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PubMed2002

Clinical and epidemiologic aspects of human immunodeficiency virus-1-infected children in Buenos Aires, Argentina.

BACKGROUND: Argentina has the sixth largest number of cumulative pediatric cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in the Americas; therefore, this study was designed to characterize human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection in children in Buenos Aires, Argentina. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Medical records of 389 children at risk and infected with HIV-1, an urban population followed by the AIDS Reference Center at the Hospital de Niños "Dr. Ricardo Gutiérrez" of Buenos Aires, from February 1990 to June 1997, were retrospectively reviewed. Mother-infant pairs were analyzed according to clinical and epidemiologic patterns. RESULTS: Perinatal transmission occurred in 94.9% of the 389 cases classified as seroreverter (n=104, 26.7%), exposed (n=64, 16.4%), asymptomatic (n=13, 3.4%), and symptomatic patients (n=208, 53.5%); 132 patients met the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) criteria for AIDS. The main maternal risk factor was sexual transmission 58.9% (73.4% of their sexual partners were injection drug users [IDU]). Among the AIDS patients, the most common AIDS-defining condition and death-related disease were severe bacterial infection and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, respectively. Death occurred in 51 of 221 HIV-infected children. Low CD4 was related to death (P < 0.001). Mortality was estimated for two periods: January 1990 to December 1995 (G1) and January 1996 to May 1997 (G2). In G1, 37 of 127 (29.1%) died compared with 14 of 154 (9.1%) in G2 (P=0.001). The median age of death was 10 months for G1 and 29 months for G2 (P=0.01). The 3-year survival rate was 72% for G1 and 87% for G2 (log rank P=0.06). CONCLUSIONS: Intravenous drug use is the leading risk factor among parents of children exposed to HIV. Infant mortality was related to age less than 12 months, low CD4 count, severe bacterial infection and P. carinii pneumonia. In this study, P. carinii pneumonia prophylaxis and combined antiretroviral therapy routinely implemented since 1996 has demonstrated a trend toward increased survival rates (P=0.06) and a lower mortality rate (P=0.001).

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed2004

Prevalence of diabetes, obesity, hypertension and hyperlipidemia in the central area of Argentina.

OBJECTIVES: There is little information available about the prevalence of chronic metabolic diseases in many Latin American countries. Between 1995 and 1998, studies on the prevalence of obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and diabetes were carried out in four cities located in central Argentina: Dean Funes, Oncativo, Pehuajo and Venado Tuerto. The data provided by these surveys are reanalysed here in order to determine prevalence of obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and diabetes using new epidemiological criteria. METHODS: Representative samples of the population, based on a multistage probabilistic sampling design, were taken from each of the four cities. The sample size was calculated to obtain a precision of 4% for the prevalence assessment. The subjects included were aged 20 years and over. Standardization of the prevalence rates used the entire study sample as the reference population. RESULTS: Age-standardised prevalence rates for the cities ranged between 22.4% and 30.8% for obesity, 27.9% and 43.6% for hypertension, 24.2% and 36.4% for hyperlipidemia, and 6.5% and 7.7% for diabetes mellitus. All these prevalences increased with age. 58.1% of the obese subjects and 51.2% of the diabetic subjects had hypertension, while 43.2% of the obese subjects and 52.8% of the diabetic subjects had hyperlipidemia. CONCLUSIONS: While the prevalence of diabetes mellitus was between 6% and 8%, the prevalence of obesity was close to 26% and hypertension and hyperlipidemia affected one third of the population. These data can be considered as indicative of the prevalences of these four diseases in the population aged 20 years and over, in the central region of Argentina.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Identification of viral agents causing gastroenteritis among children in Buenos Aires, Argentina.

BACKGROUND: Gastroenteritis is one of the most common diseases affecting children and rotavirus is the major etiological agent worldwide. Although the role of rotaviruses as a causal agent of gastroenteritis has been previously established in Argentina, little is known about the frequency of other gastrointestinal viruses. OBJECTIVES: The present study was designed to determine the frequency of calicivirus in comparison with rotavirus, astrovirus and adenovirus type 40/41 in our country. STUDY DESIGN: Sixty six diarrhea patients (10%) =3 years of age, were randomly selected from a previous series (9/1997-8/1998) and virus frequency determined using RT-PCR and/or commercial EIAs. In addition, we sequenced the RNA polymerase region of calicivirus-positive samples to characterize Argentine strains. RESULTS: We detected at least one viral agent in 48.5% (32/66) of the patients. Rotavirus, calicivirus, astrovirus, and enteric adenovirus were found in 17, 16, 5, and 2 children, respectively. Sequence analysis of 4 calicivirus positive samples allowed us to identify a strain clustered to Lorsdale virus, one strain clustered with Manchester virus and two strains clustered with London/92 virus. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that calicivirus and rotavirus are major agents of gastroenteritis in children younger than 3 years of age in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Unfortunately, viral diagnosis is seldom available in Argentine hospitals and coproculture results are mostly negative. Our data supports the need to develop rapid and sensitive tests for calicivirus diagnosis. The introduction of affordable viral diagnosis in our pediatric hospitals will improve patient care by reducing the unnecessary use of antibiotics.

Adenoviruses, Human↗
PubMed2003

Antigenic and genomic relation between human influenza viruses that circulated in Argentina in the period 1995-1999 and the corresponding vaccine components.

BACKGROUND: The analysis of epidemic influenza virus has been focused on antigenic and genomic characterization of the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein in order to detect new variants for the recommendation of the vaccine strains in each season. Since October 1998, WHO organized a second meeting to evaluate the vaccine formula for the southern hemisphere. OBJECTIVES: (a) Present the antigenic and genomic characterization of influenza strains obtained from the Argentina surveillance network, (b) compare between strains collected in Argentina and other countries with the vaccine formula strains used in each season. STUDY DESIGN: Influenza strains were collected during a 5-year period (1995-1999). Initially, laboratory diagnosis was done by immunofluorescence (IF) assay on clinical samples, followed by viral isolation in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. The isolates were characterized antigenically by hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) assay with post-infection ferret antisera. The genomic characterization consisted on RT-PCR followed by sequencing of the HA1 portion of the HA gene. The comparison between reference and circulating strains was analyzed by the construction of phylogenetic trees. RESULTS: The H3N2 circulating strains matched the corresponding vaccine component only in 1999, the first year when a vaccine recommended specifically for the southern hemisphere was used. Besides, H1N1 circulating strains matched the corresponding vaccine component only in 1998. Regarding to influenza B, only in 1995, the circulating strains showed no match to the B vaccine component. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed the usefulness of an intensified influenza laboratory surveillance to access the correct vaccine and the importance of having the necessary tools to characterize the circulating strains.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Antibodies to hepatitis C and other viral markersin multi-transfused patients from Argentina.

BACKGROUND: The knowledge of transfusion-transmitted viral infections in Argentina is scarce. A regional study organized by the Pan American Health Organization let us asses the current status. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence of HCV, HBV and HIV infection in a population of multi-transfused Argentinean patients. STUDY DESIGN: Multi-center, cross sectional study of 504 patients from national referral institutions in Buenos Aires, who had received more than ten units of blood products in more than two occasions. Demographic and clinical data were collected using a standardized questionnaire. Blood samples were analyzed for a-HCV, a-HIV, HBsAg and a-HBcore. RESULTS: Patients belonged to five diagnostic categories: onco-hematology (309; 61.3%); hemophilia (96; 19%); acute blood loss (54; 10.7% ); hemoglobinopathies (35; 6.9%); and hemodialysis (5; 1% ); five patients (1%) had two of the previous conditions. Overall prevalence rates of viral markers were: a-HCV 9.3% (CI(95%): 6.7-12.0); a-HBcore 4.8% (CI(95): 2.8-6.7); a-HIV 1.2% (CI(95%): 0.14-2.2) and HBsAg 0.20%(CI(95%): 0.2-0.59). The highest prevalence rates were found among patients living with hemophilia (PLH). There was a significant statistical association (p < 10(-5), OR =78.8 [29.7-209.7]) between a-HCV infection and having been transfused before 1993, when screening blood donors for a-HCV became mandatory in our country. The subpopulation of patients exposed to transfusion before 1993 was conformed mostly by PLH (70.9%) and hemoglobinopathies (18.6%). In this subpopulation, we found a significant association (p < 10(Dot;), OR -40 [5.68-281.66]) between years of exposure to transfusion and a-HCV among the patients under the median age (21.95 years old); however, there was no association for those above the median age (p=0.111). CONCLUSION: a-HCV was found to be the most prevalent infection in the multi-transfused patient population under study. Most infected individuals were PLH, transfused before 1993. This study will provide support for further research aimed at improving blood safety in Argentina.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Characterization of human infection by Leishmania spp. in the Northwest of Argentina: immune response, double infection with Trypanosoma cruzi and species of Leishmania involved.

The aims of this study were to characterize human American tegumentary leishmaniasis, which includes cutaneous, mucocutaneous and mucosal leishmaniasis, in Northwest Argentina, to determine the prevalence of double infection with Trypanosoma cruzi and to identify the species of Leishmania in this area. Most of the 330 leishmaniasis patients presented cutaneous ulcers (96.1%), 2.4% mucocutaneous and 1.5% the mucosal form ('espundia'). The aetiological agents, determined by isoenzyme electrophoresis, were identified as Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis in 16 out of 20 isolates and in the remaining 4 as Leishmania (Leishimania) amazonensis, the first ever-documented in Argentina. Sera analysed by ELISA and IFA using complex antigen from both T. cruzi and L. braziliensis showed a very high percentage of positives (66.3-78.2%). When antigens for specific diagnosis of Chagas' disease were used, 40.9% of the leishmaniasis patients were also found to be infected by T. cruzi. These results indicate that the strong immune response against T. cruzi gave no protection to Leishmania, in spite of the serological cross-reaction between these parasites. In addition, we showed that more than 40% of the patients would be misdiagnosed as chagasic if complex antigens, as epimastigotes or soluble fraction from epimastigotes, were used in IFA or ELISA. This is of paramount importance not only because patients' treatment would be associated to misdiagnosis but the fact that in many countries in Central and South America, a positive test for Chagas' disease means a rejection for those seeking employment.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Inoculating against barbarism? State medicine and immigrant policy in turn-of-the-century Argentina.

The border in turn-of-the-century Argentina was a place of heightened anxiety. State officials ignored the nation's vast land borders and focused on the port, located in the capital city of Buenos Aires, which attracted nearly six million European immigrants in the decades after 1870. Federal authorities were seeking to attract new immigrants and yet they were terrified that opening their gates would allow entry among the potential citizenry a new category of "toxins" dangerous to the national body. The authorities hired physicians as gatekeepers to identify desirable and undesirable traits that went beyond the definition of communicable disease. Science and medicine appeared to provide a means of legitimating a variety of attempts by the state to control the makeup of the population; in reality, the state's power to inspect immigrants for disease, racial toxins, social upheaval, and political instability was minimized by realistic decisions to open borders and by a weak and limited ability to control the influx of people. Alongside calls for immigrant selection there coexisted a strong trend in political discourse that sought to build a unified, homogenous national culture by accepting and assimilating the foreign masses. Both approaches, however, had similar goals--the material progress of the nation, the advancement of Argentina's "civilization," and the erasure of traces of "foreignness" among the new population.

Argentina↗
PubMed2006

Short report: analysis of clonal relationship among Shigella sonnei isolates circulating in Argentina.

Thirty-five isolates of Shigella sonnei from patients with diarrhoea in three geographic regions of Argentina were examined for genetic diversity by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and plasmid profile. PFGE of XbaI and BlnI DNA digests confirmed the occurrence of outbreaks in two regions caused by two separate predominant clones of S. sonnei. The third region was characterized by three circulating clones, one of which was possibly associated with an outbreak. Similar plasmids were found in distinct clones and in one outbreak clone five different plasmid profiles were identified. Antimicrobial resistance of the isolates varied from fully susceptible to the agents tested, to resistance to cotrimoxazole, ampicillin and ciprofloxacin. Antibiotic resistance did not correlate with plasmid content. This information will form the basis for active surveillance of shigellosis in Argentina and elsewhere in the region through the PulseNet International Network.

Anti-Infective Agents↗
PubMed2005

Aflatoxin production in six peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes infected with Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, isolated from peanut production areas of Cordoba, Argentina.

Aflatoxin contamination is one of the main factors affecting peanut seed quality. One of the strategies to decrease the risk of peanut aflatoxin contamination is the use of genotypes with resistance to Aspergillus infection. This laboratory study reports the resistance to Aspergillus infection and aflatoxin contamination of six peanut genotypes inoculated with 21 Aspergillus isolates obtained from the peanut production region of Cordoba, Argentina. The resistance was investigated in the seed coat and cotyledons of three resistant genotypes (J11, PI 337394, and PI 337409) and three breeding lines (Manfredi 68, Colorado Irradiado, and Florman INTA) developed at the Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria (INTA), Manfredi Experimental Station, Cordoba, Argentina. Resistance to fungal colonization and aflatoxin contamination was found to be associated with seed coat integrity in the PI 337394, PI 337409, and J11 genotypes, whereas the INTA breeding lines such as Colorado Irradiado showed a moderate resistance and the Manfredi 68 and Florman INTA genotypes the least resistance. Furthermore, another type of resistance associated with cotyledons was found only in the PI 337394 genotype.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMed1999

A new species of Sciadiocara Skrjabin, 1916 (Nematoda: Acuariidae) parasitic in shorebirds in Argentina.

In the present paper we describe a new species of the genus Sciadiocara from Haematopus palliatus from the Mar Chiquita coastal lagoon (37 degrees 46' S, 57 degrees 27' W), Argentina. We provide two host records (H. palliatus and Larus dominicanus) for the genus, both from Buenos Aires province, Argentina. S. haematopodi n. sp. closely resembles S. legendrei Petter, 1967. The new species can be distinguished by the morphology of the distal end of the left spicule, the shorter length of the right spicule, the number of pre-anal papillae and the ratio of the length of the vagina vera to the length of the vagina uterina.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Enumeration and identification of Aspergillus group and Penicillium species in poultry feeds from Argentina.

A total of 180 samples of poultry feeds were collected during 1996 and 1997 from different factories in the south of the province of Córdoba-Argentina. They were examined for the occurrence of Penicillium spp. and Aspergillus group species. Likewise, the capacity to produce aflatoxins by the Aspergillus section flavi group was determined. The predominant species of Aspergillus were A. flavus and A. parasiticus. For Penicillium spp., P. brevicompactum, P. purpurogenum and P. oxalicum were identified. Less frequently isolated were A. candidus, A. fumigatus, A. niger, A. orizae, A. parvulus, A. tamarii, A. terreus, and P. expansum, P. funiculosum, P. minioluteum, P. pinophylum, P. restrictum, P. variable and others. The mean value counts ranged from 1 x 10(3) to 9.5 x 10(4) CFU/g for the Aspergillus spp. and from 1.2 x 10(3) to 2.5 x 10(5) CFU/g for the Penicillium spp. When cultured on autoclaved rice kernels for 1 week in the dark at 25 degrees C, mycotoxin production by strains of A. flavus was as follows: 21 of the 45 assayed strains (47%) produced aflatoxins. From them, 24% of the isolates produced AFB1 and AFB2 with levels from 181 to 14545 and 6 to 3640 micrograms/kg respectively. Only 10 strains produced AFB1 with levels from 10 to 920 micrograms/kg. Fifty percent of the A. parasiticus strain was toxicogenic; six aflatoxicogenic profiles were identified. Only 10% of the strains produced all of the aflatoxins. These results showed that a potential exists for the production of mycotoxins by the Aspergillus section flavi and the Penicillium spp. They also suggested an association of mycotoxicosis with poultry feeds in Argentina.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMed1999

Occurrence of Aspergillus section flavi and aflatoxin B1 in corn genotypes and corn meal in Argentina.

A study has been carried out in Argentina on samples of corn genotypes from a breeding station as well as in commercially available corn meal. All samples were analyzed for fungal infection and aflatoxin B1. Mycological analysis of corn genotypes showed the presence of three principal genera of filamentous fungi Fusarium (100%), Penicillium (67%) and Aspergillus (60%). In the genus Fusarium three species were identified, F. moniliforme (42%), F. nygamai (56%) and F. proliferatum (1.8%). Eight species of Penicillium were identified, the predominant species isolated were P. minioluteum, P. funiculosum and P. variabile. In the genus ranked third in isolation frequency, two species were identified, A. flavus and A. parasiticus, the percentage of infection was 78% and 21%, respectively. Only one corn genotype was contaminated with aflatoxin B1 at a level of 5 ppb. The corn meal samples showed great differences in fungal contamination, the values ranging from 1 x 10(1) to 7 x 10(5) cfu g-1. Fusarium (68%), Aspergillus (35%) and Penicillium (21%) were the most frequent genera isolated. Among the genus, Aspergillus, A. parasiticus (38%) was the most frequent species isolated. All the samples of corn meal were negative to aflatoxin B1. These results indicate a low degree of human exposure to aflatoxins in Argentina through the ingestion of maize or corn meal.

Aflatoxin B1↗
PubMed1999

Natural occurrence of Fusarium species and fumonisin-production by toxigenic strains isolated from poultry feeds in Argentina.

Fusarium species and fumonisin production by toxigenic strains were investigated. During 1996-1998, 158 samples of poultry feeds were collected from a factory located in the department of Rio Cuarto Córdoba province, Argentina. The most common species of Fusarium were F. moniliforme (60.7%) and F. nygamai (35.4%) followed by F. semitectum, F. subglutinans, F. proliferatum, F. dlamini, F. solani, F. oxysporum and F. napiforme. Fungal counts ranged from 1 x 10(3) to 8 x 10(5) CFU/g with mean values from 1.5 x 10(3) to 2.3 x 10(5) CFU/g. The highest counts were for F. dlamini, F. subglutinans, F. moniliforme and F. nygamai. Strains of F. moniliforme, F. nygamai, and E. proliferatum were screened for their potential to produce fumonisin B1 (FB1), fumonisin B2 (FB2) and fumonisin B3 (FB3) in corn grain. The samples were analysed using a modified high performance liquid chromatography method. The strains assayed, 43 strains, produced three fumonisins. There was a high degree of variability in the quantities of FB1, FB2, and FB3 produced. The toxin produced in highest levels by the majority of the strains was FB1. The range of concentration varied from 5.4 to 3,991, 1.01 to 189 and 0.4 to 765 ppm per gram of corn for FB1, FB2 and FB3 respectively. The toxigenic pattern of strains was normal, although two strains of F. moniliforme produced exceptionally high concentrations of FB3 and minor concentrations of FB2 and FB1. This is the first report from Argentina on Fusarium species in poultry feeds and fumonisin production by these strains.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2001

Phylogenetic analysis of foot-and-mouth disease viruses isolated in Argentina.

We have analysed complete or partial VPI sequences of 31 foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) viruses belonging to serotypes A, O and C to determine the genetic relatedness of field strains of FMD virus (FMDV) that have circulated in Argentina between 1961 and 1994. Phylogenetic analysis, which also included 15 previously published Argentinean sequences and six reference strains, revealed that (i) FMD type A strains showed the highest genetic heterogeneity and could be divided into five lineages with a sequence divergence of 0.9-18.5% between strains (ii) most of the FMD type O viruses grouped in two clusters (within cluster sequence divergence ranging from 0.2% to 6.0%) circulating in Argentina since the early 1960s, and (iii) FMD type C viruses were grouped in two clusters with a 13.4% nucleotide sequence divergence between each cluster. The availability of sequence data for many more field isolates from the region will enable us to understand the genetic relationships between FMDV strains and to rapidly trace the source of an FMD outbreak for epidemiological surveillance.

Argentina↗
PubMed2002

Steganoderma (Steganoderma) valchetensis n. sp. (Digenea: Zoogonidae) from the relict fish Gymnocharacinus bergi (Osteichthyes: Characidae) in Argentina.

A new species of Steganoderma (Steganoderma) (Digenea: Zoogonidae) was found in the digestive tract of the southernmost, endemic and scale-less characid, Gymnocharacinus bergi, inhabiting thermal headwaters of the Valcheta Creek in northern Patagonia, Argentina. Steganoderma valchetensis n. sp. is included in the subgenus Steganoderma because of having a sessile ventral sucker and caeca reaching to the testes. This new species can be distinguished from other species of this genus on the basis of body-length, sucker-ratio, the length of the cirrus-sac, the morphology of the seminal vesicle and gonads, and the location of the vitelline follicles and genital pore. The taxonomic status of the species of Steganoderma, parasitising the freshwater fishes of Patagonia, in southern Argentina, and Chile, is also discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Mycoflora of freshly harvested flint corn from Northwestern Provinces in Argentina.

A mycological survey was carried out for the first time, on red flint corn samples from the northwestern Andinian region of Argentina in the 1999 and 2000 harvest seasons. Species of the genus Fusarium were the most prevalent component of the flint corn mycoflora present in all provinces. F. verticillioides was the predominant Fusarium isolated in the 1999 harvest season in the the region, and was found at higher incidence level than those observed on commercial semident corn hybrids harvested in the main corn production area in Argentina (Pampean region). During the 2000 harvest season, Fusarium graminearum was most commonly isolated species in Salta province.

Argentina↗
PubMed2000

Virulence genotypes and serotypes of verotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolated from cattle and foods in Argentina. Importance in public health.

Virulence factors of Verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) strains isolated from hamburgers and ground beef were studied in Argentina by PCR. Their virulence profiles were correlated with those corresponding to strains isolated from calves and adult cattle. Most virulent profiles (VTs+ eae+ Mp+) were present in E. coli from healthy and diarrheic calves corresponding to O5:H-, O5:H27, O20:H?, O26:H11, O38:H?, O103:H-, O103:H2, O111:H-, O118:H16, O165:H-serotypes. The presence of the eae gene was significantly more frequent among VTEC strains isolated from calves (20/26; 76%) than from adult cattle (1/39; 2.5%) (p < 0.005). VT2+ eae- E. coli was prevalent in foods and adult cattle at slaughterhouse. The prevalence of the eae gene was similar between VTEC strains isolated from meat (0/21) and adult cattle (1/39; 2.5%) which constitutes the main population processed at slaughterhouses in Argentina. Serotyping showed that VTEC strains were distributed among 31 serotypes, some of which (O20:H19, O91:H21, O113:H21, O116:H21, O117:H7, O171:H2, OX3:H21) were shared between bovine and food strains. These O serogroups have been isolated from cases of haemorrhagic colitis (HC) and haemolyticuraemic syndrome (HUS) in humans in several continental European countries. This study confirms the role of cattle as a reservoir of many VTEC serotypes other than O157:H7 and represents a base for future diagnostic, prevention and control strategies of EHEC in this country. In addition, this study affirms the advantages of PCR-based screening of E. coli isolates given the finding of so many verotoxin-producing strains.

Adhesins, Bacterial↗
PubMed2003

First report of Polygenis (Polygenis) roberti beebei (Fox, 1947) (Siphonaptera: Rhopalopsyllidae) in Argentina, with a new host record and morphological data.

In the present study we report the presence of Polygenis (Polygenis) roberti beebei (Fox, 1947) for the first time in Argentina (23 degrees 56'S, 64 degrees 28'W, Jujuy Province). A new host record (the rodent Oryzomys russatus) and morphological details are also presented. Although the Argentinean specimens fit descriptions and illustrations given previously, the only studied male differs from the specimens collected from other localities in the characteristics of its aedeagus. Collections of further material and morphological studies are needed in order to analyse the taxonomic status of the specimens from Argentina.

Animals↗