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At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Effects of breathy voice source on ratings of hypernasality.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of breathy voice sources on ratings of hypernasality using synthesized speech. METHODS: Speech samples were obtained from children with cleft palates who demonstrated varying degrees of hypernasality and from a child with a voice disorder. Sources with 6 degrees of breathiness were created: a breathy source and five synthesized sources with lowered harmonics-to-noise ratio (HNR) values by the addition of impulses. These sources and each original (clear) source were combined with three kinds of filters: mild, moderate, and severely hypernasal. Consequently, 21 ([6 + 1] x 3) stimuli for each vowel (/a/ and /i/) were obtained for ratings. PARTICIPANTS: Thirteen speech pathologists with academic training and various clinical experiences with cleft palate speech rated hypernasality of the stimuli on a 5-point scale. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Ratings of hypernasality for breathy and clear stimuli were analyzed using a repeated measures analysis of variance. RESULTS: The effects of breathy source on ratings of hypernasality were significant for the following filters: mild hypernasal /a/, severe hypernasal /a/, mild hypernasal /i/, and moderate hypernasal /i/. A post-hoc comparison test demonstrated that the more breathy sources (BH0 or BH2) generally increased the hypernasality score for mild hypernasal filters and decreased it for moderate and severe hypernasal filters. The less breathy sources (BH3, BH4, and BH5) hardly affected the ratings. CONCLUSION: The effects of breathiness on ratings of hypernasality seem to moderate rather than to mask perceived hypernasality. That is, breathiness raises slight hypernasality, whereas it reduces severe hypernasality.

Child↗
PubMed2005

Facilitating communication among speech pathologists treating children with cleft palate.

An interactive web-based system was designed to facilitate communication between nonspecialist speech pathologists who provide therapy for individuals with speech disorders associated with cleft palate or craniofacial anomalies and specialist speech pathologists who provide physiologically based assessments of speech production. The web site includes instructional presentations, streaming video clips of endoscopic examinations, and exchange of information about the nature of therapy as recommended by the specialist and as provided by the nonspecialist. The approach demonstrates use of web-based computer facilities to improve the quality of communication among professionals with the goal of improving the outcomes of speech therapy. Information from the site can also be used in academic training programs as a teaching tool in courses on cleft palate speech.

Child↗
PubMed2003

Effectiveness of addiction science presentations to treatment professionals, using a modified Solomon study design.

OBJECTIVES: Knowledge of addiction research findings is critical for healthcare professionals who treat addicted patients. However, there is little information available about the instructional effectiveness of lecture-slide presentations in changing knowledge vs. beliefs of such professionals. DESIGN: A modified Solomon four-group experimental design was used to assess the instructional effectiveness (knowledge gain vs. belief changes) of three-hour addiction science workshops presented to health-care professionals by neurobiologically-trained academic researchers. Effectiveness of the workshops was assessed by a 28-item questionnaire on participant versus control group knowledge/beliefs on addiction. Six-month follow-up questionnaires measured "retention" of knowledge and belief changes. RESULTS: The workshop participants showed significant knowledge gain and belief changes, whereas the two control groups showed no change in knowledge or beliefs. After six months, knowledge gains decreased, but were still higher than pre-test scores. In contrast, belief changes on three subscales persisted over six months in 40 to 52 percent of the subjects. CONCLUSIONS: These results illustrate a successful continuing education model by which academic researchers who are skilled teachers present a three-hour lecture-slide workshop with extensive question-and-answer sessions on addictions. We conclude that motivated health-care professionals can experience important knowledge gains and belief changes by participating in such workshops. In contrast to the transient retention of knowledge, belief changes persisted surprisingly well for at least six months in about half the subjects. These results suggest that long-term changes in the professional orientation of these health-care workers are possible.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Perceptual judgment of voice pitch during pitch-matching tasks.

This study investigated the perceptual judgment of voice pitch. 24 individuals were assigned to two groups to assess whether there is a difference in perceptual judgment of voice pitch during pitch-matching tasks. Group I, Naïve listeners, had no previous experience in anatomy, physiology, or voice pitch-evaluation methods. Group II, Experienced listeners, were master's level speech-language pathologists having completed academic training in evaluation of voice. Both groups listened to identical stimuli, which required matching audiotaped voice-pitch samples of a male and female voice to a note on an electronic keyboard. The experiment included two tasks. The first task assessed pitch range, which required matching of the lowest and highest voice pitch of both a male and female speaker singing /a/ to a note on a keyboard. The second task assessed habitual pitch, which required matching of the voice pitch of a word spoken by a male and female speaker to a note on a keyboard. A one-way analysis of variance indicated a significant difference between groups occurred for only one of four conditions measured, perceptual judgment of the female pitch range. No differences between groups were found in the perceptual judgments of the male pitch range or during perceptual judgment of the female or male habitual pitch, suggesting that the skill possessed by speech-language pathology students is no different from that of inexperienced listeners.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Teaching group treatment in doctoral programs for counseling psychology.

We surveyed the 71 doctoral programs in counseling psychology approved by the American Psychological Association to examine whether and how group counseling or therapy was taught. Responses from 31 programs listed at least one graduate course in group counseling; over half offered more than one. In most cases the introductory course was required. Analysis also indicated that introductory courses often included an in-class or an out-of-class experiential component, focused either primarily or exclusively on outpatient therapy and used Yalom's interpersonal approach. Discussion focused on the importance of courses in group interventions in doctoral programs in counseling psychology and the differences and similarities in academic training of group interventions in programs in counseling and clinical psychology.

Counseling↗
PubMed2002

An exploration of case management courses in university curricula.

Case management is an essential service for adults with severe mental illnesses. Case managers, however, often come to their positions with little formal case management education. This preliminary study examined the catalogues of one hundred public universities, looking for case management content. Less than 200 courses with case management content were found, few of these specific to mental illness. These results suggest a need for additional research on the academic training needs of case managers.

Case Management↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nurses' knowledge of and experience with Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy.

Because of their proximity to children and families, pediatric nurses are in a key position to identify warning signs of Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy (MSBP) and alert other team members to the possible diagnosis. MSBP knowledge and experience of 132 pediatric nurses was assessed and compared with the results of two previously published articles. Consistent with previous reports, approximately half of the respondents had heard of MSBP. They were most likely to have received information about MSBP from direct experience (23.5%) and the media (19%). Only 25% of the nurses reported that they seriously suspected they had seen a case of MSBP during the past year. Despite the fact that 95% of the pediatric nurses responded that it was "very important" to know about MSBP, only one reported having learned about it from his or her academic training, and only 12 (9%) had read about it in a professional journal.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Pharmacists in veterinary education: bridging the gap.

Veterinary patients stand to benefit greatly from the collaboration of pharmacy and veterinary medicine, and there are many ways pharmacy and veterinary medicine can work in concert. The best efforts to revise and remodel veterinary and pharmacy education to fit an evolving world of clinical practice are grounded in an understanding of each profession. Veterinary education should impart to its students and residents the skills necessary to critically evaluate drug therapy, select therapies based on facts from drug information sources, and operate a veterinary practice that abides by the legal, regulatory, and operational requirements necessary to maintain and dispense drugs. The academic training environment of each profession must include information on the other, in order to better prepare professionals for a realistic practice environment. When armed with an understanding of what pharmacists can provide their patients, veterinarians can demand these skills where appropriate. With the ultimate goal of producing an optimal learning environment, veterinary curricula should allow both pharmacy and veterinary medicine to work together to build a path to quality patient care and educational superiority.

Cooperative Behavior↗
PubMed1997

Occupational therapists' beliefs and practices with regard to spirituality and therapy.

OBJECTIVE: What is the role of occupational therapists with regard to clients' spirituality? What activities address spirituality in occupational therapy? Whom do practitioners think should be responsible for helping clients with their spiritual needs? The objectives of this study were to address these and other related questions by validating a previously used questionnaire and establishing a baseline of occupational therapists' opinions and practices about spirituality and therapy on which future research can be built. METHOD: A previously piloted questionnaire was revised to investigate the opinions of 500 U.S. registered occupational therapists about spirituality and therapy. The 54% return rate yielded a sample of 270 respondents. RESULTS: Nearly 79% of the respondents agreed that the questionnaire accurately measured their opinions about therapy and spirituality. Spirituality is an important part of life for 89% of the respondents, helps 79% with daily job responsibilities, and is viewed as a very important dimension of health and rehabilitation by 84%. However, 63% were either undecided or disagreed that addressing spirituality was within the scope of occupational therapy practice. CONCLUSION: In general, the respondents reported that spirituality is important and helpful in their personal lives and a very important dimension of the health and rehabilitation of their clients. However, less than 40% of the respondents indicated that addressing clients' spiritual needs was within the scope of their professional practice, and the majority (82%) reported that their academic training did not prepare them to address the spiritual needs of clients. The questionnaire, now validated with a national sample, may be used for follow-up studies to further investigate the role of spirituality in health and rehabilitation.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Public Health Service--National Health Service Corps Scholarship Program. Final regulations.

These regulations set forth the requirements for the award of scholarships under the National Health Service Corps Scholarship Program to students receiving academic training in medicine, osteopathy, dentistry, and other health professions in order to assure an adequate supply of trained health professionals for the National Health Service Corps.

Eligibility Determination↗
PubMed1985

Pharmacy continuing education--its value to hospital pharmacy practice.

A survey was mailed nationally to all hospitals with over 300 beds. A portion of the questionnaire focused on the academic training of current directors and their perceptions regarding continuing education. Less than 50 percent of the respondents perceived C.E. as being beneficial to them as a hospital pharmacy administrator. It is apparent from the survey results that there is a group of pharmacists who are not receiving the benefits desired from C.E. Recommendations are made that will increase the opportunities for management training for all pharmacists.

Education, Pharmacy, Continuing↗
PubMed1980

What an educator can bring to CME planning.

Health professionals are teaming up with professionally experienced or academically trained educators to plan, implement, and implement, and evaluate continuing education programs. This article explains the systematic methods educators bring to CE program development.

Administrative Personnel↗
PubMed1999

[Complementary and conventional medicine: prejudices against and demands placed on natural care and conventional doctors].

QUESTION: In Switzerland some 40% of the population use complementary healing methods, whereby 28% also make use of the services of alternative therapists. Are different demands made upon these alternative therapists in terms of their time, the respective perception of authority, understanding and trust, from those made upon conventional medical practitioners? METHOD: Within the framework of the Swiss National Research Programme 34: Complementary Medicine, qualitative interviews were initially conducted with 38 patients of natural-care doctors or traditionally-oriented family doctors. In a second stage, 3077 Swiss residents were interviewed by telephone in a longitudinal survey in 1995 and 2276 in 1996. RESULTS: The demand for doctors with partnership qualities decreases in favour of doctors more inclined to be directive, particularly in complementary medicine users in poor health. It took courage for about half of all those questioned to express an opinion at variance with that of their doctors. Both natural-care doctors and academically-trained family doctors clearly allocate sufficient time for consultation. Higher expectations were placed upon general practitioners in terms of accessibility, while natural-care doctors tended to be providers of advice in difficult situations. The level of compliance in terms of medication regime adherence is higher in the case of natural-care doctors. While users and non-users of complementary medicine alike expressed the expected attitudes and prejudices towards the other medical system, once again certain attitudes expressed by complementary medicine users depended upon their particular state of health. Natural-care doctors enjoy a relatively high legitimacy. DISCUSSION: The demands placed in terms of communication skills are high for both conventional and alternative medical practitioners, and call for a situation-sensitive approach to changing patient needs. General practitioners must accept that their traditional performance is as appreciated as ever but that in certain situations there are more significant explanation patterns concerning health and illness for patients than conventional medicine can offer. The (poor) level of compliance in the case of conventional medication should also be viewed in terms of the cost factor. In general, questions raised during consultations concerning medication should be seen as significant, as both users and non-users of complementary medicine pay close critical attention to them.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[When was modern science born? Homage to the memory of Professor Arturo Rosenblueth at his birth centennial].

The Renaissance savants essentially repelled the scholastic translations and commentaries of the ancient writings. Nevertheless they did not reach a modern vision of the experimental science. Moreover, the education at the universities was not credited for the science's development. In fact, the academic training of students was rather precarious. The first professional associations, such as the "Royal College of Physicians" of London, were not any better. Regarding hermetic influence on the Renaissance thought, the cultured and philosophical reformed magic (the so called white magic) was the equivalent of science at the time. Once the animistic universe, operated by magic, is transformed into the mathematical universe, operated by mechanics, the era of science came into being. This movement began during the post-Renaissance age and gradually progressed following the physical-mathematical orientation of Galileo and his pupils: Borelli, Fabrizi, Santorio, Harvey, etc. They initiated the physiological studies and introduced the quantitative method into the research field. Harvey's circulatory doctrine was the first adequate explication of an organic phenomenon and a starting point for the way toward experimental physiology. However the English physician did not leave completely the pre-scientific era, as can be inferred from his monography on animals reproduction. In this work, some points suggesting the birth of modern scientific reasoning alternate with confused, vague and capricious assertions. In fact, the modern science did not arise suddenly, but was elaborated and sustained slowly starting from the XVII century: the Galileo's century.

History, 15th Century↗
PubMed1996

[Abundance and shortage. The distribution of medical assistance in the Netherlands during the nineteenth century].

Besides the usual divisions among medical men the nineteenth century Dutch medical laws also recognised a separate class of 'rural practitioners'. These plattelandsheelmeesters were licensed to practice all types of medicine yet only in rural areas. During the 1860s and 1870s all medical men were integrated into one class of academically trained general practitioners. The combination of the number of medical practitioners dropping rapidly for a while and the plattelandsheelmeester becoming obsolete drained some rural areas of medical assistance. Acting on the advice of the medical profession the government attempted to solve this problem by training more midwives and by granting subsidies to municipalities in order to enable them to raise the salaries of medical officers. These measures made a difference but the problem would really be solved during the twentieth century as the number of practitioners rose again and means of communication and collective arrangements were developed which were beyond the wildest dreams of most nineteenth-century citizens. In the mean time, however, the midwife had become an ally of the Dutch medical profession and collectivisation had been suggested as the main vehicle of solving problems concerning access to health care, both with lasting effects.

Health Services↗
PubMed2001

The Kentucky plan: an innovative approach to professional doctoral education in public health.

The Doctor of Public Health (Dr.P.H.) degree is designed to prepare graduates for the highest levels of leadership in public health related careers in both public and private settings. The Kentucky School of Public Health has developed an innovative generalist professional degree program offering an extensive battery of courses based on the body of professional public health knowledge. The degree includes extensive supervised field experience as part of the academic training, linking theory with practice. Issues related to professional degrees, curriculum, accreditation and certification, admission, evaluation, plans for institutional cooperation, and demand are addressed.

Curriculum↗
PubMed2002

The implications of health sector reform for human resources development.

The authors argue that "health for all" is not achievable in most countries without health sector reform that incorporates a process of coordinated health and human resources development. They examine the situation in countries in the Eastern Mediterranean Region of the World Health Organization. Though advances have been made, further progress is inhibited by the limited adaptation of traditional health service structures and processes in many of these countries. National reform strategies are needed. These require the active participation of health professional associations and academic training institutions as well as health service managers. The paper indicates some of the initiatives required and suggests that the starting point for many countries should be a rigorous appraisal of the current state of human resources development in health.

Decision Making, Organizational↗
PubMed1997

[Dental research in the Netherlands. Citations in publications].

This study examines the citation frequency (via the Science Citation Index) of publications by Dutch dental scientists that have appeared in the international literature since World War II. It was found that most citations were obtained by a relatively small group of researchers, many of them working in the fields of cariology and periodontology. High scores were particularly found among scientists who had their academic training in disciplines other than dentistry. Out of 109 frequently cited papers over 25% was microbiology-oriented and most of them could be characterized as original basic dental research.

Dental Research↗