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PubMed2000

Gender, affiliation, assertion, and the interactive context of parent-child play.

Ninety-eight young U.S. children (mean age = 48 months) with either European, Latin American, or multiple ethnic backgrounds were videotaped with their mothers and their fathers on separate occasions in their families' homes. Parent-child pairs played for 8 min each with a feminine-stereotyped toy set (foods and plates) and a masculine-stereotyped toy set (track and cars). Levels of affiliation (engaging vs. distancing) and assertion (direct vs. nondirect) were rated on 7-point scales every 5 s from the videotapes for both parent and child. Overall, the play activity accounted for a large proportion of the variance in parents' and children's mean affiliation and assertion ratings. Some hypothesized gender-related differences in behavior were also observed. In addition, exploratory analyses revealed some differences between the different ethnic groups. The results highlight the importance of role modeling and activity settings in the socialization and social construction of gender.

Assertiveness↗
PubMed1989

Conversation memory: the effects of speaker status on memory for the assertiveness of conversation remarks.

We conducted three experiments to examine the effects of information about a speaker's status on memory for the assertiveness of his or her remarks. Subjects either read (Experiments 1 and 2) or listened to a conversation (Experiment 3) and were later tested for their memory of the target speaker's remarks with either a recognition (Experiment 1) or a recall procedure (Experiments 2 and 3). In all experiments the target speaker's ostensible status was manipulated. In Experiment 1, subjects who believed the speaker was high in status were less able later to distinguish between remarks from the conversation and assertive paraphrases of those remarks. This result was replicated in Experiment 2, but only when the status information was provided before subjects read the conversation and not when the information was provided after the conversation had been read. Experiment 2's results eliminate a reconstructive memory interpretation and suggest that information about a speaker's status affects the encoding of remarks. Experiment 3 examined this effect in a more ecologically representative context.

Assertiveness↗
PubMed1990

Assertiveness and social anxiety in Chinese-American women.

The notion that Chinese Americans, compared to Caucasian Americans, are passive and nonassertive was examined with self-report and behavioral measures. Chinese-Americans (n = 36) and Caucasian (n = 19) female college students were randomly assigned to one of two conditions: role-playing a series of 13 situations requiring assertion with an Asian experimenter or role-playing the same situations with a Caucasian experimenter. The Chinese-American students were as assertive as the Caucasian subjects on all behavioral measures. Only one self-report measure, the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (Watson & Friend, 1968), revealed a significant difference between the two groups; Chinese-American students were more apprehensive about social situations than Caucasian students.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1999

Assertiveness among Japanese, Malaysian, Filipino, and U.S. white-collar workers.

The author investigated modes of self-expression as they reflect the quality of assertiveness among Japanese, Malaysian, Filipino, and U.S. white-collar workers. The author collected respondents' answers to a questionnaire consisting of 33 items involving assertiveness related to modes of expression typical of the Japanese people. Several modes of expression considered specific to the Japanese people--styles of group-oriented behavior, younger people's courtesy toward older people, and the deference of the individual to group consensus--were also found among the Malaysian and the Filipino respondents. These behaviors were in contrast to those observed among the U.S. respondents.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Preorgasmic group treatment: assertiveness, marital adjustment and sexual function in women.

Five measures were used in this study to assess preorgasmic group treatment: Gambill-Richey Assertiveness Scale, Dyadic Adjustment Scale, Sexual Arousal Inventory, Survey of Sexual Activity, and General Information Questionnaire. The total sample (N = 70) was made up of two groups: a control group of 32 women and a treatment group of 38 women who had completed preorgasmic group treatment. Analysis of the data showed that the treatment group women were having orgasms more frequently, had developed significantly more positive feelings about themselves, and established better communication with their partners. In assertiveness, the treatment group was somewhat higher, while no significant differences were found on the Dyadic Adjustment Scale. Of most significance for future research was the finding of increased sexual arousal for treatment group women.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Seropositive individuals willingness to communicate, self-efficacy, and assertiveness prior to HIV infection.

The purpose of this study was to examine possible communication similarities between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive and HIV negative individuals. Forty HIV positive heterosexuals, who were infected through heterosexual sex, completed an on-line questionnaire to assess their safer sexual communication, willingness to communicate, condom self-efficacy, and assertiveness prior to HIV infection. Results indicate that prior to infection, HIV positive heterosexuals reported having similar safer sexual communication behaviors to those not infected with the virus. Participants in this study reported high levels of willingness to engage in safer sex communication, but low levels of actual communication. Further, results reveal that participants who engaged more often in safer sex communication were more likely to use condoms. Additionally, participants reported high levels of condom self-efficacy and moderate levels of assertiveness; both variables positively correlated with condom use. Finally, participants reported that they believed they did not need to discuss using condoms because they were not at risk. Previous safer sexual communication research reveals HIV negative individuals reported engaging in the same behaviors and holding the same beliefs reported by seropositive individuals. Hence, discussion of the importance of safer sexual communication and the utility of personalization to increase the communication of HIV negative individuals is explored.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Essentials for effective communication in oncology nursing: assertiveness, conflict management, delegation, and motivation.

The ability to communicate effectively with a multidisciplinary team in an assertive manner to resolve conflict, motivate others, and delegate tasks is a prerequisite skill to promote a harmonious work environment. Acquisition of this skill is often a combination of inherent attributes and learned experiences. This article describes a program on assertiveness, conflict resolution, motivation of others, and delegation. Nurses are encouraged to seek expertise from other departments (e.g., Human Resources) to help them develop similar programs.

Ambulatory Care↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Essentials for effective communication in oncology nursing: assertiveness, conflict management, delegation, and motivation.

The ability to communicate effectively with a multidisciplinary team in an assertive manner to resolve conflict, motivate others, and delegate tasks is a prerequisite skill to promote a harmonious work environment. Acquisition of this skill is often a combination of inherent attributes and learned experiences. This article describes a program on assertiveness, conflict resolution, motivation of others, and delegation. Nurses are encouraged to seek expertise from other departments (e.g., Human Resources) to help them develop similar programs.

Ambulatory Care↗
PubMed2004

Assertive outreach nurses' experience of engagement.

There are currently no studies available in the literature to highlight nurses' experiences of the assertive outreach (AO) engagement process. This study aimed to understand how AO nurses experience this process and what can be learned from it. The participants were five nurses working in a rural AO service in one county. Methodological considerations were rooted in the work of Martin Heidegger and the data analysed using the hermeneutic phenomenological thematic method. The data-gathering tool was semi-structured interviews. Seven major themes emerged to construct the nurses' understanding of their experience of assertive engagement. These were: (1) having time; (2) anticipatory persistence and tired dejection; (3) pressure, relief and satisfaction; (4) being the human professional confluence; (5) accepting anxiety and fear; (6) working and learning together; and (7) bringing the caring attitude. This paper focuses on the seven emerging themes and discusses the implications and recommendations for nurses practising in the AO setting.

Anecdotes as Topic↗
PubMed1984

Relaxation and assertive training as automated adjunct behaviour therapy administered in a self-control orientation with psychiatric patients.

The present study evaluated the efficacy of two automated behavioural treatment modalities used as a self-control strategy (deep muscle relaxation and assertive training) as compared to two control groups (attention/placebo and no behavioural treatment) in a psychiatric out-patient population. Results indicate that, as compared to the other groups, the relaxation group achieved a clinically substantial and statistically significant change. Furthermore, the efficacy of automated relaxation used as a self-control strategy is sufficient to warrant its introduction as an adjunct psychiatric therapy in out-patient psychiatric settings. More research is needed before automated assertive training as a self-control strategy can be introduced to the clinic as an adjunct therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Interrogative suggestibility: its relationship with assertiveness, social-evaluative anxiety, state anxiety and method of coping.

This paper attempts to investigate empirically in 30 subjects some of the theoretical components related to individual differences that are thought by Gudjonsson & Clark (1986) to mediate interrogative suggestibility as measured by the Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scale (GSS; Gudjonsson, 1984a). The variables studied were: assertiveness, social-evaluative anxiety, state anxiety and the coping methods subjects are able to generate and implement during interrogation. Low assertiveness and high evaluative anxiety were found to correlate moderately with suggestibility, but no significant correlations emerged for 'social avoidance and distress'. State anxiety correlated significantly with suggestibility, particularly after negative feedback had been administered. Coping methods (active-cognitive/behavioural vs. avoidance) significantly predicted suggestibility scores. The findings give strong support to the theoretical model of Gudjonsson & Clark.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1989

The assertive community treatment worker: an emerging role and its implications for professional training.

Assertive community treatment programs are designed to prevent the rehospitalization or homelessness of long-term mental health consumers and to improve their quality of life through the provision of intensive, "in vivo" help with everyday activities. The role of the assertive community treatment worker begins with the identification and engagement of appropriate consumers; proceeds to the development and implementation of practical intervention plans; includes home visiting, in-the-field skill development, and resource brokering, with an emphasis on concrete problem solving; includes close collaboration with inpatient workers and families; and entails the assumption of ultimate professional responsibility for the consumers' well-being. To prepare students for this role, training programs should strengthen their curricula in the areas of professional attitudes, values, and beliefs; biological, psychological, sociological, and historical foundations; and intervention methods appropriate for long-term consumers.

Assertiveness↗
PubMed2004

Expanding nurses' participation in ethics: an empirical examination of ethical activism and ethical assertiveness.

This research project investigated the extent to which nurses engage in two important kinds of ethical behaviours: ethical activism (where they try to make hospitals more receptive to nurses' participation in ethics deliberations) and ethical assertiveness (where they participate in ethics deliberations even when not formally invited). This research probed not only the extent to which nurses engage in these ethical behaviours but also whether this is influenced by professional, training and organizational factors. A random sample of 165 nurses from three major hospitals in Los Angeles provided the data. Regression analyses indicate that both ethical activism and ethical assertiveness are strongly influenced by nurses' perceptions of the receptivity of hospitals to their inclusion in ethics deliberations. In addition, nurses' education in ethics is a significant predictor of ethical activism. The findings have important implications for the content of nurses' ethics training as well as for expanding the boundaries of nurses' participation in ethics deliberations. The authors define ethics deliberations as specific meetings of a number of people to discuss an ethical issue, such as one regarding the care of a patient.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Assertiveness, locus of control and coping behaviors used to diminish tension.

To investigate how coping behaviors may be preconditioned by assertiveness and locus of control, a questionnaire was given to 133 undergraduates of whom 87% reported recent tension attributed mainly to academic pressures. From a list of 22 common coping reactions, the students were asked to check those they use to deal with their tensions. The coping responses were also correlated with scores on an assertiveness inventory (AES) and Rotter's Internal-External Locus of Control (I-E) Scale. Reliance on one's own initiatives and turning to significant others were the responses most frequently reported as reactions to tension while seeking professional help was ranked last. Male students more frequently reported using marijuana or seeking sexual comfort than females, while females more frequently reported dysfunctional reactions such as spending endless hours thinking about the problem. The AES correlated significantly with problem-solving approaches. The IE Scale showed internals more inclined to meditate; externals indicated a greater likelihood to seek professional help, fantasize, or drink alcohol.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1982

Differences in assertion and aggression between normal and neurotic family triads.

Compared assertive and aggressive behavior of 12 normal and 12 neurotic family triads using the Interpersonal Behavior Schedule and a semi-automated behavioral role playing task. Normal families were chosen from files of nonpsychiatric patients of a general hospital; neurotic families were chosen from psychiatric files in the same hospital. Neurotic families manifested disturbed marital relationships, neurotic symptoms in at least one member (but no psychotic behavior or organically based symptoms), a constricted emotional climate, and/or underachievement problems in the male adolescent. Results indicated that normals were significantly more assertive than the neurotic family group. The neurotic group reported less aggressiveness than the normal families. It was demonstrated in the self report data that the neurotic group seemed to be suppressing or denying their aggressive impulses more than the normals. The influence of powerful demand characteristics and individual and family defenses on the subjects' behavior was also discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Sexual assertiveness in heterosexually active men: a test of three samples.

Heterosexually active men have great potential to increase condom use rates during sexual encounters. However, this potential cannot be realized if men are not assertive with their partners regarding condom use. This study reports on the examination of condom-specific sexual assertiveness (SA) in three independent samples of heterosexually active men. In so doing, a reliable and brief four-item measure of SA was developed from a measure previously used with women. Across all three samples, those with higher SA were significantly more likely to be further along the condom stages of change, and significantly less likely to have engaged in unprotected sex. Results suggest that SA is a meaningful construct for men and that increasing SA in men may result in subsequent increases in safer sexual behaviors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Alcohol, aggression and assertiveness in men: dosage and expectancy effects.

The effect of alcohol on aggression and assertiveness was examined in 54 men college students. A 2 (high vs low dosage expectancy) x 3 (0.0, 0.5 and 1.0 ml of 95% alcohol per kg of body weight) design was used. There was an increase in self-reported aggression at the moderate dosage but an increase only in profanity at the high dosage. The expectancy manipulation also produced an increase in self-reported aggression. Actual dosage and dosage expectancy did not influence assertiveness.

Aggression↗
PubMed1987

Passive and assertive student interventions in public and private drunken driving situations.

The types and frequency of interventions used to prevent drunken driving across four different locations is examined. A drinking survey of 247 students provided 97 subjects who indicated that someone had attempted to prevent them from driving under the influence (DUI). Results suggest that the location of the drinking modestly influences the type of intervention, that the more assertive intervention has a higher success rate and that private or more intimate gatherings promote less assertive interventions. Given the failure of deterrence, further understanding of how, why, when and who does and does not intervene, and what, when and who is and is not successful are promising research directions. Most importantly, however, is the need to conceptualize drunken drivers and the reactions to their potential DUI. It is suggested that the social support-stress literature may be useful in that it provides us with a social psychology of both effective and ineffective crises management. Status and age characteristics are the sociological parameters that must be included if we are to clarify and improve our understanding and move toward an informed policy.

Accidents, Traffic↗