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At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Flow microcalorimetric assay of antibiotics--II. Neomycin sulphate and its combinations with polymyxin B sulphate and zinc bacitracin on interaction with Bacillus pumilus (NCTC 8241).

A flow microcalorimetric assay for Neomycin has been developed which is monitored through interaction of the antibiotic with Bacillus pumilus as the test organism. The assay has better reproducibility (relative standard deviation 2.3%) and is more sensitive than conventional microbiological bioassay (0.5-2 micrograms ml-1). The effects of combinations with zinc bacitracin, with polymyxin B sulphate, and with both zinc bacitracin and polymyxin B sulphate (both in equimolar proportions), and in those proportions present in the commercial preparation TrisepR (ICI, Macclesfield, UK) have also been investigated. Synergy was observed for the combinations of Neomycin with the other two antibiotics in binary mixtures at the relative proportions found in TrisepR. The addition of all three antibiotics at the levels used in TrisepR did not show synergy. However, addition of all three antibiotics at equimolar concentrations did show synergy. It is suggested that microcalorimetry may be useful in in vitro experiments for exploring the relative proportions required for maximal effect in antibiotic combinations.

Bacillus↗
PubMed1989

Flow microcalorimetric assay of antibiotics--III. Zinc bacitracin and its combinations with polymyxin B sulphate and neomycin sulphate on interaction with Micrococcus luteus.

A flow microcalorimetric assay for zinc bacitracin has been developed which has better reproducibility (relative standard deviation less than 2%) and sensitivity (0.02 micrograms ml-1) than conventional microbiological assays, and requires an assay time of between 7.5-9 h. The assay is not suitable for zinc bacitracin determinations in the presence of equimolar concentrations of polymyxin B sulphate or neomycin sulphate, or of these antibiotics in the proportions in which they occur in the commercial preparation Trisep (ICI, Macclesfield, UK).

Bacitracin↗
PubMed2006

Metalloantibiotic Mn(II)-bacitracin complex mimicking manganese superoxide dismutase.

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities of various metallobacitracin complexes were evaluated using the riboflavin-methionine-nitro blue tetrazolium assay. The radical scavenging activity of various metallobacitracin complexes was shown to be higher than those of the negative controls, e.g., free transition metal ions and metal-free bacitracin. The SOD activity of the complex was found to be in the order of Mn(II)>Cu(II)>Co(II)>Ni(II). Furthermore, the effect of bacitracin and their complexation to metals on various microorganisms was assessed by antibiotic susceptibility testing. Moreover, molecular modeling and quantum chemical calculation of the metallobacitracin complex was performed to evaluate the correlation of electrostatic charge of transition metal ions on the SOD activity.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Fast separation of bacitracin on monolithic silica columns.

The development of isocratic and gradient stability indicating HPLC methods for bacitracin (Bc) and bacitracin zinc (BcZn), which are complex mixture of several related polypeptides, is described. The methods are based on a new type of reversed phase (RP-18e) monolithic silicagel stationary phase. Chromatographic experimental conditions used on conventional column with microparticles were adopted and further modified to achieve efficient separation of Bc. The influence of methanol and acetonitrile in combination with phosphate buffer was thoroughly studied to separate microbiologically active components A, B1, B2, B3 and their oxidative degradation products F, H1, H2 and H3. Chromatographic peaks of all the mentioned components were identified using compounds isolated previously by preparative HPLC. Applying isocratic or gradient approach, highly efficient separation was achieved together with drastically reduced analysis times (ca. 6 min) compared to all published HPLC methods up to date. With thus developed HPLC methods, it is possible to evaluate not only the main degradation product F, but for the first time also several other oxidative degradation products of Bc (H1, H2 and H3). Such methods are also suitable for routine quality control and stability testing. Validation of both isocratic and gradient methods confirmed the selectivity and efficiency comparable to that on microparticulate columns, yet contrary to conventional columns with highly reduced analysis time.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMed2000

Orbital compartment syndrome caused by intraorbital bacitracin ointment after endoscopic sinus surgery.

PURPOSE: To present an unusual case of orbital compartment syndrome after endoscopic sinus surgery. METHODS: Case report. RESULTS: Acute proptosis, chemosis, decreased vision, and ophthalmoplegia were found immediately after endoscopic sinus surgery. Ophthalmologic evaluation showed a tense orbit, and intraocular pressure increased to 54 mm Hg. Treatment was initiated and the intraocular pressure dropped. Computed tomography (CT) revealed the presence of bacitracin ointment in the orbit. CONCLUSION: Ophthalmic complications after sinus surgery are well identified. Postoperative orbital compartment syndrome may be caused by retrobulbar hemorrhage, edema, air (emphysema), or foreign material. In this case, the findings were caused by inadvertent injection of bacitracin ointment into the orbit.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

High-performance liquid chromatography determination of Zn-bacitracin in animal feed by post-column derivatization and fluorescence detection.

A sensitive and selective method is presented for the determination of Zn-Bacitracin in adulterated animal feed by reversed-phase ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography and post-column derivatization with o-phthalaldehyde prior to fluorescence detection. The calibration function was estimated to be between 8.0 and 65.0 mg l(-1) of Zn-BC. The detection and quantification limits of the chromatographic method were 2.5 and 7.5 mg 1(-1), respectively. Using the extraction procedure of Zn-Bacitracin from the feedstuff that we recently proposed and applying this new chromatographic method, it was possible to detect this antibiotic at levels below 5 mg kg(-1) in different kinds of feedstuffs with a standard deviation less than 6.0%.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1991

Isolation of bacitracins A and F by high-speed counter-current chromatography.

The major components of bacitracin were separated and purified using high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC). A systematic search for optimum two-phase solvent systems resulted in two systems: chloroform-ethanol-methanol-water (5:3:3:4) and chloroform-ethanol-water (5:4:3). These were selected based on the determination of the partition coefficients of all the components and the settling time of the phases. HSCCC with these solvent systems separated two components, bacitracins A and F. Improvements in the flow-cell arrangement eliminated noise in detection, making in-line monitoring possible. A tandem mass spectrometric technique was used to characterize the isolated components.

Bacitracin↗
PubMed1976

Bacitracin differentiation for presumptive identification of group A beta-hemolytic streptococci: comparison of primary and purified plate testing.

The detection of group A beta-hemolytic streptococci by bacitracin susceptibility was examined, with the presumptive identification on primary blood agar plates compared with that on pure subcultured plates. A total of 638 group A streptococcus isolates was recovered from 4,632 throat swab specimens. Only about half of these isolates were identifiable on the primary plate, compared with 96% identifiable on pure subcultured plates. The unreliable results with bacitracin disk testing on primary plates were due to (1) too few colonies present in the vicinity of the disk or (2) colonies overgrown by oropharyngeal flora.

Bacitracin↗
PubMed1998

Topical irrigation with polymyxin and bacitracin for spinal surgery.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate constant irrigation with saline containing 50,000 units each of polymyxin and bacitracin in a regimen of antimicrobial prophylaxis for clean spinal surgery at two community hospitals with a zero infection rate. METHODS: The focus was on the bactericidal effects of prophylactic topical antibiotics by assessing random contamination in neurosurgical wounds from: 1) the flora of the integument and nares of the operating team, 2) the surgical apparel, 3) the patient's skin, 4) air-borne organisms in the operating theater, and 5) the surgeon's gloves. RESULTS: Based on individual biotyping of bacteria and antimicrobial sensitivity testing, no consistent source or pattern could be uncovered for the organisms recovered from the operative site. Relying on longitudinal data, the incidence of intraoperative bacterial growth with continuous saline lavage was reduced from 64 to 4% when the combination of topical polymyxin and bacitracin was added. CONCLUSIONS: Although the virtual elimination of bacterial growth in the surgical site was accomplished, the efficacy of topical antibiotics in the prevention of wound infection remains unproven.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1988

The adjuvant effect of bacitracin on nasal absorption of gonadorelin and buserelin in rats.

Nasal absorption of gonadorelin (luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone; LH-RH) and buserelin, an LH-RH agonist, was studied in anesthetized rats. Administration of peptides was by nasal instillation of aqueous peptide/buffer solutions. Peptide absorption was monitored using different techniques: (a) by specific radioimmunoassays for serum levels of lutropin (LH), (b) by the cumulative urinary excretion of buserelin, and (c) by the ovulatory activity after nasal LH-RH and buserelin, respectively. Without adjuvant the nasal absorption of LH-RH and buserelin was relatively poor compared to subcutaneous or intravenous injection. Using absorption adjuvants of different types, e.g., sodium taurodihydrofusidate (STDHF) and bacitracin, marked increases in nasal absorption and, therefore, significant nasal adjuvant activity were found, as demonstrated by an increase in the biological response after nasal administration of the peptides. The mucosal compatibility of bacitracin at the concentrations used for enhancement of absorption was confirmed by an in vitro investigation using isolated gastric mucosa of guinea pigs as a test model.

Absorption↗
PubMed2026

A subclade-associated genomic deletion encompassing vraDEH confers increased susceptibility to nisin A and bacitracin in Staphylococcus aureus CC121.

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) play important roles in suppressing bacterial colonization and infection, and several AMPs are used as antimicrobial agents. Conversely, bacteria possess mechanisms that confer resistance to AMPs. We previously identified clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates lacking the vraDEH genes, which are involved in nisin and bacitracin resistance. All such isolates belonged to clonal complex (CC) 121 and exhibited increased susceptibility to nisin A and bacitracin. The absence of vraDEH was accompanied by the absence of a 35,005-bp genomic region encompassing the biofilm-associated icaRADBC genes and a histidine biosynthesis operon. In a vraDEH-positive CC121 strain, this region was flanked by two IS1181 elements, whereas in vraDEH-negative strains it was replaced by a single IS1181 element, suggesting deletion through recombination between IS elements. Analysis of publicly available genomes revealed that all strains carrying the 35-kb deletion belonged to a single phylogenetic subclade of CC121. The downstream IS1181 insertion was frequently found in CC121 strains, whereas the upstream insertion was only found in this subclade. Across the S. aureus population, IS1181 copy number and insertion sites correlated with phylogenetic relationships, suggesting that lineage-associated IS1181 insertion may contribute to the genomic deletion in S. aureus CC121.

Nisin↗
PubMed1974

The synthesis of peptidoglycan in an autolysin-deficient mutant of Bacillus licheniformis N.C.T.C. 6346 and the effect of beta-lactam antibiotics, bacitracin and vancomycin.

The synthesis of peptidoglycan by cell-free membrane and membrane+wall preparations from an autolysin-deficient, beta-lactamase-negative mutant of Bacillus licheniformis N.C.T.C. 6346 was studied. The membrane preparation synthesized un-cross-linked polymer, the formation of which was not inhibited by beta-lactam antibiotics. Release of d-alanine by the action of d-alanine carboxypeptidase was inhibited variably according to the antibiotic. This inhibition was reversed by neutral hydroxylamine but not by the action of beta-lactamases or by washing. Bacitracin inhibited peptidoglycan synthesis, but not the d-alanine carboxypeptidase. Examination of peptidoglycan synthesized in the presence of excess of bacitracin showed that synthesis was not restricted to the addition of one disaccharide-pentapeptide unit at each synthetic site, an average of 2-3 disaccharide-pentapeptide units being added. Peptidoglycan synthesis was three- to four-fold more sensitive to vancomycin than was the release of d-alanine by the action of the carboxypeptidase. Incorporation of newly synthesized peptidoglycan into pre-existing cell wall was studied in membrane+wall preparations. This incorporation was catalysed by a benzylpenicillin- and cephaloridine-sensitive transpeptidase. The concentrations of these antibiotics giving 50% inhibition of incorporation were almost identical with those required to inhibit growth of the bacillus. Inhibition of the transpeptidase was reversed by treatment with beta-lactamase or by washing.

Alanine↗
PubMed1982

Evidence for a direct effect of bacitracin on cell-mediated insulin degradation in isolated hepatocytes.

In freshly isolated hepatocytes, in which extracellular degradation of insulin was very low, the degradation velocity was first-order with respect to the amount of insulin bound at steady state. The addition of bacitracin decreased the degradation velocity considerably, so that a higher proportion of cell-associated radioactivity remained intact. The results demonstrate that bacitracin affects the mechanism of insulin processing by intact hepatocytes.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Inhibition of a reductive function of the plasma membrane by bacitracin and antibodies against protein disulfide-isomerase.

Evidence had been provided that a disulfide-linked [125I]iodotyramine/poly(D-lysine) conjugate was reductively cleaved when bound nonspecifically to the surface of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and that this cleavage was abolished by membrane-impermeant sulfhydryl blockers. The same blockers were subsequently found to inhibit the cytotoxicity of diphtheria toxin, a disulfide-linked heterodimer that binds to a specific surface receptor and must undergo chain separation to exert its cytotoxicity. This suggested that the disulfides of both macromolecules might be cleaved by a thiol-disulfide interchange reaction, possibly mediated by protein disulfide-isomerase (PDI, EC 5.3.4.1). We tested whether inhibitors of PDI--in particular, bacitracin and anti-PDI antibodies--might mimic the two effects of sulfhydryl blockers. Both bacitracin and anti-PDI antibodies were effective in inhibiting both reductive processes. This strongly suggests that the disulfide cleavage in the two membrane-bound macromolecules is mediated by PDI and that this enzyme, besides its known retention in the endoplasmic reticulum, must also be exposed at the plasma membrane. This paper points to other potentially important disulfide reductions that might be catalyzed by surface-associated PDI. It thereby broadens the known functions of an enzyme already known for its multifunctional properties.

4-Chloromercuribenzenesulfonate↗
PubMed1976

Failure of procaine penicillin and zinc bacitracin to modify the response of the fowl to stressors.

1. The effect of either procaine penicillin or zinc bacitracin (25 mg active base/kg food) on the response of young birds to three different stressors - withdrawal of food for 18 h, exposure to cold for 24 h or treatment with ACTH- has been examined. 2. Neither antibiotic had any consistent effect on the stress responses. 3. It is concluded that neither penicillin nor bacitracin has any stress-ameliorating activity at least under the conditions of the test.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1999

Lack of efficacy of oral bacitracin plus doxycycline for the eradication of stool colonization with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium.

In a prospective observational cohort study designed to assess the role of oral bacitracin solution plus doxycycline in the eradication of intestinal carriage of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREF) in patients on a renal ward, rectal swab specimens were obtained from 15 treated and 24 control patients. Cultures of the rectal swabs were negative for 15 (100%) of the antibiotic-treated vs. eight (33.3%) of the untreated patients (P < .001) on day 14. However, follow-up for a mean of 127 and 130 days revealed 9 of 15 (60%) and 15 of 24 (62.5%) in the treated and untreated cohorts (P = .86), respectively, carried VREF intermittently or persistently. Quantitative VREF stool cultures in the treated cohort revealed an initial 3.1-log10/g decrease, but there was an increase to pretreatment levels at 2-4 and 5-7 weeks post-treatment (7.8 and 7.4 log10/g). Oral bacitracin and doxycycline were not efficacious in reducing the carriage of VREF beyond the 2-week interval during which they were given.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The efficacy of Polysporin First Aid Antibiotic Spray (polymyxin B sulfate and bacitracin zinc) against clinical burn wound isolates.

Polysporin First Aid Antibiotic Spray (Burroughs Wellcome Co., Research Triangle Park, N.C.) is a dry spray containing 200,000 units Aerosporin (polymyxin B sulfate) and 10,000 units bacitracin zinc, along with a propellant. Each 1-second spray delivers approximately 2300 units of polymyxin B sulfate and 115 units of bacitracin zinc. This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of Polysporin Spray against various clinical isolates. Blood agar plates were inoculated with a pure culture of each isolate. Polysporin was then sprayed in an area approximately 30 mm in diameter. The area of inhibition was measured and recorded after 18 to 24 hours of incubation. A clear zone at least 20 mm in diameter with surrounding edges of growth indicated sensitivity. A zone less than 20 mm in diameter or growth over the whole plate indicated resistance. Three hundred fifty-three clinical isolates (202 gram positive and 151 gram negative) were tested. The results show that Polysporin inhibits the growth of all the gram-positive organisms, including methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus. The gram-negative organisms were also sensitive to Polysporin Spray, with the exception of Serratia marcescens, Morganella morganii, and Proteus mirabilis. This study suggests that Polysporin First Aid Antibiotic Spray may be effective for wounds contaminated with gram-positive and some gram-negative organisms.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1982

The influence of glucose, ammonium and magnesium availability on the production of protease and bacitracin by Bacillus licheniformis.

Bacillus licheniformis was cultivated in a range of defined media varying in both the nature of the growth-limiting component and the concentration of excess nutrients. The compositions of the media were such as to ensure that the final absorbance (A430) of the culture was the same in each case. Samples taken during the stationary phase were assayed for their content of extracellular serine protease and bacitracin. The nature of the growth-limiting nutrient had a profound effect on the amounts of these products formed while those components which were present in excess also exerted an influence in proportion to their concentration. Thus, for example, a four-fold increase in serine protease production occurred when ammonium replaced glucose as the growth-limiting nutrient. Serine protease and bacitracin production responded differently to these varying cultural conditions suggesting they are subject to separate control mechanisms. The results are discussed in relation to the need for rigorously controlled cultural conditions during physiological studies of this nature.

Ammonia↗