in social test-groups reduced the magnitude of Pb-induced social behavior changes. In contrast to daily postnatal Pb exposure, chronic exposure to Pb during gestation had no measurable effect on postnatal social development, and acute, transient postnatal Pb exposure (producing blood Pb levels > 200 microgram/dl during month 2 of life) affected only the monkeys' response to the change in the plan environment. These data suggest that daily ingestion of Pb, and not a previously-acquired tissue burden, was responsible for the long-term changes in social development observed. The results are discussed in the general context of primate social development, which is thought to require adequate interactive play for appropriate social integration and reproductive behavior at maturity.

Aging↗

PubMed1978

Nutrition education in the Little Rock school lunch program.

The Little Rock (Ark.) School Foodservice Department furnished a nutrition education unit to two groups of primary-grade children. For one group, use of the unit was left to the discretion of the teacher. Teachers of the second group received the assistance of a nutrition education coordinator and use of supplemental materials developed by the coordinator; in addition, the Foodservice Department provided other supplies and foods suggested for carrying out the unit. Change in eating behavior in both groups was measured by studies of plate waste of the test foods incorporated in the school lunch. The study showed that: (a) A cooperative effort between the cafeteria department and classroom can result in changing eating behavior, and (b) first and second graders showed more behavioral change than third graders.

Arkansas↗

PubMed1977

Some aspects of the neuropharmacology of phenylurea.

The neuropharmacology of phenylurea was studied. The compound is a potent sedative hypnotic agent with a fairly good margin of safety. It produced significant motor incoordination and behavioral changes in sub-sedative doses, thus suggesting that it acts on the areas of the brain which control motor coordination (neurological deficit) and spontaneous motor movements (awareness of environment). The activity pattern of phenylurea as measured on the rotarod treadmill was identical with that of an ataractic drug, meprobamate, and different from that of the sedative drug, 2-ethylcrotonylurea (ectylurea). It exhibited significant meprobamate-like antistrychnine (myorelaxant) activity, and at high doses only, anticonvulsant activity (pentetrazole antagonism). Phenylurea also protected mice against tremorine-induced tremors. A sub-sedative dose of phenylurea significantly prolonged pentobarbital sleeping time.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

A survey of the effects of oral contraceptive patient information.

A nationwide survey of 1,720 current and 949 former oral contraceptive (OC) users gathered information about receipt, readership, knowledge, opinions, and reported behavioral changes induced by two forms of patient-oriented OC information. A substantial majority of women said they received and read the patient insert dispensed with the drug. However, only about one third of pill users said that they received the longer informational brochure supplied by physicians on patient request. Directions for use and side effects were the most often recalled information. Physician-patient contact patterns were reported as generally unaffected by written patient information. Respondents preferred the longer informational brochure to the insert. Survey results have implications for recently proposed changes in required OC patient information and for the development of patient information on additional prescription drugs.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

Quantitative changes in astrocytes after portacaval shunting in chimpanzees and in man with normal liver parenchyma.

Chimpanzees without liver cell damage, but subjected to portacaval anastomosis, showed behavioral changes that were accompanied by "Alzheimer II" astrocyte hyperplasia and nuclear enlargement. These findings were similar to those in a human patient with encephalopathy, secondary to a portacaval shunt, whose liver was normal. Controlled quantitative study of astrocytic hyperplasia in different anatomic regions showed the hyperplasia to involve the gray matter with only moderate topographic variation. Individual degrees of hyperplasia somewhat paralleled the severity of clinical symptoms and ammonia levels; no clear-cut relationship with time after shunting could be established. Portacaval shunt encephalopathy in chimpanzees greatly resembles that in man and, thus, lends itself to more detailed experimental analysis.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of etorphine on dopamine and noradrenaline concentrations in different central nervous system structures in the rat.

The effect of etorphine on dopamine and noradrenaline concentrations in different central nervous system structures in the rat. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1977, 28 (6): 529-540. Intramuscular administration of etorphine in immobilizing doses (0.008 mg/kg) was followed by a rise in dopamine concentration in the examined motor structures of the central nervous system (striopallidum, pons, cerebellum, lumbosacral intumescence of the spinal cord). Only in the motor centres of the frontal cortex dropamine concentration was decreased. At the time etorphine decreased the concentration of noradrenaline in striopallidum and raised it in the other examined structures of the central nervous system. A correlation was found between the concentrations of both substances, especially in the frontal motor centres and striopallidum. Post etorphine accumulation of dopamine in the striopallidum (for 6.369 to 11.322 mcg/g of fresh tissue) with simultaneous inhibition of motor activity of the animals suggests that etorphine inhibits the release of dopamine from the presynaptic elements in the motor centres of the central nervous system in rats. This leads to a decreased dopamine action on its receptors. Some post etorphine behavioral changes (rigidity, spastic flexion, muscle tremor) support this hypothesis.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Effects of a low-stimulus environment on behavior.

Psychological studies related to sensory and perceptual deprivation, immobilization, and isolation provide a body of literature that describes behavioral deficits occurring in experimental low-stimulus and meaningless environments. Specific hospital environments analogous to those used in the sensory deprivation experiments can also be used to identify patients who may be at high risk for maladaptive behavioral change. The studies offer extensive experimental evidence to support occupational therapy theory that a variety of meaningful tasks and stimuli are necessary to support the hospitalized person's adaptive behavior.

Affect↗

PubMed1978

Applying behavioral methods to nutritional counseling.

A brief survey of what appear to be the most effective and promising techniques of human behavioral change, as applied to nutritional counseling, is presented. Three critical environments of the patient require assessment and intervention: (a) The physical environment, or the physical setting in which the patient functions; (b) the social environment, or other people with whom the patient comes in contact; and (c) the private environment which consists of thoughts, emotions, and basic physiologic systems. Specific assessment and treatment procedures to effect change in each of these environments are outlined, and some suggestions are made concerning the appropriate use of self-help materials.

Behavior Therapy↗

PubMed1978

Social-psychologic perspective in motivating changes in eating behavior.

Some reasons for difficulties in motivating changes in eating behavior are outlined, and the application of the major principles of social psychology relevant to dietary management are reviewed. Locus of control and varying communication models are discussed in the context of nutritional counseling. The importance of the patient assuming responsibility for his/her own behavioral change is reviewed in terms of attribution theory. Specific suggestions for helping nutritionists motivate patients to change their eating behavior are made.

Attitude to Health↗

PubMed1978

Signs of impending parturition in the laboratory bitch.

The most consistent and reliable physical sign of impending parturition in pregnant laboratory beagle bitches was palpable relaxation of pelvic and abdominal musculature. A drop in rectal temperature was of some value but was found to be too variable between individuals to use as the sole criterion. Abrupt changes in attitude or appetite were the chief behavioral changes observed. Since the institution of a standardized record form for all pregnant dogs, 15 consecutive term litters have been successfully derived from pregnant dogs into gnotobiotic life isolation units.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Alterations in behavior resulting from persistent lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection.

We have studied behavioral change in mice persistently infected as neonates with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Open-field, electric shock startle, and locomotor behavior were measured on these persistently infected mice and normal controls when they were 2--6 months of age. The infected mice exhibited significantly greater latency to move in the open-field, were more sensitive to low current electric shock and were slightly less active when tested for 4 days in running wheels. Immunofluorescent examination of adult mouse brain 14 days after the initiation of persistent infection with cyclophosphamide (given 3 days after virus) demonstrated viral antigen in hippocampal and olfactory tissue. Behavioral results were interpreted in terms of direct effects of virus on the brain, perhaps altering certain critical neurophysiologic and neurochemical parameters. The possible relationship between limbic system pathology and human mental disorder is raised.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

Effects of single and repeated exposures to abate on rat behavior and cholinesterase activity.

Rats were injected i.p. with the organophosphate insecticide ABATE and tested over the next 16 days. Animals given 1000 mg/kg showed impaired performance of a previously conditioned avoidance response 6 days after injection but not 2, 8, 10, or 16 days after injection. No behavioral changes were observed in animals given 316 or 562 mg/kg. A subsequent experiment showed that the avoidance impairment in animals given 1000 mg/kg was accompanied by significant erythrocyte, plasma, and brain cholinesterase activity inhibition and decreased spontaneous motor activity. If administration of the same ABATE dose was distributed over 6 days (167 mg/kg/day), cholinesterase and motor activity depression was still evident but conditioned avoidance performance was unimpaired. The results were interpreted as differential behavioral adaption to repeated injections of ABATE.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Development, feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary impact of NutriSOS®: A behavioral mobile app to promote sustainable diets.

The primary objective of this study was to describe the development of the NutriSOS® app and to evaluate its feasibility and acceptability for its use in the NutriSOS® Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) to promote sustainable diets. A secondary objective was to explore preliminary changes in dietary and physical activity behaviors and environmental impact following app use. The NutriSOS® app integrates personalized dietary advice, educational content, self-monitoring, and social interaction features. A single-arm, pre-post pilot study was conducted in 37 young Mexican adults over four weeks. Feasibility, acceptability, quality, and usability were assessed using online surveys, alongside exploratory changes in dietary and physical activity behaviors, environmental indicators, and their association with perceived behavioral determinants. Feasibility and acceptability were high overall, with favorable responses reaching up to 100% in key components such as the nutritional guide and learning modules, and above 90% for messaging, registration, and design. Greater variability was observed in some sections, particularly the 24-h recall (41-86%). Reductions in red and processed meat and ultra-processed food consumption were observed (from 3 to 1 times/week, p < 0.01), with ∼60% decreases in their related environmental footprints (p < 0.01) and favorable self-reported behavioral determinants (p < 0.0001). Physical activity type and intensity changed (p < 0.05). These findings support NutriSOS® as a feasible and acceptable tool, while highlighting areas for refinement, particularly those related to the time and effort required for data entry, prior to its implementation in the NutriSOS® RCT, in which its effectiveness will be formally evaluated.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Use of wearable technologies for physical activity promotion in older adults: A systematic review.

This systematic review, conducted according to PRISMA guidelines and registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251055299), examined the use of wearable technologies for promoting physical activity (PA) in adults aged 60 years and older. Searches across five databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, Cochrane) identified 2438 records, of which only six randomized controlled trials published between 2021 and 2025 met inclusion criteria, with sample sizes ranging from 36 to 551 participants and mean ages between 65 and 79 years. Given the small number of included studies, findings should be interpreted as preliminary. The studies ranged from the standalone use of commercial trackers (Fitbit, Polar, ActiGraph) to multicomponent interventions combining wearables with physiotherapist feedback, telephone counseling, web-based platforms, or interactive cognitive-motor training. Wearables used alone, as in the REACT trial, produced small or non-significant PA effects. In contrast, interventions integrating devices with personalized feedback, professional support, or digital platforms, such as PROMOTE and TASMANIA, were associated with more consistent improvements in PA, physical function, and cognitive outcomes. Multicomponent programs, such as PEER and ICMT, reported broader benefits, including cognition, balance, and reductions in sedentary behavior, though these findings derive from individual trials and require replication. Risk of bias, assessed with the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool version 2 (RoB 2.0), was rated as "some concerns" for five studies and low for only one, mainly due to gaps in randomization reporting, missing data, and lack of preregistration. Tentatively, and based on a very limited evidence base, wearables may have greater impact when embedded within broader behavioral systems, incorporating feedback, coaching, or interactive components, rather than when used in isolation as passive monitoring tools. Adherence and psychosocial outcomes appeared related to comfort and perceived usefulness among older adults, though larger and more robust trials are needed to confirm these patterns.

Humans↗

PubMed1977

Adolescent pregnancy: an interpersonal skill training approach to prevention.

The research literature reports numerous negative consequences of adolescent pregnancy. Unfortunately, contemporary approaches to preventing teenage pregnancies have been largely unsuccessful. Recent evidence, however, suggests that interpersonal communication skill training may represent an important step in helping adolescents deal with their sexual and contraceptive behavior. This describes a pilot study of an interpersonal skill training model for sexually active inner-city teenagers. Results show that this training model is a feasible and attractive approach to modifying the youths' communication patterns. Findings indicate that such training is a fruitful direction for future pregnancy prevention research with the adolescent target population.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2026

A Web-Based, Pedometer-Mediated Intervention Increases Amount and Intensity of Physical Activity in COPD: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

INTRODUCTION: Ground-based walking training is an aerobic exercise used in supervised pulmonary rehabilitation (PR). Physical activity (PA) interventions typically promote step counts, but it is unclear whether community-based walking intensity can be targeted as aerobic exercise. This randomized controlled trial evaluated a web-based, pedometer-mediated PA intervention designed to increase walking amount and intensity. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Participants with COPD who had never enrolled in PR were randomized 1:1 to control or intervention. The intervention included individualized step-count goals, iterative feedback, educational content, and an online community forum. The Fitbit Inspire Heart Rate objectively monitored daily step counts. Participants were instructed to achieve step-count goals with as many steps of moderate-intensity as possible guided by a modified Borg rating of 4-5 for dyspnea. The primary outcome was change in PA measured as average daily step count at 12 weeks. Aerobic intensity was assessed by the Rapid Assessment of PA Questionnaire which uses self-reported moderate or vigorous PA to categorize responders as underactive or active. Linear mixed-effects models (PROC MIXED, SAS v9.4), adjusting for group, time, group*time, FEV1%predicted, enrollment season, and study modality (eg, in-person, virtual, hybrid), assessed between-group change. RESULTS: Participants (57 intervention, 52 control) were 97% male, mean age 73±7 years, and baseline FEV1 73±23% predicted. Baseline daily steps were 4,222±1,929 (intervention) and 4,851±2,637 (control). Intervention participants increased average daily steps by 1,410 steps/day more than controls (p=0.005). The intervention group showed greater transitions from underactive to active intensity (between-group: p=0.025), with 20 (41%) moving to active status (within-group: p=0.001). CONCLUSION: Technology-mediated community-based walking increased PA amount and intensity. These findings support further evaluation of this intervention as a potential option for ground-based walking training with objective measurement of exercise intensity.

Humans↗