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At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

The relationship between anthropometry and serum concentrations of alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes, liver-enzymes, albumin, and bilirubin.

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is present in human preadipocytes. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between anthropometry and serum levels of ALP isoenzymes, liver enzymes, albumin, and bilirubin. Anthropometric variables; serum total, bone, liver, and intestinal ALP levels; and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), albumin, total protein, total bilirubin, and g-glutamyltransferase serum levels were measured in 100 volunteers. The levels (given as median [interquartile range]) for total (74.0 U/L [30.0 U/L] vs 62.0 U/L [22.0 U/L]; P <.05) and liver ALP (37.3 U/L [14.6 U/L] vs 26.1 U/L [12.0 U/L]; P < .05) were higher in obese than in lean subjects. The levels of the other ALP isoenzymes and blood analytes were not significantly different between these groups. Albumin and ALT were the only blood proteins studied with serum levels that correlated significantly with waist circumference. This present study demonstrates a relationship between abdominal obesity and serum ALT levels and between body mass index and ALP levels. These findings suggest that serum ALP, particularly liver ALP, is derived from adipose and hepatic tissue.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Visceral and central abdominal fat and anthropometry in relation to diabetes in Asian Indians.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to examine body fat distribution using computed tomography (CT), dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), and anthropometry in relation to type 2 diabetes in urban Asian Indians. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This is a case-control study of 82 type 2 diabetic and 82 age- and sex-matched nondiabetic subjects from the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study, an ongoing epidemiological study in southern India. Visceral, subcutaneous, and total abdominal fat were measured using CT, while DEXA was used to measure central abdominal and total body fat. Anthropometric measures included BMI, waist circumference, sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD), and waist-to-hip ratio. RESULTS: Visceral and central abdominal fat showed a strong correlation with each other (P <0.0001), and kappa analysis revealed a fairly good agreement between tertiles of visceral and central abdominal fat (kappa=0.44, P <0.0001). Diabetic subjects had significantly higher visceral (P=0.005) and central abdominal (P=0.011) fat compared with nondiabetic subjects. Waist circumference and SAD showed a strong correlation with visceral (P <0.01) and central abdominal (P <0.0001) fat in both diabetic and nondiabetic subjects. Logistic regression analysis revealed visceral (odds ratio [OR] 1.011, P=0.004) and central abdominal (OR 1.001, P=0.013) fat to be associated with diabetes, even after adjusting for age and sex. CONCLUSIONS: Visceral and central abdominal fat showed a strong association with type 2 diabetes. Both measures correlated well with each other and with waist circumference and SAD in diabetic and nondiabetic urban Asian Indians.

Abdomen↗
PubMed2004

Mechanical properties and anthropometry of the human infant head.

The adult head has been studied extensively and computationally modeled for impact, however there have been few studies that attempt to quantify the mechanical properties of the pediatric skull. Likewise, little documentation of pediatric anthropometry exists. We hypothesize that the properties of the human pediatric skull differ from the human adult skull and exhibit viscoelastic structural properties. Quasi-static and dynamic compression tests were performed using the whole head of three human neonate specimens (ages 1 to 11 days old). Whole head compression tests were performed in a MTS servo-hydraulic actuator. Testing was conducted using nondestructive quasi-static, and constant velocity protocols in the anterior-posterior and right-left directions. In addition, the pediatric head specimens were dropped from 15cm and 30cm and impact force-time histories were measured for five different locations: vertex, occiput, forehead, right and left parietal region. The compression stiffness values increased with an increase in velocity but were not significantly different between the anterior-posterior and right-left directions. Peak head acceleration during the head impact tests did not significantly vary between the five different impact locations. A three parameter model that included damping represented the pediatric head impact data more accurately than a simple mass-spring system. The compressive and impact stiffness of the pediatric heads were significantly more compliant than published adult values. Also, infant head dimensions, center of gravity and moment of inertia (Iyy) were determined. The CRABI 6-month dummy impact response was similar to the infant cadaver for impacts to the vertex, occiput, and forehead but dramatically stiffer in lateral impacts. These pediatric head anthropomorphic, compression, and impact data will provide a basis to validate whole head models and compare with ATD performance in similar exposures.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Prostate cancer risk in relation to anthropometry and physical activity: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I Epidemiological Follow-Up Study.

We studied the relationship of prostate cancer to anthropometry and self-reported physical activity among 5377 African-American and Caucasian participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I cohort. The cohort was first examined between 1971 and 1975 and then followed prospectively through the Epidemiologic Follow-up Study in 1982-1984, 1986, 1987, and 1992. Men who reported low levels of nonrecreational physical activity had increased risk of prostate cancer compared with very active men. These findings were unchanged after adjustment for potential confounders and were stronger for African-Americans (relative risk, 3.7; 95% confidence interval, 1.7-8.4) than for Caucasians (relative risk, 1.7; confidence interval, 0.8-2.3). Lower levels of recreational activity were weakly associated with increased prostate cancer risk among African-Americans but not among Caucasians. Prostate cancer risk was unrelated to a variety of anthropometric variables. These results suggest that inactive men are at increased risk of prostate cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

[Nutritional status of patients with functioning graft assessed by clinical examination, anthropometry and bioimpedance].

Malnutrition is very frequent comorbid factor in chronic renal failure and its prevalence both in the predialysis period as well as on maintenance dialysis is high. The aim of the study was to assess the nutritional status in patients after successful kidney transplantation. 109 patients (47 F, 67 M) of mean age 39.9 +/- 11.5 years were analyzed. Mean time after transplantation surgery was 32.2 +/- 37 months and the maintenance dialysis treatment period prior to transplantation--28.4 +/- 22 months. Nutritional status was assessed with clinical examination based on the SGA scale, anthropometric measurements as well as body composition estimation with bioimpedance. Daily food intake was also monitored with three-day dietary questionnaire. All above analyses were also performed in 25 healthy control subjects with corresponding sex and age distribution. No differences between all analyzed bioimpedance and anthropometry parameters were found between studied patients and controls. 79% of patients were classified as well nourished, 20%--as mildly or moderately malnourished and only 1%--as severely malnourished according to SGA scale. The BMI values less than 21 kg/m2, i.e. suggesting malnutrition were found in 23.3% of patients, whereas values above 25 kg/m2, i.e. suggesting overweight or obesity--in almost 40%. Interestingly, as high as 82.5% of studied patients were characterized by significant weight gain since last "dry weight" assessment on maintenance dialysis up to the time of study (by mean 9.42 +/- 6.9 kg). Obtained results permit us to conclude, that the prevalence of nutritional status abnormalities are relatively frequent among patients with functioning graft. Malnutrition can be demonstrated in more than 20% of the study population, which should be considered however to be markedly lower as compared to most reports regarding dialysis populations. Weight gain during posttransplant period as compared to maintenance dialysis is marked and common; thus the prevalence of obesity is also quite common and reaches 40% of tested patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Discrepancy between anthropometry and biochemistry in the assessment of the nutritional status of the elderly.

Institutionalized aged subjects, considered free of evolutive disease and whose body weight was stable, were studied. They were divided into two groups depending on their body mass index: controls (BMI greater than or equal to 24) and depleted (BMI less than or equal to 21). The depleted group, as judged by anthropometric measurements, showed dramatically reduced body muscle and adipose masses. Usual blood parameters were normal in both groups. Biochemical markers of the protein and energy status, viz. albumin, transthyretin, transferrin, somatomedin-C, as well as serum levels of osteocalcin and apolipoproteins AI, AII, B, CII, CIII and E, were not affected in the depleted group. However, moderate iron deficiency and marked zinc deficiency were found in this group. It is concluded that in the elderly, biochemical markers of the protein and energy status are not related to the nutritional status assessed by anthropometry.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

Anthropometry of the normal and defective ear.

Surface measurements of the ear are needed to assess damage in patients with disfigurement or defects of the ears and face. Population norms are useful in calculating the amount of tissue needed to rebuild the ear to adequate size and natural position. Anthropometry proved useful in defining grades of severe, moderate, and mild microtia in 73 patients with various facial syndromes. The division into grades was based on the amount of tissue lost and the degree of asymmetry in the position of the ears. Within each grade the size and position of the ears varied greatly. In almost one-third, the nonoperated microtic ears were symmetrically located, promising the best aesthetic results with the least demanding surgical procedures. In slightly over one-third, the microtic ears were associated with marked horizontal and vertical asymmetries. In cases of horizontal and vertical dislocation exceeding 20 mm, surgical correction of the defective facial framework should precede the building up of a new ear. Data on growth and age of maturation of the ears in the normal population can be useful in choosing the optimal time for ear reconstruction.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Progressive resistance exercise: effect on muscle function and anthropometry of a select AIDS population.

Substantial body tissue wasting has been reported in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients. The purpose of this investigation was to determine if progressive resistance exercise (PRE) would improve muscle function and increase body dimensions and mass in AIDS patients. The subjects were 24 male outpatient volunteers, status posttherapy for acute pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Subjects were randomly assigned to control (n = 12) or experimental (n = 12) subsets. All subjects underwent muscle function testing on 12 variables of torque, force, power, and work; three variables of anthropometry were assessed. The experimental group engaged in PRE three times per week for six weeks. The control group did not exercise beyond their usual daily living activities. Both groups were retested at the end of six weeks. In comparison to the control group, the experimental group significantly increased in 13 of the 15 study variables. Thus, during the nonacute stage of AIDS, physiologic adaptation occurred that improved muscle function and increased body dimensions and mass.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1996

Measurement of body composition in chronic renal failure: comparison of skinfold anthropometry and bioelectrical impedance with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the validity of skinfold anthropometry (SFA) and bioelectrical impedance (BIA) for the measurement of body composition in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF). DESIGN: We compared measurement of % total body fat (%TBF) and fat-free mass (FFM) by BIA and SFA, with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) as the criterion method to determine their value in groups of patients with CRF and a group of normal controls. SETTING: Renal Unit, Leeds General Infirmary and Centre for Bone and Body Composition Research, University of Leeds, UK. RESULTS: 95% levels of agreement of BIA and SFA with DEXA (using the method of Bland & Altman) showed considerable variation, which was greater for both techniques in CRF patients than in a normal control group. In normal subjects, BIA derived values for % TBF and FFM showed a closer agreement with DEXA than did SFA (% TBF BIA-DEXA -8.2 to +3.8%; %TBF SFA-DEXA -4.6 to +12.1%; FFM BIA-DEXA -2.5 to +5.8kg; FFM SFA-DEXA -7.9 to +3.8 kg). However, in CRF patients no differences in the 95% levels of agreement were observed for % TBF or FFM derived from BIA or SFA compared with DEXA (%TBF BIA-DEXA -13.7 to +8.3%; %TBF SFA-DEXA -13.0 to +9.4%; FFM BIA-DEXA -5.1 to +9.6 kg; FFM SFA-DEXA -5.6 to +9.1 kg). CONCLUSIONS: In CRF, errors of both BIA and SFA in comparison with DEXA are greater than in normal subjects. The magnitude of the limits of intermethod difference are relatively much greater for measurement of % TBF than FFM for both BIA and SFA in CRF patients and control subjects.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1996

Measurement of nutritional status using conventional anthropometry and D2O in Sarawak, Malaysia.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of different methods (plateau or back extrapolation) of calculating total body water (TBW) from deuterium dilution in an environment characterised by high water turnover. The back extrapolation model is assumed to be more accurate when water turnover is high. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study with measurement of body composition by deuterium dilution and conventional anthropometry. SETTING: Rural Sarawak, Malaysia. SUBJECTS: 24 adults of the Iban population. RESULTS: TBW was significantly different by method of calculation (P < 0.0001), and mean fat free mass was lower by 1.3 kg using the back extrapolation technique, equivalent to a mean 3.1 (s.d. 0.8)% reduction. The same 1.3 kg difference was equivalent to a mean 16.6 (s.d. 12.3)% increase in fat mass using the back extrapolation technique. Back extrapolation values were used in subsequent analyses. Percentage fat correlated significantly with BMI and skinfold thicknesses in females, but only with BMI in males. Fat mass was significantly correlated with skinfolds and BMI in both sexes. Fat free mass was correlated with BMI in both sexes. CONCLUSIONS: The back extrapolation method produced values for fat mass that differed substantially from those obtained by the plateau method. The difference between calculation methods could be lessened by using saliva samples in place of urine. Back extrapolation values for body fat correlated well with anthropometric measurements in females, less well in males. This difference is due to characteristics of the study population.

Adult↗