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PubMedDate not supplied

[Unexpected occurence of hemoglobin Athens-Georgia].

The following report concerned a 47 year old Caucasian diabetic patient. Routine HPLC of HbA1c (Variant II Biorad Laboratories - hemoglobin A1c program) resulted only in the evidence of HbF (1%) and increase in HbA1c (10%). Considering the presence of HbF a standard agarose gel electrophoresis of patient's hemoglobin was performed and revealed the presence of Hb Athens-Georgia. Consequently the occurrence of HbF during determination of HbA1c by HPLC should lead to perform a standard hemoglobin electrophoresis in order to explore an hidden, unsuspected and clinically silent occurrence of rare Hb variant or additional unsuspected increase in HbA2.

Hemoglobins, Abnormal↗
PubMed2004

Algorithm for statistical detection of peaks--syndromic surveillance system for the Athens 2004 Olympic Games.

INTRODUCTION: No generally accepted procedure exists for detecting outbreaks in syndromic time series used in the surveillance of natural epidemics or biologic attacks. OBJECTIVES: This report evaluates the usefulness for syndromic surveillance of the Pulsar approach, which is based on removing long-term trends from an observed series and identifying peaks in the residual series of surveillance data with cutoffs determined by using a combination of peak height and width. METHODS: Simulations were performed to evaluate the Pulsar method and compare it with other approaches. The daily syndromic counts in emergency departments of four major hospitals in the Athens area during August 2002-August 2003 were analyzed for two common syndromes. A standardized residual series was generated by omitting trends and noise in the original data series; this series was examined for the presence of peaks (i.e., points having magnitude higher than at least one of three probabilistically determined cutoffs). The whole process was iterated, and the baseline was recalculated by assigning reduced weight to the identified peaks. RESULTS: For the specific simulation schema used, the Pulsar method fared well when compared with other approaches in meeting the performance criteria of sensitivity, specificity, and timeliness. CONCLUSIONS: Although the suggested algorithm needs further validation regarding the correspondence between detected peaks and true biologic alerts, the Pulsar technique appears effective for observing peaks in time series of syndromic events. The simplicity of the algorithm, its ability to detect peaks based not only on height but also on width, and its performance in the simulated data sets make it a promising candidate for further use in syndromic surveillance.

Algorithms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Athens, Greece. Epidemiologic classification and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of strains isolated between 1986 and 1989.

The incidence of gonorrhoea cases diagnosed in a major venereal hospital of Athens, Greece, was markedly reduced between 1986 and 1989. All 182 gonococcal isolates found during this period were epidemiologically classified into Sero-/Auxo-/Plasmid content (S/A/Pc) types. Susceptibility to six antimicrobials was also determined. Penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae (PPNG) strains were isolated in an increased frequency of 7.7% and a striking shift in their distribution into S/A/Pc types was noted from previous years. The isolates exhibited wide heterogeneity of type: none of the 14 PPNG strains was identical, while the 168 non-PPNG strains were distributed into 64 S/A/Pc types. Fifty-seven percent (57%) of the PPNG and 86% of the non-PPNG isolates were of the WII/III serogroup. Chromosomally mediated resistance to penicillin, ampicillin, or both was exhibited by 14% of the non-PPNG isolates. Greater frequency of reduced susceptibility to cefotaxime, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol was also found among PPNG and non-PPNG strains, mostly of the WII/III serogroup. Twelve percent (12%) of the non-PPNG and 57% of the PPNG strains had multiple patterns of resistance, involving 2 to 4 antimicrobials of different class lines.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Dental needs of school children of the district of Athens].

The high rate of tooth destruction of Greek children due to caries has been shown from several studies. The dental needs, the type and the cost of treatment of these children and especially those of the district of Athens have not been evaluated before. The purpose of this study was to determine these needs and evaluate the aforementioned parameters. The results of this study have shown that from the 1166 children aged 6-12 years of age, 71.6% have some problems with caries. There has been an increasing rate of the total dental needs of primary and permanent teeth from the age of 6 through the age of 12, for both sexes, although the dit index decreased after the age of 8 years. This finding partially shows that the intervention and the degree of treatment provided was very minor since the problem continued to the permanent dentition with the teeth becoming decayed immediately after they erupt. However, might be considered proof of the above the finding that the dental needs of the first permanent molar was only 1.4% at the age of 6 years while at the age of 12 years increased at 66.6%. The oral hygiene status of the children was moderate to bad for 85.9% of them and only 18.5% had a good oral hygiene. 36 per cent of the children had some orthodontic problem while a 7.4% of the total number of the children revealed crossbites. The cost of treatment and prevention per child was calculated as well and it was found that 68.7 (U.D.T.) units of Dental Treatment or 12.365 drs are required. The results of this study have shown the type the degree and cost of treatment of the dental needs of these children and the necessity for immediate intervention of treatment and comprehensive preventive measures.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Consumer product-related injuries in Athens, Ohio, 1980-85: assessment of emergency room-based surveillance.

Using the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System of the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission, I computed the average annual rates per 1,000 population of consumer product-related injuries in residents of Athens County, Ohio, and seem at one hospital. These rates do not include intentional injuries or injuries to occupants of motor vehicles, to pedestrians hit by motor vehicles, or those occurring on the job or in house fires. Average annual rates for all injuries combined ranged from 102 per 1,000 boys 10-14 years of age to 11.7 per 1.000 men 65-74 years of age. For all males, the annual rate was 53 per 1,000 and for all females, 32 per 1,000. The most common parts of the body injured were the fingers (accounting for 15% of visits), face (12%), ankle (8.5%), hands (8%), and head (7.9%). The most common injury types were lacerations (33%), contusions and abrasions (22%), sprains (16%), and fractures (13%). Hospital admission rates varied by age, sex, type of injury, and part of body injured. Comparison of a sample of NEISS records to emergency room records showed that data were abstracted by clerical personnel with a high degree of accuracy. Review of fractures of the lower leg identified a cluster of injuries in young girls from playground merry-go-rounds. Review of burn injuries identified problems with scald injuries in young adult women and with eye injuries from welding in young men. The system can be used to evaluate injury control measures taken on a local level.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Review of ovarian cancer of the University of Athens.

One hundred and eight patients with cancer of the ovaries were studied retrospectively for a period of seventeen years. All the patients were managed in the Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the University of Athens. The symptoms of the patients were: pelvic pain in 43, ascites in 27, metrorrhagia in 23 and weight loss in 12. Fifty six per cent of the patients were between 40 to 60 years old and 63% were menopause. The PAP-smear in 40% was class I or II, in 50% was class III and in 10% was class IV-V. The stage of the disease was: 3 patients stage I, stage II 38, stage III 42 and 25 stage IV. No patient had stage 0. Laparotomy was done in all the patients. Thirty eight patients had Co-treatment and 42 patients chemotherapy. The pathology report was: serous cystadeno-Ca in 40, mucinous cystadeno-Ca in 38 of the cases, adenocarcinoma 18 and 12 other types of malignant tumors. The follow up of the patients showed a five years survival rate in 10% for stage I, 25% for stage II, 5% for stage III and none for stage IV.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Diet and coronary heart disease: a case-control study in Athens, Greece.

We conducted a case-control study in Athens, Greece, between January 1990 and April 1991 to examine the association between diet and coronary heart disease. The case series comprised 329 patients with electrocardiographically confirmed first coronary infarct or a first positive coronary arteriogram, or both, who were admitted to a major teaching hospital during a 16-month period. Controls were 570 patients admitted to the same hospital for minor conditions believed to be unrelated to nutrition. Total energy intake was inversely associated with coronary heart disease risk, a quintile energy increase corresponding to a relative risk of 0.96. After controlling for total energy intake, dietary fat was positively related to coronary heart disease, and total carbohydrates were negatively related to coronary heart disease, the nutrient-specific relative risks for a quintile increase being 1.19 (95% confidence interval = 0.96-1.48) and 0.81 (95% confidence interval = 0.67-0.97), respectively. Major fat components (saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fat) did not appear to have differential risk implications for coronary heart disease; however, cooking with margarine was associated with an increased relative risk (1.87; 95% confidence interval = 0.82-4.28). Dietary proteins, cholesterol, and vitamin C were not associated with coronary heart disease.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Oral health status, treatment needs and demands of an elderly institutionalised population in Athens.

Oral health status, treatment needs and demands were investigated among 242 elderly people (63 males and 179 females) living at the largest residential home in Athens. The mean age of the sample was 83.8 years (82.8 males and 84.1 females). The oral health status was generally poor, 64.4% of the population were edentulous while 16.1% of them lacked dentures in both jaws. 43.2% of the subjects presented with denture-induced pathology of the oral mucosa, requiring either conservative or surgical treatment. The dentate subjects had an average of 12.3 teeth with 4.2 teeth requiring extraction and 2.2 teeth with coronal restorable caries. The mean Root Caries Index was found to be 18.5%. The assessment of the periodontal treatment needs according to the CPITN revealed that 9.3% of the dentate subjects needed only oral hygiene instruction, 61.5% professional scaling and 20.9% more complex periodontal treatment. Although the total percentage of subjects needing some form of dental treatment was 85.1%, only 34% of them felt that they required it and only 13.1% had tried to obtain it.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1997

Factors associated with back pain in nursing staff: a survey in Athens, Greece.

Factors associated with self-reported back pain were investigated using questionnaire data on 407 female nurses from a large hospital in Athens, Greece. Factor analysis was used to construct indices of pain and its impact on normal life, and also to summarize work load descriptions. Pain factors were examined in relation to work load and personal characteristics by logistic regression. Statistically significant items, in relation both to pain and impact, were the existence of previous back injury, self-reported headaches and the 'carrying and lifting' factor of work load which principally included moving equipment. Age, height and weight were not associated with back pain. Compared to a similar study by Harber and colleagues in California, United States of America, the factors associated with back pain were quite similar in this study even though the prevalence of back pain was much higher among Greek nurses and their work load was physically much more demanding.

Back Pain↗
PubMed2004

Autopsy findings from 111 deaths in the 1999 Athens earthquake as a basis for auditing the emergency response.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to assess the emergency response to an earthquake. METHODS: This retrospective study, based on formal autopsy findings from 111 earthquake-related deaths, evaluated demographic data, circumstances of death, rescue time, mechanisms of injury, causes of death, Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS 90) and Injury Severity Score (ISS) values, vital functions, co-morbidity and preventable deaths. RESULTS: The median extrication time for 99 of 102 victims buried or trapped in collapsed buildings was 2.1 (range 0.1-7.8) days. Deaths were cause by blunt injuries, asphyxia and myocardial infarction. Injuries impaired the airway, breathing, circulation, and brain or spinal functions in 10.5, 61.9, 46.6 and 57.1 per cent of the victims respectively. The 105 injured victims were classified into three main categories. The first comprised 36 victims (34.3 per cent) with injuries not compatible with life (ISS 75), the second included 38 victims (36.2 per cent) who suffered life-threatening injuries (ISS 9-74) but had no evidence of asphyxia, and the third category contained 31 victims (29.5 per cent) with findings of asphyxia and an ISS of 1-18. The reviewers concluded that 13 trauma-related deaths and 31 deaths from asphyxia were potentially preventable. CONCLUSION: A method based on detailed evaluation of deaths provided information with which to audit the emergency response to an earthquake.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

A case-control study of cancer of endometrium in Athens.

Eighty-three women with invasive adenocarcinoma of the endometrium and 164 control women hospitalized for various orthopedic conditions were interviewed regarding demographic, reproductive, socio-economic and biomedical characteristics, including their use of tobacco, drugs and exogenous estrogens. The data were analyzed by modelling rate ratio (r) through multiple logistic regression. The main results were as follows: women with invasive adenocarcinoma of the endometrium had earlier menarche (r = 0.82 for every additional year; one-tailed p approx. 0.04), later menopause (r = 1.50 for a 5-year difference; one-tailed p approx. 0.004), and fewer live-born children (r = 0.86 for every additional child; one-tailed p approx. 0.08); they were also taller (r = 1.33 for a 5-cm difference; one-tailed p approx 0.03), whereas weight, adjusted for height, was not a statistically significant risk indicator (one-tailed p approx. 0.38). Regular use of combination oral contraceptives was associated with a reduced risk of endometrial cancer (r = 0.56), whereas intake of menopausal estrogens for more than 6 months was associated with an increased risk (r = 2.04); however, because of the low frequency of use of exogenous estrogen preparations in Greece, neither of these 2 results was statistically significant. Tobacco smoking was associated with a significantly reduced risk of endometrial cancer; smoking 15-20 cigarettes per day for 20 years was associated with a rate ratio of 0.49 (one-tailed p approx. 0.03). The protective effect of tobacco smoking was evident only among post-menopausal women. These results indicate that the risk profile of endometrial cancer is similar in high-risk and low-risk countries, and underline the importance of unopposed estrogenic stimulation in the pathogenesis of this cancer.

Adult↗