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At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Punishment of schedule-controlled behavior with beta-carboline injections: antagonism and comparisons with other compounds.

Squirrel monkeys were trained to press a key under a multiple schedule of food presentation. In the presence of either green or red stimulus lights, the 30th response produced a food pellet (fixed-ratio schedule). In the presence of the red stimulus lights (punishment component), the first response of each fixed-ratio produced either an i.v. injection of histamine [30.0-100.0 micrograms/kg/injection (inj)] or saline, accompanied by a 200-msec presentation of amber stimulus lights. Sessions in which histamine was injected alternated with sessions in which saline was injected. Another group of subjects was studied under identical schedule conditions except that electric shock was scheduled with the 200-msec stimulus light. During alternate sessions, electric shock at a high or low intensity with the stimulus, or the stimulus alone was scheduled. When performances stabilized, histamine or high intensity electric shock selectively suppressed responding in the punishment component; saline, low intensity electric shock or the stimulus light alone had no effects. Subsequently, different doses of histamine, I-nicotine, cocaine or beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (beta-CCE) were substituted for histamine during single sessions. Histamine (17.8-100 micrograms/kg/inj), I-nicotine (32 micrograms/kg/inj) and beta-CCE (10-56 micrograms/kg/inj), but not cocaine (10.0-100.0 micrograms/kg/inj), produced a dose-related selective suppression of responding similar to that obtained with electric shock, suggesting that the drugs were functioning as punishers. Punishment by beta-CCE was antagonized with the benzodiazepine antagonist, flumazenil.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Effects of kappa opioids on schedule-controlled behavior of squirrel monkeys.

The behavioral effects of U50,488 [( trans]-3,4-dichloro-N-methyl-N[2-(1- pyrrolidinyl)cyclohexyl]benzeneacetamide), bremazocine, Mr2266 [(-)-5,9-diethyl-2-(3-furylmethyl)-2'-hydroxy-6,7-benzomorphan] and morphine were compared in squirrel monkeys responding under multiple fixed-ratio fixed-interval (FR FI) schedules of food presentation or stimulus-shock termination. Doses of bremazocine (0.001-0.003 mg/kg), U50,488 (0.03-0.1 mg/kg) and Mr2266 (1.0-3.0 mg/kg) that markedly increased overall rates of FI responding maintained by stimulus-shock termination had little effect on or only decreased overall rates of FI responding maintained by food presentation. Each of the kappa opioids decreased FR responding maintained by either consequence. Morphine (0.03-1.7 mg/kg) only decreased responding under all conditions. Pretreatment with Mr2266 (0.1 mg/kg) produced a 10-fold or more rightward shift in the dose-effect functions for morphine under the two multiple schedules and U50,488 under the multiple schedule of food presentation. A 3-fold higher dose of Mr2266 produced an approximately 10-fold rightward shift in the descending portion of the dose-effect functions for U50,488 and bremazocine under the schedule of stimulus-shock termination but did not appreciably alter their rate-increasing effects. Naltrexone (0.1 mg/kg) antagonized the effects of selected doses of morphine or bremazocine on overall rates of responding under the schedule of stimulus-shock termination. In contrast to its effects in combination with morphine, however, naltrexone (0.1-3.0 mg/kg) did not block alterations in patterns of FI responding produced by bremazocine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cycloh↗
PubMed1989

Effects of cocaine and related drugs in nonhuman primates. II. Stimulant effects on schedule-controlled behavior.

The behavioral effects of cocaine were compared with those of several cocaine derivatives and structurally distinct drugs that inhibit monoamine uptake. Squirrel monkeys were trained to respond under a fixed-interval schedule of stimulus-shock termination, and dose-effect curves were determined by administering cumulative doses i.v. Among the cocaine congeners, (-)-cocaine, (+)-pseudococaine and 1 alpha H, 3 alpha, 5 alpha H-tropan-3-yl-3,5-dichlorobenzoate produced dose-related increases in response rate, whereas (-)-pseudococaine, (-)-benzoylecgonine and (-)-benzoylnorecgonine did not increase responding consistently over a 100-fold or greater range of doses. 1-(2-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl)-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine, which selectively inhibits uptake of dopamine, and mazindol, methylphenidate, nomifensine and bupropion, which inhibit uptake of dopamine as well as other monoamines, had behavioral effects similar to those of cocaine. In contrast, desipramine and citalopram, which selectively inhibit uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin, respectively, produced only dose-related decreases in response rate. The results combined with previous studies demonstrate a close correspondence between the potencies of 15 different drugs for producing cocaine-like behavioral effects and for displacing specifically bound [3H]cocaine in caudate-putamen. These findings are consistent with the view that the behavioral effects of cocaine and related drugs are linked to their actions at specific cocaine recognition sites associated with the dopamine uptake system.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Effects of serotonin receptor agonists and antagonists on schedule-controlled behavior of squirrel monkeys.

The behavioral effects of the serotonin (5-HT) precursor l-5-hydroxytryptophan (l-5-HTP) and the phenylpiperazine 5-HT agonists 6-chloro-2-(1-piperazinyl)pyrazine (MK-212), 1-(m-trifluromethylphenyl) piperazine (TFMPP), 1-(m-chlorophenyl)piperazine (CPP) and 2-(1-piperazinyl)quinoline (quipazine) were compared with those of the putative 5-HT antagonists metergoline, methysergide, cyproheptadine, cinanserin and ketanserin under a multiple 5-min fixed-interval schedule of food or electric shock presentation in squirrel monkeys. Intramuscular administration of l-5-HTP (0.3-17 mg/kg), MK-212 (0.01-1.0 mg/kg), TFMPP and CPP (0.03-10 mg/kg) produced dose-related decreases in responding under both the food- and shock-presentation schedules. Quipazine differed from the other 5-HT agonists in that it increased shock-maintained behavior at doses (0.1-1.0 mg/kg) that decreased responding maintained by food. The 5-HT antagonists produced mixed behavioral effects. Metergoline (0.03-1.0 mg/kg), cyproheptadine (0.1-1.0 mg/kg) and cinanserin (1.0-10 mg/kg) produced dose-related increases in responding maintained by food, whereas only metergoline and methysergide increased behavior maintained by shock presentation. The prototype 5-HT2-receptor ligand ketanserin (0.3-10 mg/kg) differed from the other 5-HT antagonists in that it decreased behavior maintained by either event. Thus, performances maintained by food or shock presentation reveal both qualitative and quantitative differences in the behavioral effects of 5-HT receptor agonists and antagonists.

5-Hydroxytryptophan↗
PubMed1988

Schedule-controlled behavior in infant and juvenile monkeys exposed to lead from birth.

Monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were dosed orally from birth with 0 or 2000 micrograms/kg/day of lead as lead acetate. Blood lead concentrations of treated monkeys peaked at an average of 115 micrograms/dl by 100 days of age, and decreased to a steady state level of 33 micrograms/dl after withdrawal from infant formula at 270 days of age. No overt signs of toxicity were observed. Beginning at 60 days of age, monkeys were tested on a fixed ratio (FR) schedule of reinforcement, followed by a fixed interval (FI) schedule. Infants were tested in their home cages for 16 hours each day. When these monkeys reached three years of age, performance on a multiple fixed interval-fixed ratio schedule was evaluated. Infant performance was characterized by increased FR pause and decreased FI pause in the treated monkeys. Juvenile performance of lead-treated monkeys was characterized by increased Fl run rate, pause time, and index of curvature. Treated monkeys exhibited increased variability of performance both within and between sessions on several measures of Fl and FR performance.

Animals↗