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At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Drug prevention programs can work: research findings.

This paper reports findings of a subset of 91 programs, which included drug use measures, from the data base previously reported in the author's meta-analysis of 143 adolescent drug prevention programs. Treatment components of strategies successful in decreasing drug use by adolescents are discussed with regard to both the developmental stages of adolescents and the current etiology of drug abuse. Meta-analysis is briefly discussed. The focus is on issues rather than the actual research. Questions for future programming address theoretical assumptions and practical issues. Is attitude change a prerequisite for decreased drug use? This meta-analysis questions the validity of using knowledge and attitude measures as the only outcome measures. Successful program strategies require innovative planning and close attention to implementation factors. Answers to implementation questions require continued quality research. Implications for future planning may lie in the public policy arena.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Combining cognitive learning theory and computer assisted instruction for deaf learners.

This study investigated the effects of implementing cognitive learning theory principles in computer assisted instruction of educational psychology concepts. A total of 19 preservice deaf teachers participated in the study. We used a pre-post design to measure the learning and attitude changes of the teachers. The results of the analysis of pretests and posttests of cognitive outcomes indicated that significant learning occurred as a result of the computer-based instruction. Also, the majority of the students reacted positively to the quality of the lessons. The results also suggest that applying an appropriate theoretical framework to the design of instruction offers an avenue for meaningfully addressing the appropriate use of technology.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Effects of subliminal backward-recorded messages on attitudes.

This study was designed to measure the effects of subliminal backward messages on attitudes. It was hypothesized that subliminal backward-recorded messages would influence the attitudes of listeners. Three subliminal backward-recorded messages from a popular song were used. 82 undergraduates were randomly assigned to one of four conditions: a three-message group heard a tape containing the backward messages recorded three times in succession, a six-message group heard a tape with the same backward messages recorded six times in succession, two control groups heard nonbackward recorded music. No statistically significant differences were found between the groups on a posttape attitude questionnaire. The results are discussed in terms of unconscious processing and the tricomponent theory of attitudes and attitude change.

Attitude↗
PubMed1992

Relationship between knowledge of and attitudes towards AIDS.

202 subjects completed a questionnaire concerning their knowledge of and attitudes towards AIDS. The knowledge questionnaire had three sections, general knowledge, knowledge of spread and symptoms. Intercorrelations of the sections of the attitudinal measure were factor analysed, and five interpretable factors identified. As in two previously reported studies the correlations among the three knowledge and five attitudinal factors were low and nonsignificant. Implications for health education and attitude change are considered.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1978

Discrepancy, dissonance, and the "dissonant" smoker.

This paper reexamines, in the light of social psychological research, the theoretical assumptions made by McKennell and Thomas in their study of smoking habits and attitudes in Britain. One assumption made by them is that antismoking messages which are very discrepant from the opinions held by smokers should be avoided since they may produce attitude change in the opposite direction to that intended. It is argued that there is little empirical basis for this assumption, and that the discrepancy of a communication from the initial attitudes of a target audience is not necessarily the most important determinant of its effectiveness. McKennell and Thomas also distinguish "consonant" from "dissonant" smokers--the latter being those who say that they would like to give up smoking if they could do so easily. It is argued that the term "dissonant" is a misnomer when applied to smokers who see themselves as unable to choose not to smoke. Practical and theoretical implications are discuseed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Group discussion and drug abuse prevention.

The present study examined the usefulness of applying a group discussion technique known as the choice shift procedure to drug abuse prevention. Choice shift discussions produced both immediate and long-term antiabusive changes in college womens' drug attitudes. A second intervention, public commitment, exerted a variable influence on immediate attitude change. These results suggest that the group choice shift procedure could prove to be a useful component of drug abuse prevention programs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Trends in drug orientations and behavior: changes in a rural community, 1975-1982.

This paper examines trends in rural American rates of marijuana use and drug-related orientations over an 8-year period. The younger rural youths (13-year-olds) in our three surveys (1975, 1979, and 1982) reported significant declines in rates of use and expressed a general trend toward conservatism. The attitudes and orientations of older youths (16-year-olds) changed also, and in the same directions, but those changes were not statistically significant. Use rates for 16-year-olds, on the other hand, increased, but again the changes were not statistically significant. In at least one cohort we studied, attitudes changed prior to shifts in behavior. We also observed that the predictive ability of the selected attitudes and orientations increased considerably from 1975 to 1982. In the midst of a movement toward conservatism on drug issues, liberalness was even more closely linked to marijuana use than in the previous decade. Lastly, we evaluate the implications of these findings for drug prevention policy and future research.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Experiential learning strategies for promoting positive staff attitudes toward the elderly.

It is generally acknowledged that American society devalues its elderly. Young people incorporate pervasive attitudes at an early age. These attitudes are later reflected in the views of health professionals. An essential component of effective care for the elderly is the attitude of the caregivers. Staff attitudes are considered important because of their presumed influence on staff behavior and the quality of care delivered. Attitude change is very difficult to achieve unless the individual is exposed to an experience that places the learning situation on a very personal level. Experiential learning activities can be tailored to provide that personal experience. If attitudes can be changed at the same time that factual information is being presented, experiential activities offer the educator a potent tool for learning. This paper suggests several such activities aimed at enhancing positive attitudes toward the elderly.

Aged↗
PubMed1986

The effects of a well older adult clinical experience on students' knowledge and attitudes.

Is a planned learning experience with well older adults a positive influence on a nursing student's attitude, level of gerontological knowledge, and willingness to work with older adults after graduation? Students in a baccalaureate program were divided into treatment or control groups based on their attitudes on the Kogan's Attitude Toward Old People Scale. Knowledge was measured by the Palmore's Facts on Aging Quiz (Palmore, 1977). Half of the students were given experiences with well elderly while the other group had no experience with this population. Differences in pre- and post-test scores were compared by analysis of variance. All students, regardless of planned experience with older adults, increased their knowledge. Students who initially had negative attitudes significantly improved their attitudes regardless of the type of clinical experience. The investigation failed to support the idea that experiences with well elderly would make a difference on attitude and knowledge base. This project suggests knowledge and attitude changes are not dependent upon a particular type of clinical learning activity.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Professional resocialization of post-RN baccalaureate students by distance education.

Distance education is being used to increase access to post-RN baccalaureate education. One of the objectives of degree programs is the professional resocialization of post-RN students. Because of the limited contacts with the institution, faculty, and student peers, the effectiveness of professional resocialization by distance education may be questioned. In this qualitative study, the responses of 24 students who had taken distance courses in Nursing Issues from four universities were analyzed for evidence of professional resocialization. Two of the universities used a group-oriented approach to distance education; two used an individual approach. Responses of students from the four schools and the two approaches were similar. All reported more awareness of issues in nursing and most reported attitude changes reflecting a more professional orientation. Among the changes were attitudes toward baccalaureate entry to practice, nursing theory and research, and the place of nurses and nursing in society. Despite the limitations of distance education, distance courses can be influential in the professional resocialization of post-RN students.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[The effects of impolite computer messages on workers].

The purpose of this study was to clarify the effects of computer messages of varying degrees of politeness on subjects' task performance, mental state, and attitude toward computers. The task of subjects in the experiment was to type characters into the computer. When subjects made an input mistake or exceeded the time-limit, or required aid (used the HELP key), a message was given by the computer to which subjects had to reply by pressing either the "Shut up!" button or the "I am sorry" button. Before and after the experiment subjects were required to answer a questionnaire concerned with their image and attitude toward computers and the degree to which the task of typing is unpleasant. The main results were: 1) Subjects who received impolite messages felt that the message was unfriendly, but felt less unpleasantness in typing than subjects who received no message. Subjects became aggressive when impolite message were given repeatedly. 2) Subjects who received impolite messages showed positive attitude change toward computers despite the impolite messages.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

[The effects of role playing on prosocial behavior in preschool children].

The purpose was to examine the effects of two types of role-playing experience on prosocial behavior in preschool children. Subjects were 72 6-year-olds. In the Empathy role-playing (E), each pair of children enacted alternately a victim and an eyewitness using a glove puppet, in which the emphasis was only on empathizing with the victim. In the Empathy and Helping role-playing (EH), they enacted alternately a victim and a helper, in which the emphasis was on empathizing and helping a victim. In the Control role-playing (C), they played roles alternately of a customer and a salesman in a grocery store. All children were assessed as for helping and sharing behaviors for a real victim before and after the role playing session. In the comparison between pre- and post-tests for helping behavior. All groups (C, E, EH) increased helping tendency, but only in EH group the proportion of subjects, whose attitude changed from helper to non-helper. As for sharing behavior, all three groups increased the number of sharing significantly in the post-test.

Child↗
PubMed1978

The effects of zero population growth on the incidence of cleft lip and palate in Western Australia.

A total of 613 cases of cleft lip, cleft palate, and combinations of both (CLP(P)) has been ascertained in the period from 1958 to 1975 in Western Australia. Near-total ascertainment of cases during this period was obtained from multiple sources. There has been a significant decline in the total incidence and the cleft lip and palate (CLP) incidence in males. The hypothesis is presented that these changes are linked to the changing fertility pattern throughout Australia (as technological improvements are made in the simplicity and efficacy of birth control), and abortion (as social attitudes change); and as the birthrate drops towards zero population growth (ZPG). The paper presents two critical observations: (i) the link between CLP(P) incidence, and demographic changes; (ii) in differing behaviour of cleft lip (CL) and CLP, which were previously regarded as linked conditions.

Australia↗
PubMed1976

Sex role stereotypes: developmental aspects and early intervention.

A total of 122 children participated in 2 experiments that examined the utility of sumbolic modeling stimuli in modifying sex role stereotypes. Results disclosed that, while some aspects of sex role stereotypes are present at age 3, other aspects are acquired between the third and fourth year of life. Additionally, males were found to exhibit more stereotyped responses than females. As predicted, brief presentations of illustrated stories involving egalitarian sex role models reduced stereotypic thinking. Interaction effects revealed that an egalitarian literature presentation was more effective at age 5 than age 4 and more effective for females than males. Finally, egalitarian symbolic models in films p-oduced more enduring attitude change on several measures than similar models in picture books.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1975

Problem oriented medical records: their impact on staff communication, attitudes and decision making.

A comparative, two-stage between hospital study involving university rehabilitation centers was undertaken to evaluate the impact of the problem oriented medical record (POMR) on staff communication, attitude change and decision making. Staff characteristics varied from one center to another. The semantic differential component of the project did not reveal any change due to the POMR in the staff perception of the medical record, the health care team or the various health professions. However, team function with respect to the management of specific patients improved in the centers which implemented the POMR during the time period of the project.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1975

Sexual attitude reassessment workshops: effect on spinal cord injured adults, their partners and rehabilitation professionals.

Five workshops, focused on the sexuality of adults with acquired spinal cord injuries, were offered for rehabilitation professionals and spinal cord injures adults between December 1971 and October 1972 by the University of Minnesota's Program in Human Sexuality and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. The fifth workshop was jointly sponsored with the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (AAPM&R) and included an optional third day on sexual counseling. The objectives of the workshops were to assist the professional to be more helpful with others and the disabled to be more helpful to themselves. These objectives were accomplished by demythologizing sexual behavior, desensationalizing sexual stimuli and aiding the disabled person and professional to come to an understanding and acceptance of the sexuality of themselves as well as others. Preworkshop, immediately postworkshop and follow-up questionnaires evaluated the effects of the seminars upon all participants: disabled, able-bodied, professional and nonprofessional. Of the 76 who returned anonymous questionnaires mailed to the 95 spinal cord injured adults and their partners, 96.0 per cent reported that they were gland they attended, 82.8 per cent stated that they were personally benefited and 90.8 per cent reported that they would recommend the program to others like themselves. Of the 168 signed evaluations, 119 were returned by the professional group. Of 112 indicating that they or their institutions were currently involved in providing sexual counseling and education to the physically disabled, 97.3 per cent reported that the University of Minnesota workshop had given ideas, impetus or form to the current effort. Sexual attitudes and attitude changes in the AAPM&R-sponsered workshop were similar to those measured in participants in other workshops involving medical and seminary students and community members. Further workshops have been planned based upon these results.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1992

Advertising and the dental profession. Retrospective and prospective.

"Advertising" has become a very controversial topic, not just among dentists, but among all professionals. That controversy focuses on three questions. First, what are the legal issues surrounding dental advertising and how are these issues being resolved? Second, what are the attitudes toward advertising among practicing dentists and how are these attitudes changing? Finally, how many dentists advertise and what are those advertising dentists actually doing? The purpose of this paper is to neither praise nor excoriate advertising, but to refer to the law and to published research in order to provide dental practitioners with a broader understanding of this topic.

Advertising↗