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At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

[Bronchial circulation following sleeve lobectomy and effects of the main residual bronchus length on this parameter].

In mongrel dogs undergoing left anterior sleeve lobectomy, the role of bronchial circulation at the site of bronchial anastomosis was studied. Mucosal hemoglobin concentration and oxygen saturation were measured by spectral analysis of light reflected from the mucosal surface. The main bronchus was not resected in ten dogs (Group A). In ten other dogs (Group B), the main residual bronchus consisted of one or two rings. The following results were obtained. 1) The length of the main residual bronchus influenced the recovery of bronchial circulation following sleeve lobectomy. In Group B, arterial blood supply to the distal bronchial wall was better. Wound healing showed rapid progress from day 5, as was evident from the finding that bronchial arteries distal to the anastomosis were filled with proximal and mediastenal arterial blood. 2) Mucosal changes in bronchial anastomosis were the same for Groups A and B, as indicated by endoscopic examinations. In Group B, active neovascular proliferation was detected at the distal anastomotic site by microscopic examination. 3) In both groups, the micro-abscee could be seen at the anastomotic site at day 21. Bronchial anastomosis following sleeve lobectomy would thus appear to be complete on day 21 or thereafter.

Anastomosis, Surgical↗
PubMed1994

Inhibition of neurally mediated nonadrenergic, noncholinergic contractions of guinea pig bronchus by isozyme-selective phosphodiesterase inhibitors.

We studied the effect of inhibiting phosphodiesterase (PDE) isozyme types III, IV and V on the cholinergic and noncholinergic (tachykinergic) contractile responses to electrical field stimulation (EFS) in the guinea pig isolated bronchus. SKF 94836, a PDE III inhibitor, had a slight (approximately 30%) but significant inhibitory effect on the noncholinergic contractions. Rolipram, an inhibitor of PDE IV isozymes, dramatically inhibited the noncholinergic contractions by nearly 70%. The EC50 for rolipram was approximately 20 nM. Rolipram (1 microM) had no effect on contractions elicited by either capsaicin or neurokinin A. EFS, but not direct vagus nerve stimulation, elicits small nonadrenergic, noncholinergic relaxations of the bronchus that were potentiated by rolipram. Rolipram had the same inhibitory effect on EFS- and vagus nerve stimulation-induced noncholinergic contractions. The effect of rolipram was mimicked by another PDE IV inhibitor, RO-201724. Inhibition of PDE V with zaprinast (3 microM) had no effect on the tachykinergic contractile response. None of the PDE inhibitors affected the EFS-induced cholinergic contractions. The data suggest that the contraction due to stimulation of tachykinergic fibers is significantly reduced by selective inhibition of PDE IV and, to a lesser extent, PDE III isozymes. This is unlikely to be due to functional antagonism at the level of the smooth muscle. It is also unlikely to be due to potentiation of the nonadrenergic relaxant response to nerve stimulation. Rather, the data are in agreement with the hypothesis that selective inhibition of PDE isozymes leads to inhibition of electrically evoked tachykinin release from capsaicin-sensitive fibers in the guinea pig bronchus.

4-(3-Butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Distribution and quantitation of plasma cells, T lymphocyte subsets, and B lymphocytes in bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue of chickens: age-related differences.

Development of the lymphoid cell compartment in bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) of specific pathogen free chickens was examined. Specifically, B lymphocytes, T cell subsets (CD4 and CD8), and IgA-, IgG-, and IgM-producing plasma cells were labeled using immunocytochemical methods. Immunoglobulin-producing cells (IgPC) were quantitated, and comparisons of IgPC numbers were made among chickens of different ages, among immunoglobulin isotypes, and between lymphoid (BALT) and nonlymphoid (non-BALT) areas in the primary bronchus. At hatching, BALT was devoid of IgPC, but by 2 weeks of age cells producing IgA, IgG, and IgM were present. Initially, there were approximately equal numbers of IgA-, IgG-, and IgM-PC; after 2 weeks of age, however, IgG- and IgM-PC outnumbered IgA-PC. At all ages, IgPC were more numerous in non-BALT regions of the primary bronchus than in BALT regions. Small numbers of T and B lymphocytes were present in BALT from 1-day old chickens, but substantial populations of these cells were not seen until 1-2 weeks of age. T helper (CD4+) cells were found near B cell regions in BALT lymphoid nodules, while T cytotoxic/suppressor (CD8+) cells were more evenly distributed throughout the nodules and in the epithelium. B lymphocytes predominated in germinal centers and also overlapped CD4+ populations adjacent to germinal centers. Lymphocyte cell types needed to initiate and regulate immune responses are present in chicken BALT and may be involved in protecting poultry from respiratory pathogens.

Aging↗
PubMed1977

Metabolic activation of benzo(a)pyrene and binding to DNA in cultured human bronchus.

Human bronchus is one target site for the carcinogenic action of tobacco smoke, which contains chemical carcinogens, including benzo(a)pyrene. Human bronchi were obtained from surgery or "immediate" autopsy and then cultured in a chemically defined medium. The cultured bronchi were exposed to either benzo(a)pyrene or its metabolites, and their levels of binding to DNA were measured. One of the benzo(a)pyrene metabolites. (-)-trans-7,8-diol, is more active in binding to DNA than benzo(a)pyrene and several of its metabolites, including (-)-trans-4,5-diol, (-)-trans-9,10-diol, and phenols. The predominant metabolite formed by human bronchus from the (-)-trans-7,8-diol is found by high-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis to be the diol-epoxide r-7,t-8-dihydroxy-t-9,10-oxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene. The results suggest that this diol-epoxide is the major benzo(a)pyrene metabolite bound to DNA in human bronchus.

Benzopyrenes↗
PubMed1995

Effects of ET antagonists (PD143296 and PD145065) on contractions in guinea pig hilar bronchus induced by endothelin-1 and its related peptide.

ETs-induced contractions were resistant to ET(A)-selective antagonists and believed to be mediated by activation of ETB receptors in guinea pig bronchus. In the present study, the effects of the ET antagonists, PD143296 (Ac-D-Phe-L-Leu-L-Phe-L-Ile-L-Ile-L-Trp.2Na) and PD145065 (Ac-[(R)-2-10, 11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a, d]cyclohepten-5-yl]Gly)-L-Leu-L-Asp-L-Ile-L-Ile- L-Trp.2Na), on contractions induced by ET-1, ET-3, sarafotoxin S6c (STXc), and IRL1620 in the isolated hilar bronchus of the guinea pig were investigated. An ETA/B nonselective antagonist, PD145065 antagonized contractions induced by ET-1, ET-3, STXc, and IRL1620. Its antagonistic activity against ET-1, with pKB of 5.77 +/- 0.02 (n = 16, 3-10 microM), was significantly lower than that against ET-3, with pKB of 6.18 +/- 0.02 (n = 12, 3-10 microM), STXc, with pKB of 5.97 +/- 0.01 (n = 14, 3-10 microM), and IRL1620, with pKB of 6.80 +/- 0.04 (n = 14, 0.3-1 microM). Conversely, although a putative ETB-selective antagonist, PD143296 (10 microM) slightly but significantly antagonized the concentration-response curve of IRL1620 (pKB = 5.28 +/- 0.14, n = 6), it had no effect on ET-1-,ET-3-, or STXc-induced contractions. These results suggest that ETs possibly activate ETB2 or an atypical ETB receptor subtype in guinea pig hilar bronchus.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

[Infection with Mycobacterium avium presenting as polypoid lesions in left upper-lobe bronchus of an immunocompetent host].

In April 1993, a 51-year-old woman had a fever, and an infiltrative shadow was seen in the left upper lobe on a chest X-ray film. Repeated sputum cultures were positive for Mycobacterium avium complex. She underwent antituberculosis therapy consisting of pyrazinamide, ofloxacin, and streptomycin. Her symptom disappeared and the abnormal shadow resolved. In January 1994, she was admitted to the hospital because of bloody sputum and abnormal chest X-ray findings consisting of a left hilar mass and atelectasis of the left upper lobe. Bronchoscopy revealed multiple polypoid lesions without necrosis in the left upper-lobe bronchus. Histological examination showed that the tumor consisted of an aggregation of lymphocytes and plasma cells, and was positive for Ziehl-Neelsen stain. The acid-fast bacillus was identified as Mycobacterium avium by the DNA probe method. Anti-tuberculosis treatment was given: rifampicin, isoniazid, sparfloxacin, and clarithromycin. Three months later, the atelectasis and the polypoid mass in the left upper-lobe bronchus had disappeared. We believe that the polypoid lesions in the left upper-lobe bronchus were due to infection by Mycobacterium avium. The patient was HIV-negative and immunocompetent. Such endobronchial lesions caused by Mycobacterium avium are rare in HIV-negative hosts.

Bronchial Neoplasms↗
PubMed1997

Role of soluble guanylyl cyclase in the relaxations to a nitric oxide donor and to nonadrenergic nerve stimulation in guinea pig trachea and human bronchus.

The effect of the novel, selective, soluble guanylyl cyclase inhibitor 1 H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolol[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ) on the nitric oxide component of the nonadrenergic, noncholinergic relaxation in guinea pig trachea was examined. Relaxant responses to field stimulation (1-16 Hz, 8 V, 1 ms for 15 s) in the presence of indomethacin (3 microM), atropine (1 microM), propranolol (1 microM), alpha-chymotrypsin (2 U/ml) and histamine (3 microM) were partially inhibited by 0.1 microM ODQ and almost abolished by 1 microM ODQ. In addition, relaxations to the nitric oxide donor 3-morpholinosyndnonimine-N-ethylcarbamide were partially inhibited by 0.1 microM ODQ and abolished by 1 microM ODQ. Relaxations to 3-morpholinosyndnonimine-N-ethylcarbamide in human bronchus were also substantially inhibited by ODQ (1-10 microM). By contrast, relaxations elicited by the stable 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate analog 8-bromoguanosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate and by isoproterenol were unaffected by 1 microM ODQ in guinea pig trachea and by 10 microM ODQ in human bronchus. These results suggest that relaxant responses to endogenously released or exogenously added nitric oxide in guinea pig trachea and human bronchus are mediated via the activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase and the formation of guanosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Landmark article Oct 28, 1933. Successful removal of an entire lung for carcinoma of the bronchus. By Evarts A. Graham and J. J. Singer.

The left lung and many of the tracheobronchial mediastinal glands were removed in a one stage operation because of a carcinoma that originated in the bronchus of the upper lobe but which was so close to the bronchus of the lower lobe that, in order to remove it completely, it was necessary to remove the entire lung. This is apparently the first case in which an entire lung has been removed successfully at one stage. 600 South Kingshighway.

Carcinoma, Bronchogenic↗
PubMed1998

Demonstration of tracheal bronchus associated with tracheal stenosis using direct coronal computed tomography.

A 2-year-old boy presented with chronic wheezes and was refractory to medical treatment. A high carina with bilateral bronchial stenosis was erroneously diagnosed by bronchoscopic examination. Serial direct coronal computed tomographic scans showed a displaced right upper lobe tracheal bronchus associated with tracheal stenosis below the abnormal bronchus. A direct coronal computed tomographic scan of the tracheobronchial tree is a useful imaging technique for the delineation of airway configuration when the bronchoscope fails to pass beyond a stenotic region. A coronal computed tomographic scan may make invasive tracheobronchography unnecessary.

Bronchi↗
PubMed1984

Oncocytic mucoepidermoid tumor of the bronchus.

Mucoepidermoid neoplasms of the bronchus are uncommon tumors believed to arise from bronchial mucus glands. Reported ultrastructural evaluation has been limited to two cases in a single publication. The authors report the light microscopic and ultrastructural features of a third case with similar findings. An unusual finding not previously reported was the presence of numerous typical onocytes shown by light and electron microscopy. Morphologic forms intermediate between the mucus cells, epidermoid cells, and oncocytes were identified ultrastructurally. The origin of onocytes has been of some controversy. The presence of these cells associated with a mucoepidermoid tumor of the bronchus suggests a common progenitor cell. The transitional forms identified ultrastructurally support the notion that oncocytes are the result of a metaplastic process.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Granular cell tumor of the bronchus.

Persistent atelectasis and recurrent pneumonia in the same location should raise suspicion of congenital anomalies or obstructing lesions of the bronchus leading to the affected area. We present an 8-year-old black female with a history of recurrent fever, cough, atelectasis of the right middle and lower lobes, and weight loss for several months. Flexible bronchoscopy revealed a polypoid mass obstructing the bronchus intermedius. Biopsy of the neoplasm demonstrated a granular cell tumor (GCT). The patient had a lobectomy of the right lower and middle lobes. She had no recurrence of the tumor after several years of follow-up.

Biopsy↗
PubMed2001

Steroids, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and stents for superior vena caval obstruction in carcinoma of the bronchus.

BACKGROUND: Superior vena caval obstruction (SVCO) is an uncommon manifestation of carcinoma of the bronchus characterised by neck swelling and distended veins over the chest. In recent years, the majority of patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) with SVCO at diagnosis have tended to receive chemotherapy whilst the majority of patients presenting with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and SVCO have tended to receive radiotherapy. Steroids may also be prescribed. Stenting now provides a further treatment option which may be combined with radiotherapy and chemotherapy or used on its own. The optimal timing of stenting at present is unclear. OBJECTIVES: To determine the relative effectiveness of treatments currently employed in the management of SVCO. SEARCH STRATEGY: Electronic searching of Cochrane Clinical Trials register, Medline and Embase. Identification of further studies from references cited in trials identified by electronic searching. SELECTION CRITERIA: Both randomised and non-randomised controlled trials in which patients with carcinoma of the bronchus and a diagnosis of SVCO had been treated with any combination of the following treatment modalities: steroids, chemotherapy, radiotherapy or insertion of an expandable metal stent. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: There were 3 randomised and 98 non-randomised studies of which 2 and 44 respectively met the inclusion criteria. MAIN RESULTS: SVCO was present at diagnosis in 10.0% of patients with SCLC and 1.7% of patients with NSCLC. In one randomised trial in SCLC, the rate of SVCO relapse was not significantly reduced by giving radiotherapy on completion of chemotherapy. In the other, in NSCLC, the addition of induction chemotherapy to a course of synchronous chemo-radiotherapy did not increase the rates of relief of SVCO. In SCLC, chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy relieved SVCO in 77%; 17% of those treated had a recurrence of SVCO. In NSCLC, 60% had relief of SVCO following chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy; 19% of those treated had a recurrence of SVCO. Insertion of an SVC stent relieved SVCO in 95%; 11% of those treated had further SVCO but recanalisation was possible in the majority resulting in a long-term patency rate of 92%. Morbidity following stent insertion was greatest if thrombolytics were administered. No study described the effectiveness of steroids in SVCO. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are effective in relieving SVCO in a proportion of patients whilst stent insertion appears to provide relief in a higher proportion and more rapidly. The optimal timing of stent insertion (whether at diagnosis or following failure of other modalities) is currently uncertain. The effectiveness of steroids in SVCO remains uncertain.

Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung↗
PubMed1990

A morphologic study of bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue in turkeys.

Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) in normal turkeys of ages 1 day and 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, and 18 weeks was examined by light microscopy and by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Turkey BALT resembled other mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues; it was made up of a population of lymphocytes covered by a specialized epithelium different from typical pseudostratified ciliated columnar bronchial epithelium. There were distinct age-related differences in BALT structure. Bronchus-associated lymphoid nodules were larger and more numerous in older turkeys. In 1-day- to 2-week-old turkeys, the primary cell type of BALT epithelium was nonciliated cuboidal; in 2-week old turkeys it was squamous; and in turkeys older than 4-weeks of age, the epithelium was primarily ciliated columnar. In 1- to 4-week old turkeys, large numbers of intraepithelial lymphocytes disrupted the normal organization of the epithelium. In older turkeys, epithelial and lymphoid cells were in discrete compartments separated by connective tissue. Lymphocytes in 1-day-old turkeys were found in loose aggregates around venules and within the epithelium. In 1-week old turkeys, lymphocytes were organized into compartments of morphologically similar cells. By 3-weeks of age, lymphocytes were present in distinct germinal centers. Epithelial cells of BALT did not have large numbers of apical vesicles and thus were not structurally specialized for antigen uptake by endocytosis. However, the epithelial barrier appeared to be disrupted over lymphoid nodules, suggesting that antigen would be readily available to lymphocytes and phagocytes in BALT. Age-related differences in turkey BALT structure may have functional consequences with respect to the respiratory immune response.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Sling left pulmonary artery, bridging bronchus, and associated anomalies.

Sling left pulmonary artery (SLPA) is often associated with tracheobronchial abnormalities, including bridging bronchus (BB). We report on 3 patients with SLPA: One patient had a narrow trachea, absent right upper lobe and right main bronchus, and BB. The second patient had a long and narrow trachea, with normal segmentation of bronchial tree, abnormal cerebral gyri, and minor facial abnormalities. The third patient, with a normal trachea and main bronchi with BB, had imperforate anus, hemivertebrae, and atrial septal defect (VATER association). Patients with SLPA, those with BB, or those with both SLPA and BB as well as multiple congenital anomalies represent a spectrum of anomalies.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1995

The anatomy of left bronchus syndrome.

This explanation of the previously described left bronchus syndrome (Ashour et al., 1990, Thorax, 45:210-212) is based on a prospective study of 17 additional cases with unilateral lung destruction. It is likely that the anatomic peculiarities of the left main bronchus predispose the left lung to more frequent bronchial obstruction and hemodynamic changes than the right. Broncho-pulmonary shunt formation and retrograde filling of the pulmonary artery most likely lead to increased oxygen tension and impaired lymph flow in the entire lung, thus spreading tuberculosis in the lung and ultimately leading to left lung destruction.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Anterior bridging bronchus.

Previously reported patients with a bridging bronchus (BB) presented with respiratory distress. In addition, each patient had one or more associated anomalies. All but two patients progressed to cardiopulmonary failure and death. We describe a case of an anterior BB without associated anomalies, who did well without operative intervention. This patient presented with a cough at 6 months of age. Chest X-ray was normal, but due to suspicion of foreign body aspiration, bronchoscopy was performed, which revealed a third bronchus at the carina. Bronchography demonstrated the anatomy of the BB. The patient has continued to do well without further intervention.

Bronchi↗
PubMed1998

Effects of S-salbutamol on human isolated bronchus.

A range of stimuli have been used to determine the effect of S-salbutamol on contractile responses of human isolated bronchus. Significant augmentation of contraction was evident during responses to histamine or LTC4 but responses to EFS, methacholine, bradykinin and capsaicin were not influenced and allergic bronchospasm was significantly impaired by prior exposure to S-salbutamol. Since R-salbutamol relaxes human isolated bronchus, the capacity of S-salbutamol to enhance contractile responses to histamine or LTC4 cannot be attributed to activation of beta2-adrenoceptors. It is concluded, therefore, that these effects of S-salbutamol represent distinct pharmacological actions of the distomer. It is also suggested that the capacity of S-salbutamol to augment contraction of airway smooth muscle may contribute to hyperreactivity towards spasmogens when racemic salbutamol is used for symptom relief in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Adenosine↗