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At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Aerobic capacity and anaerobic threshold of wheelchair basketball players.

This study evaluated the aerobic capacity and anaerobic threshold of national level Israeli wheelchair basketball players. Subjects were tested working on a wheelchair rolling on a motor driven treadmill and on an arm cycle ergometer. Metabolic and cardiopulmonary parameters were measured during graded maximal exercise tests. Blood lactic acid (LA) concentration was measured in the intervals between loads during the test on the wheelchair. Heart rate (HR) and % heart rate reserve (%HRR) corresponding to the anaerobic threshold (4 mM blood LA) were evaluated while working on the wheelchair rolling on a motor driven treadmill. While working on the wheelchair the following peak exercise values were obtained: VO2 = 24.7 ml.kg/min, VE = 92.09 l/min HR = 181.5 b/min and R = 1.22. Values corresponding to the anaerobic threshold were found to be, HR = 139 b/min and %HRR = 57.02. Low correlations were obtained between peak exercise VO2 and VE measured while working on the wheelchair and those measured with arm cycle ergometer (r = 0.57 p = 0.137 and r = 0.4 p = 0.233 respectively). As athletes, subjects in the present study may be classified as having a low aerobic capacity and anaerobic threshold. It is also concluded that the ergometer type may have an important influence on test results.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

The effect of exercise on anterior knee laxity in female basketball players.

To study the effect of physical activities on the anterior laxity of the knee joint, the anterior knee laxity of female semi-professional basketball players was measured during a typical day. The participants worked in the office in the morning, and practiced in the afternoon, which included a 60 minute warm-up, followed by a 150 minute game style practice. The laxity was measured six times in one day at different activity levels. The anterior knee laxity did not change during sedentary work in the morning, but increased significantly with game style practice. After 1 1/2 hours the increased anterior knee laxity had not recovered completely. However, after five hours it had recovered completely.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Ankle trauma significantly impairs posture control--a study in basketball players and controls.

Both ankle and hip movements are used to maintain balance in strategies defined as bottom up and top down models. This suggests that pathological impairment of either of these articulations could modify the parameters of balance control. In order to appreciate the bearing of ankle damage on the proper control of equilibrium, posturographic recordings were compared, in a static and two dynamic tests, between 15 professional national basketball players, with histories of 10 to 15 ankle sprains, and 50 controls. In statokinesigrams obtained with eyes open or closed, center of foot pressure displacements were of similar length (way) between controls and players, while the area covered was increased for the latter and related to the history of ankle trauma. In a toes-up dynamic test (4 degrees, 50 degrees/s) coupled with electromyographic recordings, the short latency response (myotatic reflex in the triceps surae muscle) normalized to one meter body height, was shorter in players without relationship to histories of ankle damage. In a prolonged sinusoidal dynamic test, players with the largest number of ankle trauma showed greater difficulties in maintaining posture control. These data pinpoint the role of ankles in the control of both static and dynamic balance and demonstrate that the role of the hip joints becomes more important (top down strategy) in the case of damaged ankles.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Changes in several neutrophil functions in basketball players before, during and after the sports season.

Neutrophils play an important role in the immune system, forming the "first line of defence" against invading microorganisms and there are few data available concerning neutrophil functions in relation to exercise. We investigated in 7 basketball professional players possible changes before, during and after the sports season, in some haematological parameters and in several aspects of the phagocytic process of neutrophils, such as adhesion, superoxide anion release and bactericidal activity. Training and competitions produced a significant rise in the number of total leukocytes and differential counts, but the values returned to the pre-start levels 3 weeks after the end of the championship. The bactericidal activity and the superoxide anion released were significantly greater during the sports season, while the percentage of cellular adhesion significantly decreased during the championship; after the sports season the values returned to the control levels. As in the literature data concerning neutrophil functions in relation to exercise are non-convergent, it is important in our opinion, to understand whether the alterations induced by exercise can persist after repeated stimuli.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

[Etiological accident types and recommendations for prevention in basketball].

The study is based on 128 basketball accidents. The following accident types were discovered: ankle sprains 54.7%, handling the ball (saving and catching) 15.6%, knee-joint-distorsions 10.2%, collisions, blows and kicks 11.7%, falls 3.9%, spontaneous damage of muscles and tendons 1.6% and getting hurt because of the equipment in the gym 2.3%. Prophylactic precautions might be physiological or synthetic taping, proprioceptor training and preventive sports medical checkups.

Ankle Injuries↗
PubMed2005

"A whole stadium full": lesbian community at Women's National Basketball Association Games.

Using qualitative interviews with lesbian, bisexual, and heterosexual female Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) fans, I argue that the (perceived) large lesbian attendance at WNBA games enables the construction of a lesbian community by lesbian and bisexual fans in a site qualitatively different from traditional locations of lesbian community. Because the WNBA is not an explicitly lesbian or queer space, the process of speculating about which players, coaches, and fans are lesbians is a meaningful part of being a WNBA fan for many lesbian and bisexual fans. Fantasizing a large lesbian presence enables lesbian and bisexual fans to actively and interpretively create lesbian community at the games. The women socialize and connect with lesbian and bisexual women, construct lesbian ownership of WNBA games, and define WNBA games as a unique space that is different from lesbian bars and other traditional "gay-only" spaces.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Effect of verbal instructions and image size on visual search strategies in basketball free throw shooting.

We assessed the effects on basketball free throw performance of two types of verbal directions with an external attentional focus. Novices (n = 16) were pre-tested on free throw performance and assigned to two groups of similar ability (n = 8 in each). Both groups received verbal instructions with an external focus on either movement dynamics (movement form) or movement effects (e.g. ball trajectory relative to basket). The participants also observed a skilled model performing the task on either a small or large screen monitor, to ascertain the effects of visual presentation mode on task performance. After observation of six videotaped trials, all participants were given a post-test. Visual search patterns were monitored during observation and cross-referenced with performance on the pre- and post-test. Group effects were noted for verbal instructions and image size on visual search strategies and free throw performance. The 'movement effects' group saw a significant improvement in outcome scores between the pre-test and post-test. These results supported evidence that this group spent more viewing time on information outside the body than the 'movement dynamics' group. Image size affected both groups equally with more fixations of shorter duration when viewing the small screen. The results support the benefits of instructions when observing a model with an external focus on movement effects, not dynamics.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Dynamics of the basketball shot with application to the free throw.

A completely general three-dimensional dynamic model is presented for the motion of basketball shots that may contact the rim, the backboard, the bridge between the rim and board, and possibly the board and the bridge simultaneously. Non-linear ordinary differential equations with six degrees of freedom describe the ball angular velocity and ball centre position. The model includes radial ball compliance and damping and contains five sub-models: purely gravitational flight, and ball-rim, ball-bridge, ball-board, and ball-bridge-board contact. Each contact sub-model has both slipping and non-slipping motions. Switching between the sub-models depends on the reaction force at, and velocity of, the contact point. Although the model can be used to study shots from any point on the court, we here use it to study the sets of free throw release angle, velocity, angular velocity, and lateral deviation angle that result in success (capture), as well as underhand free throws and those using an under-inflated ball. Free throw shots with larger backspin, lower inflation pressures, and underhand release conditions are shown to result in larger capture percentages.

Basketball↗
PubMed1993

The effects of increased shooting distance in the basketball jump shot.

Three-dimensional video techniques (50 Hz) were used to obtain images of basketball jump shots from one of three distances--short range (group 1, n = 5); medium range (group 2, n = 5); long range (group 3, n = 5)--from the basket, as performed by members of the men's quarter-finalist teams at the games of the XVI Universiade in Sheffield in 1991. Fifteen sequences were digitized, beginning 20 frames prior to take-off to 10 frames after release. To facilitate analysis, the sequences were rotated about the ball position in the final frame so that the shot direction was parallel to one of the pre-defined orthogonal axes. Mean (+/- 1 S.D.) ball release speed was found to increase with distance from the basket (group 1 = 3.04 +/- 0.65 m s-1, group 2 = 4.71 +/- 0.74 m s-1, group 3 = 6.24 +/- 0.80 m s-1), while mean release angles were similar for all groups (group 1 = 48.8 +/- 10.1 degrees, group 2 = 47.8 +/- 5.8 degrees, group 3 = 51.9 +/- 5.5 degrees). The increased impulse necessary for the ball to reach the basket at increased shooting distances was derived from both an increase in angular velocity of the elbow joint of the shooting arm and an increased velocity of the centre of mass in the direction of the basket at release. Centre of mass speed at take-off was found to be influenced to a greater extent by the angular velocity of the ankle joint than that of the knee or hip joints.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Ankle Joint↗
PubMed1993

The effects of competitive anxiety on memory span and rebound shooting tasks in basketball players.

Two theoretical models were used to investigate aspects of basketball performance: Eysenck's (1979, 1984) compensatory arousal model and Humphreys and Revelle's (1984) twin resources model. Cognitive and somatic anxiety were manipulated using a 'time to event' paradigm. The aspects of performance were a short-term memory task (letter span) and a low memory demand, motoric-sustained information transfer task (rebound shooting). Hypotheses based on the different models were formulated and subsequently tested using analysis of variance and polynomial regression analysis. The results indicated significant (P < 0.01) linear relationships with negative slopes between cognitive anxiety and letter span, and between somatic anxiety and letter span; while significant (P < 0.01) linear relationships with positive slopes were recorded between cognitive anxiety and rebound shooting, and between somatic anxiety and rebound shooting. The analysis of variance results were in agreement with a positive effect (P < 0.05) for cognitive anxiety upon rebound shooting, and a negative effect which approached significance (P < 0.07) for somatic anxiety upon letter span. The results were interpreted as offering partial support for Eysenck's (1979) theoretical model, although further examination of multidimensional anxiety effects via the two models is warranted.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

The relationship between basketball shooting kinematics, distance and playing position.

Three-dimensional cinematography (100 Hz) was used to establish the relationship between distance and the kinematics of shooting with respect to playing position in basketball. Fifteen subjects, divided into guards, forwards and centres (all n = 5), performed jump shots from each of three distances: 2.74, 4.57 and 6.40 m from the basket. Increases in mean release speed were found as shooting distance increased for all groups. This was due to increased angular velocities of both shoulder flexion and elbow extension and an increased speed of the centre of mass in the direction of the basket. Release angles for the two shorter distances (52-55 degrees) tended to provide the advantage of a steep angle of entry into the basket, whereas those at the longest distance (48-50 degrees) were closer to those requiring the minimum possible release speed. All groups exhibited an earlier timing of release as shooting distance increased, which gave rise to an earlier rotation of the shoulder axis. The more consistent changes in kinematic patterns with changes in shooting distance exhibited by guards as compared to centres would suggest that such adjustments are easier to make for those players who regularly shoot from long range.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Stress and performance: an application of Gray's three-factor arousal theory to basketball free-throw shooting.

The suitability of Gray's (1975) three-factor arousal theory as a model of human performance under stress was investigated in a study of basketball free-throw shooting. Free-throw attempts, made by members of an NCAA Division I men's varsity team, were videotaped during one full season. On the basis of Gray's theory, we predicted that increased stress (assumed to be present in games as opposed to practices) would be associated with longer pre-shot preparations and a greater incidence of overthrow shots. The prediction was confirmed by the results. Moreover, we found that free-throws were more frequently overthrown when attempted during crucial rather than non-crucial game situations. Further tests of the utility of Gray's theory are suggested.

Arousal↗
PubMed1997

Absolute size and proportionality characteristics of World Championship female basketball players.

In total, 168 players from 14 national teams were measured using 38 anthropometric dimensions before the Women's World Basketball Championships held in Australia in 1994. Measures of segment length, breadth and girth were recorded by a team of trained anthropometrists using standard protocols. The subjects were divided according to playing position and team performance so that univariate analyses of variance could be administered using absolute size and proportionality data as dependent variables. Clear differences in absolute size were found between guards, forwards and centres, but in terms of proportionality the latter two groups exhibited some similarities, particularly for measures of relative size in upper body dimensions. With guards displaying a different proportionality profile from either forwards or centres, the various roles of each position within the team were considered to rationalize the findings.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Optimal trajectory for the basketball free throw.

Using a theoretical approach, we studied the basketball free throw as a function of angle, speed and spin at release. The ball was constrained to the sagittal plane bisecting the hoop and normal to the backboard, and was permitted to bounce and change spin on both backboard and hoop. Combinations of angle, speed and spin resulting in a successful shot were calculated analytically. Standard deviations for a shooter's angle and speed were used to predict the optimal trajectory for a specific position of release. An optimal trajectory was predicted which had an initial angle and speed of approximately 60 degrees and 7.3 m s(-1) respectively over the domain of spins (-2 to +2 m s(-1) surface speed; -16 to +16 rad s[1]). The effect of air resistance and the sagittal plane constraint on the predicted optimal trajectory were discussed and quantified. The optimal trajectory depended on both the anthropometric characteristics and accuracy of the shooter, but generally a high backspin with an angle and speed combination which sent the ball closer to the far rim of the basket than the near rim was advantageous. We provide recommendations for shooters as a function of the height of ball release.

Basketball↗
PubMed1989

Gender differences in coaching philosophy: the case of female basketball teams.

With the advent of Title IX, the proportion of female participants in interscholastic sport has risen sharply while the proportion of female coaches has dropped precipitously. This paper seeks to determine whether there are any differences in coaching philosophy by gender. Questionnaires were sent to the coaches of 600 high school girls' basketball teams selected randomly from the 48 contiguous states. There were 250 usable ones returned for a response rate of 42%. The questionnaires included items designed to assess the attitudes and behaviors of coaches in five areas of coaching philosophy: (1) the coach's role in the overall development of athletes; (2) conditions believed essential to maximize team performance; (3) team rules used; (4) use of sports aphorisms; and (5) expectations of athletes. Summing the findings, we found that in 83 of the 100 comparisons there were no statistical differences in the means of the male and female coaches. In the 17 instances where there were statistically significant differences, 14 times the female coaches were on the more traditional side. Several possible explanations for this interesting finding are discussed.

Attitude↗
PubMed1992

Cardiac structure and function in women basketball athletes: seasonal variation and comparisons with nonathletic controls.

To characterize hypertrophy and quantify seasonal changes in cardiac structure and function of women collegiate basketball (BB) athletes (n = 15), echocardiographic (echo) measurements were made in the fall (FALL1), winter (WIN), and spring (SPR), then again during the subsequent fall (FALL2; n = 10). Comparisons were made to age-matched nonathletes (NA) measured during FALL1 (n = 22) and SPR (n = 5). Left ventricular (LV) internal dimension-diastole (LVIDd), LV end-diastolic volume (LVEDV), stroke volume (SV), LV mass (LVM), septal thickness (IVS), LV posterior wall thickness (LVPW), right ventricular (RV) internal dimension-diastole (RVIDd), and aortic root diameter (AOD) were significantly larger (12-70%) in the athletes; RVIDd-, LVEDV-, SV-, and LVM-index were also significantly greater (8-46%). From FALL1 to SPR measurement periods, LVIDd, RVIDd, LVEDV, SV, IVS, and LVM-index increased significantly (7-18%) in the athletes. Over the same period of time, LVIDd, LAD, AOD, LVEDV, and SV measured in the five NA subjects increased significantly. In the athletes, LVIDs, RVIDd, IVS, LVPW, and LVM decreased significantly (5-30%) from the SPR to FALL2 measurement period. These data characterize the general nature of the cardiac hypertrophy noted in women BB athletes compared to NA controls and show that distinct changes in heart structure corresponding to different periods of the competitive season can occur in these athletes.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Telling the story: narrative in newspaper accounts of a men's collegiate basketball tournament.

The concept of narrative or story is increasingly being used as s theoretical model for informing research dealing with a wide array of sociocultural phenomena, especially those concerned with communication. Narrative is prevalent in mass media accounts of many different kinds of events. The inherent serialized structure of sport is conducive to media coverage in narrative form. This article uses a narrative perspective to examine journalistic accounts of the 1982 Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) men's basketball tournament. We found that the accounts contain three major components of narrative: theme, plot, and characters. Winning is the central theme, and it contributes to shaping the plot and characters. The plot is simple and straightforward and centers on the question, "Who will win?" The characters are relatively flat and lack robustness--players offer exceptional athletic skills to coaches who strategically blend their talents. A breakdown occurs between the goal of winning and the goal of entertaining spectators, and this highlights the short-term importance of winning and the longer term importance of performing to entertain spectators. The narrative supports capitalistic economic relations, stemming from the central theme of winning and its ties to competitive individualism, teamwork, and consumerism.

Basketball↗
PubMed1993

Rhythmicity, ritual, and motor performance: a study of free throw shooting in basketball.

The purpose of this study was to determine the importance of timing during an auto-communicative ritual to successful performance. Eight members of a university varsity basketball team served as subjects for this study. Each subject performed 15 free throws in each of four different conditions. Condition 1 required subjects to use their standard free throw ritual prior to shooting. Condition 2 required subjects to maintain the relative timing of ritual behaviors but reduce the absolute time of the ritual by one-half. Condition 3 required that relative timing be maintained but that the absolute time of the ritual be doubled. Condition 4 required the same behaviors and the same absolute time as the standard ritual but that the relative time of the ritual be altered. Data were collected with a 16-mm high-speed camera. Types of behaviors, timing aspects of the ritual, successful attempts, and shot mechanics were dependent measures. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of dependent measures and Fisher's scores from correlation coefficients of dependent measures indicate that relative timing of behaviors (rhythmicity) is more important to success than the absolute time of rituals. Behaviors most important to free throw success are those that may be totally controlled by the subject and yet remain stable with changing conditions.

Adult↗