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PubMed2005

Do automatic reactions elicited by thoughts of romantic partner, mother, and self relate to adult romantic attachment?

Three studies tested the expectation that automatic reactions elicited by the mental representation of one's current romantic partner, mother, and self relate to adult romantic attachment. Adult romantic attachment was assessed using multiple measures, and individual differences in automatic reactions were assessed by the Implicit Association Test (IAT). Studies 1 and 2 showed that automatic reactions elicited by thoughts of current romantic partner, but not by thoughts of self, were related to adult romantic attachment assessed at a specific (i.e., within one's current romantic relationship) and general level (i.e., across all romantic relationships). The pattern of results was stronger among individuals identified as attachment-schematic. Studies 2 and 3 showed that automatic reactions elicited by thoughts of one's mother were related to adult romantic attachment assessed at a general level. In all three studies, results did not differ depending on how adult romantic attachment was conceptualized (four styles vs. two dimensions).

Adult↗
PubMed1984

A system for graphic representation during stereotaxic procedures.

A method is presented wherein the attachment of linear potentiometers to the electrode carrier of a standard stereotaxic headholder permits the use of a reference voltage and an X-Y recorder to generate rapid, accurate graphic representations of various neural structures within the field of the electrode. The method is described in application to studies in rat and cat.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Empirical evidence supporting the conceptual relatedness of object representations and internal working models.

The proliferation of new developmental and clinical theories broadly termed "psychoanalytic" demands a methodology for making systematic comparisons to establish the commonalities and distinctions among them. This article presents an empirical method for the comparative evaluation of such theories. The Mother-To-Child Object Representation / Internal Working Model Q-sort is a 100-item instrument constructed to assess the quality of the prototypical mother's object representation and internal working model of her child at age five. Object relations judges were asked to sort these items for a complex, differentiated, integrated object representation of a five-year-old, attachment judges for a secure, coherent, freely valuing internal working model of a five-year-old. Judges' criterion Q-sorts in each group yielded a composite criterion Q-sort of the quality of the prototypical mother's mental representation of her child according to each group's theoretical perspective. The Spearman-Brown correlation between the two composite criterion Q-sorts was r = .90, p < .001 , suggesting that when confined to a 100-item common vocabulary, judges representing each theoretical construct agreed on the conceptual relatedness of object representations and internal working models. The theoretical constructs of object representations and internal working models share common assumptions in need of further exploration.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Considerations in the treatment of the adult blind patient.

This paper contends that blindness is not a single clinical determinant, but, rather, that there are two groups of blind people for whom the treatment considerations are quite different. For those congenitally blind, lack of vision can cause developmental difficulties, e.g., impairments in human attachment, object permanence, and self-representation. For those who later acquire blindness, the premorbid psychodynamics and object relationships are most important in understanding the person's reactions to his/her disability. Two adult cases are presented to illustrate these phenomena in the context of psychotherapy.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

A descriptive study of meaning of illness in chronic renal disease.

AIM: To explore the subjective meaning of illness in a sample of renal patients. BACKGROUND: Patients' illness representations, such as the meaning they attach to illness, may affect their coping and adaptation. Improved understanding in this area may therefore benefit patient care. Meaning of illness has not previously been explored in renal disease. DESIGN AND METHODS: Cross-sectional survey (n=405) in a single regional renal unit in the North of England. Ethical approval was obtained and patients gave written consent. The instrument used was an eight-item schema, based on the work of Lipowski (1970, Psychiatry in Medicine 1, 91-102). Field notes regarding rationale for choice were recorded concurrently, then content analysed to enable identification of themes. The chi-square test (significance level P < 0.05) was used to analyse differences in selected meaning in older and younger patients; males and females; and patient groups (predialysis, haemodialysis and transplant). FINDINGS: 'Challenge' was selected by most patients (n=253, 62.5%), with similar results in all three patient groups. Slightly more older than younger patients selected 'challenge', although the difference was not statistically significant and older patients more commonly had a fatalistic interpretation of the option. More men selected 'challenge' than women. Those selecting 'challenge' and 'value' appeared to have a more positive outlook than other patients. CONCLUSIONS: Patients had identifiable meanings for their illness, and these may be associated with their response to renal disease. The schema appeared to be comprehensive, but is in need of further refinement. Consideration of the possible influence of social desirability is necessary.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2004

Informant personality descriptions of postintimate stalkers using the five factor profile.

Psychological descriptions of stalkers are few, especially nonforensic cases. As direct assessment is often hindered by lack of cooperation, assessment by informants may be a next-best approach. Indirect assessment may be most fruitfully applied among postintimate stalkers using instruments that are specifically validated for this purpose. Accordingly, in this study, we documented the psychological profile of 112 male postintimate stalkers as judged by ex-partners and/or subsequent victims using the Five Factor Personality Inventory (Hendriks, Hofstee, & de Raad, 1999b) and indexes of attachment and psychopathology. As compared to the Dutch norms, postintimate stalkers were described as extremely low on Agreeableness and moderately low on Conscientiousness and Emotional Stability. Most often insecurely attached with underlying negative self-representations, they were characterized as relatively functional people with strong sensitivities to rejection, abandonment, and loss.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Modelling the mechanical effect of muscles with large attachment sites: application to the shoulder mechanism.

A general theory is described for deriving the mechanical effect of muscles with large attachment sites. In a cadaver experiment the complete attachment sites and bundle distribution of 16 muscles of the shoulder mechanism were recorded. These data were used to calculate the mechanical effect, i.e. the resulting force and moment vector, for a large number (200) and a reduced number (maximal 6) of muscle lines of action. The resulting error between both representations is small. The number of muscle lines of action in the reduced representation depends on the shape of the attachment site and muscle architecture. An important feature of this method is that the necessary number of muscle lines of action is determined afterwards. In the often used centroid line approach the number of muscle lines of action and partitioning of muscles is determined before recording the geometry, leading to unverifiable results.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed2000

Narrative representations of caregivers and self in maltreated pre-schoolers.

This study examined narrative representations of parents and of self, as well as child behavior during the assessment, in maltreated (N = 56) and demographically comparable non-maltreated (N = 37) pre-school-aged children in a one-year longitudinal study. Maltreated children evidenced more negative representations of parents and of self at Time 2, including the juxta-position of both a negative and a grandiose self. Over time there was a marginal interaction such that maltreated children portrayed fewer disciplining parent representations and nonmaltreated children portrayed more. Also over time, maltreated children portrayed marginally more grandiose self-representations and nonmaltreated children fewer. Furthermore, maltreated children demonstrated less responsivity to the examiner over time and nonmaltreated children demonstrated more. The deleterious effects of maltreatment on representations of self and of others, especially as development proceeds, are discussed, and the importance of providing attachment-informed intervention prior to the consolidation of these negative representations is highlighted.

Child Abuse↗
PubMed2000

Conjoint control of hippocampal place cell firing by two visual stimuli. Ii. A vector-field theory that predicts modifications of the representation of the environment.

Changing the angular separation between two visual stimuli attached to the wall of a recording cylinder causes the firing fields of place cells to move relative to each other, as though the representation of the floor undergoes a topological distortion. The displacement of the firing field center of each cell is a vector whose length is equal to the linear displacement and whose angle indicates the direction that the field center moves in the environment. Based on the observation that neighboring fields move in similar ways, whereas widely separated fields tend to move relative to each other, we develop an empirical vector-field model that accounts for the stated effects of changing the card separation. We then go on to show that the same vector-field equation predicts additional aspects of the experimental results. In one example, we demonstrate that place cell firing fields undergo distortions of shape after the card separation is changed, as though different parts of the same field are affected by the stimulus constellation in the same fashion as fields at different locations. We conclude that the vector-field formalism reflects the organization of the place-cell representation of the environment for the current case, and through suitable modification may be very useful for describing motions of firing patterns induced by a wide variety of stimulus manipulations.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2001

Cognitive performance and attachment patterns at four years of age in extremely low birth weight infants after early intervention.

This study aims at assessing the effects of an early occupational therapy intervention on the cognitive development and the development of attachment patterns in ELBW infants. The intervention, given weekly at home from six months to 12 months, aimed at supporting parent-child interaction and enhancing motor control and coordination. The study population consisted of 100 ELBW infants matched in pairs in accordance to their pre-perinatal risk scores and allocated successively to intervention or non-intervention groups. Cognitive development was assessed with the Bayley Scales at age two and with the WPPSI at age four. Attachment to primary caregiver was assessed with the Preschool Assessment of Attachment (PAA). Cognitive performance was within age norms in both groups at both ages. Intervention did not show any effect on cognitive performance at the age of two years. At the age of four years, cognitive level was overall, and most notably for verbal performance, higher in the intervention group than in the control group. There was an over-representation of the so-called atypical attachment patterns (those not fitting the normative A, B, or C categories) in the control group. The results are discussed in terms of finding more global ways to support the development of at risk pre-term children.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1997

Adult attachment in a nationally representative sample.

The explosion of adult attachment research in the last decade has been limited by its reliance on college student and distressed samples. Using a large nationally representative sample of American adults, the authors examined the relation of sociodemographics, childhood adversity, parental representations, adult psychopathology, and personality traits to adult attachment in an effort to replicate previous findings and extend the theory. Distribution of adult attachment styles was similar to that in prior studies: 59% secure, 25% avoidant, and 11% anxious. Adult attachment was associated with several sociodemographic variables (e.g., income, age, race) not previously studied. Childhood adversities of an interpersonal nature were strongly related to insecure adult attachment. Various types of adult psychopathologies and personality traits were also strongly related to adult attachment. Implications for adult attachment theory and future research are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

[Maternal representations during pregnancy and early mother-infant interactions].

In this paper we aim to explore how maternal representations during pregnancy influence the early mother-infant interactions and the style of attachment of the baby. Two different cases are presented in order to focus on how maternal representations of herself as a mother and of the future baby influence the early interactions and the style of attachment of the children. It is stressed in one case the particular fixity of the maternal phantasmatic world and in the other the modifiability which can be influenced, in the latter case, by the conscious fantasies and the relationship with her own family and her own child.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Breaking the intergenerational cycle of insecure attachment: a review of the effects of attachment-based interventions on maternal sensitivity and infant security.

In this paper the effectiveness of preventive or therapeutic interventions aiming at enhancing parental sensitivity and children's attachment security is addressed. Sixteen pertinent studies have been reviewed, and 12 studies have been included in a quantitative meta-analysis (N = 869). Results show that interventions are more effective in changing parental insensitivity (d = .58) than in changing children's attachment insecurity (d = .17). Longer, more intensive, and therapeutic interventions appear to be less effective than short-term preventive interventions. Interventions which are effective at the behavioral level may not necessarily lead to changes in insecure mental representations of the parents involved. The implications of changes at the behavioral level (sensitivity; attachment) without accompanying changes at the representational level will be discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Culture as an internal representation.

IN ADDITION to many of the more traditional anthropological views of culture, it may be understood as a phenomenon in the minds of individuals. This "internal representation" of culture may be seen as the product, viewed from the inside, of the experience through the life cycle of the emotional attachment to a cultural group. Not only does the internal representation of culture play a role as carrier of values, attitudes, and other such phenomena usually relegated to the realm of the superego, but it also has a significant psychological function in individual development. This may be demonstrated especially with regard to the development and maintenance of a cohesive sense of self. In this brief paper, I would like to present an instance of what may be understood about the development of this internal, experientially based self from the point of view of a psychoanalytically informed anthropological research model.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1977

Orientation of interphase chromosomes as detected by Giemsa C-bands.

The orientation of Giemsa C-bands has been studied in mitotic and interphase cells of Allium cepa. A sativum and of Aloe vera. The C-bands in these three species are located at the telomeres, secondary constriction region of the nucleolar chromosomes and the centromeric regions, respectively. Observations in A. cepa and Aloe indicate clearly that the interphase chromosomes are non-random in their orientation and possibly maintain their telophase configuration through the attachment of telomeres and perhaps of kinetochores with the nuclear membrane. Electron micrographs of onion cells also reveal that certain heterochromatic segments are associated with the nuclear membrane.--The nucleolar interstitial C-bands in A. sativum remain free in the nucleoplasm and may come close to each other due to heterochromatic attraction. Such a heterochromatic attraction is also evident between telomeric regions and between centromeres. However, a two by two attachment could not be noticed. A diagrammatic representation of the orientation of interphase chromosomes has been presented.

Azure Stains↗
PubMed1988

Bacterial attachment and inflammation in the urinary tract.

The mechanism whereby attachment enhances Escherichia coli virulence in the urinary tract was studied by a detailed analysis of the host response to bacteriuria. Episodes of bacteriuria in 1473 children were followed prospectively from 1970 to 1984. To study the inflammatory response to the bacteriuric epidoses, we recorded body temperature, C-reactive protein, microsedimentation rate, urinary leukocyte count, and renal concentrating capacity. Bacterial isolates from each episode were identified and saved, and the adhesive capacity of 2669 E. coli strains was defined by their binding to galactose alpha 1----4galactose beta-containing receptors. Inflammatory response was significantly higher and renal concentrating capacity significantly lower during episodes caused by attaching strains. There was a linear relation between the number of indicators of inflammation and the proportion of galactose alpha 1----4galactose beta-binding strains present. Vesicoureteric reflux potentiated the inflammatory response. Attaching strains of E. coli thus appeared to be more capable of causing inflammation than were other bacteria. The potentiating effect of attachment on inflammation explains the over-representation of galactose alpha 1----4galactose beta-recognizing bacteria in patients with acute pyelonephritis.

Bacterial Adhesion↗
PubMed1982

The role of chondronectin and cartilage proteoglycan in the attachment of chondrocytes to collagen.

The interaction of cells with collagen has previously been demonstrated to be of importance in the growth and differentiation of various cells (reviewed by Hay 1981; Kleinman, et al 1981). Chondronectin has been demonstrated to be involved in mediating the interaction of chondrocytes with their matrix. Unlike fibronectin, which binds directly to collagen before the cell can interact with this macromolecular complex, chondronectin must interact with cartilage proteoglycan monomer in order to function efficiently as an attachment factor. Figure 4 is a schematic representation of the interaction between chondrocytes and their matrix components. We suggest that if these specific interactions are perturbed by the introduction of some outside factor, the phenotypic expression of the cells could be altered. For example, chondrocytes are not normally associated with fibronectin (Dessau, et al 1978; Stenman, Vaheri 1978). However, if chondrocytes are grown in the presence of fibronectin they will become more fibroblastic and stop making the cartilage-specific molecules of type II collagen and cartilage proteoglycan (Pennypacker, et al 1979; West et al 1979). Consequently, it is possible that the specific interactions seen between chondrocytes, chondronectin, type II collagen, and proteoglycan may be essential for the maintenance of the chondrocyte phenotype.

Animals↗