Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “ANI”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

[Complex anal fistula with a recess above the levator ani muscles: report of a case complicated by haemorrhagic colitis].

Anal fistula surgery offers very little in the way of new developments. As early as the 14th century John of Arden defined the rules for surgical therapy. The numerous classifications adopted are often contradictory and unclear, and no clearly defined pathogenesis of the condition has been established. Complex anal fistula with a recess above the elevator ani muscles requires very careful and meticulous therapeutic treatment because of the risk of damaging the sphincter. In the case reported here the patient presented a very complex fistula which was followed by onset of severe haemorrhagic colitis without any clinical, endoscopic, radiological, or histological evidence of inflammatory bowel disease prior to surgical treatment.

Anal Canal↗
PubMed1992

Rectovaginal fistula with atresia ani in three kittens.

Rectovaginal fistula with atresia ani was diagnosed in 3 kittens. Physical abnormalities included abdominal distension, bulging of the perineum, and lack of an anal opening. Vaginography was helpful in determining the type of malformation present in 2 cases. In each kitten attempts were made to surgically correct the anatomic malformations. Various post-operative complications such as fecal incontinence, would dehiscence, constipation, and excessive scar tissue formation occurred and are discussed.

Anal Canal↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Rectal procidentia treatment by perineal rectosigmoidectomy combined with levator ani repair.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Perineal rectosigmoidectomy has gained acceptance as a valid alternative to treat rectal procidentia with the advantage of decreased surgical risk, shorter recovery time, and lower complication rates when compared to abdominal approaches, although controversies still exist about its recurrence rates and functional results. This study aimed to evaluate the results of perineal rectosigmoidectomy combined with repair of the levator ani muscles to treat rectal procidentia. METHODOLOGY: Forty-four patients who underwent perineal rectosigmoidectomy with levatorplasty for rectal procidentia between 1985 and 2000 were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: There were 41 women and 3 men with mean age of 76 (57 to 96) years. Mean duration of symptoms was 29.2 (1 to 40) months. Mean length of prolapsed rectum was 8.3cm and the average size of the resected segment was 21.2cm. The complication rate was 9.1% and there was no mortality associated with this procedure. Mean hospital stay was 3.9 days. During a minimum period of follow-up of 24 months (24-120) with a mean of 49 months, the recurrence rate was 7.1% (two patients presented recurrence of procidentia and another prolapse of the rectal mucosa). Anal continence improved in 36 (85.7%) patients. CONCLUSIONS: Perineal rectosigmoidectomy combined with levatorplasty is a safe procedure associated with a relatively low morbidity rate, satisfactory functional results, and an acceptably low recurrence rate.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

Split gluteus maximus muscle flap in the reconstruction of the external anal sphincter and levator ani.

We treated 52 patients with anal and low rectal carcinomas by orthotopic reconstruction of the anus, using an unilateral split gluteus maximum (GM) muscle flap to form the external anal sphincter and levator ani together with invagination of the colon to form the internal sphincter after radical resection of carcinoma. Among the 36 patients who were followed up for over 6 months, 34 (94.4%) exhibited good to excellent continence.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Musculus sphincter ani externus in the rat.

M. sphincter ani externus (MSAE) in the rat appears as a circular ring 1-1.25 mm in height and 250-350 microns thick, completed by a plate composed of longitudinal musculature in its posterior third. The main structures serving for the structural arrangement of MSAE are columns composed of longitudinal smooth musculature of the gut lining the posterior third of the anal circumference. Ventrally to the columns there are several structures in the MSAE showing fluent mutal transitions, namely the horshoe-like pars profunda, the ring-shaped pars superficialis and the pars subcutanea. The ends of the fibres of the horshoe shaped pars profunda join with the columns and pass along longitudinally to gradually replace the smooth musculature. The extension of the longitudinal muscle fibres of the columns upon the dorsal circumference leads to the development of the dorsal plate of MSAE. Some of the fibres of MSAE cross each other ventrally in the pars profunda and pars subcutanea, as well as dorsally in the pars subcutanea and in the area of longitudinally oriented fibres. Some fibres of MSAE are also fixed to the surrounding structures.

Anal Canal↗
PubMed1989

The role of gonadal hormones in neuromuscular synapse elimination in rats. I. Androgen delays the loss of multiple innervation in the levator ani muscle.

The normal period of synapse elimination in the androgen-sensitive levator ani (LA) muscle occurs between 2 and 4 weeks after birth, well after the period of synapse elimination for most other rat muscles. To evaluate whether gonadal androgen might be involved in the delayed development of single innervation in the LA, we compared the time course of synapse elimination in LA muscles that lacked endogenous gonadal androgen or were exposed to exogenous androgen. Tetranitroblue tetrazolium was used to stain neuromuscular connections. Our results suggest that both endogenous and exogenous androgen delay the normal process of synapse elimination. Removing endogenous androgen resulted in lower levels of multiple innervation in the LA, suggesting that androgen may normally influence synapse elimination. Moreover, androgen treatment prevented much of the normal loss of multiple innervation in the LA. Androgen treatment during the normal period of synapse elimination also increased the diameter of LA muscle fibers, enhanced the development of preterminal branching, and increased the number of junctional sites on some LA fibers. Because androgen did not appear to induce the formation of new synapses through sprouting, we conclude that androgen maintained multiple innervation in the LA by preventing the normal ontogenetic process of synapse elimination.

Androgens↗
PubMed1989

The role of gonadal hormones in neuromuscular synapse elimination in rats. II. Multiple innervation persists in the adult levator ani muscle after juvenile androgen treatment.

In the previous study (Jordan et al., 1989), we demonstrated that androgen treatment of juvenile male rats inhibits the elimination of synapses in the levator ani (LA) muscle. In the present study, we asked whether synapse elimination would occur once this juvenile androgen treatment ended. Castrated male rats were given androgen during a juvenile treatment period (7-34 d) and were killed 4 or 8 weeks after the end of androgen treatment (at 9 or 13 weeks after birth). The adult pattern of innervation in the LA was assessed (1) anatomically by counting the number of stained motor axons innervating single muscle fibers and (2) electrophysiologically by counting the number of components in intracellularly recorded endplate potentials. Based on the number of stained motor axons, the LA from juvenile androgen-treated castrates had as much multiple innervation 1 and 2 months after the end of androgen treatment (at 9 and 13 weeks) as was present during androgen treatment at 4 weeks. This suggests that no further synapse loss occurred in the LA once androgen treatment ended. Based on electrophysiological measures, adult LA muscles previously exposed to androgen were found to contain significantly more polyneuronal innervation than normal adult LA muscles. Juvenile androgen treatment also increased the size but not the number of motoneurons in the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus which contains LA motoneurons. Thus, the increased level of multiple innervation in the LA is not due to a higher than normal number of motoneurons innervating this muscle. Because multiple innervation persists in the LA in the absence of continued androgen treatment, androgen may have permanently prevented synapse elimination.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Androgens↗
PubMed1988

The levator ani of the female rat: a suitable model for studying the effects of testosterone on the development of mammalian muscles.

The present results give evidence by using cytochemical markers of motor end-plates (ChE, AchR) and ultrastructural techniques that the Levator ani (LA) muscle is also present in adult females: it is composed of differentiated and innervated fibres. A significant difference, both on the number of fibres per muscle (n) and on their average cross-sectional area (acsa), was observed between sexes:-male: n = 5300 +/- 687, acsa: 522 +/- 68.6 microns 2;-female: n = 565 +/- 246.9, acsa: 68 +/- 8.6 microns 2. These results suggest that testosterone could control, at least partially, the number and the diameter of muscle fibres during development.

Aging↗
PubMed1985

Chromosomal evaluation of a ewe lamb with atresia ani vaginalis.

Chromosomes of a ewe lamb born with atresia ani vaginalis were examined after a 72-hour culture of peripheral whole blood. The 2n number of chromosomes was 54,XX, with no apparent deviation from normality. Pedigree analysis of the ewe lamb indicated that her sire and dam were only slightly related (Rsd = 0.59%); therefore, the amount of inbreeding of the lamb was small (Fx = 0.30%).

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Effect of castration on the morphology of the motor end-plates of the rat levator ani muscle.

The levator ani (L. A.) muscle, part of the genital apparatus of rodents, atrophies after castration. Changes in end-plate structure in the L. A. muscle of castrated male rats were examined with correlated light and electron microscopic methods. Four months after castration acetylcholinesterase staining reveals, in some muscle fibres, the presence of subneural gutters composed of a succession of cuplets whereas the subneural gutters are continuous and ramified in control muscles. Six months after castration most of the end-plates are further modified. Their terminal arborization, as revealed by silver nitrate staining, is more tortuous and irregular than in controls. At the ultrastructural level, reduced sole-plate and superimposed axonal endings are seen in some end-plates three months after castration. Our findings demonstrate that the changes (reduction of muscular activity and atrophy of muscle) are accompanied by adaptations of the neuromuscular junctions. As receptors for testosterone are known to be present in these motoneurons and muscle fibres, the observed morphological changes might be under the control of testosterone acting on both muscle and motoneurons.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed1982

The surgical repair of atresia ani in a Dobermann bitch.

The surgical repair of atresia ani accompanied by a large rectovaginal fistula was successfully performed in a 4-month old Dobermann bitch. As a young pup, the dog had been able to pass liquid stool through the vagina via a rectovaginal fistula, but the gradual change to a adult diet had resulted in considerable obstipation and tenesmus. The operation was performed experimentally, since the dog would have had to have been euthanased at this stage, and its success has allowed the dog to continue a satisfactory existence.

Anal Canal↗
PubMed1980

[Investigation of biomechanics and of neural regulation of the sphincter ani internus (author's transl)].

The contraction capability of the sphincter ani internus corresponds to that of the other sphincters, the muscle itself being twice as expandable. Acetylcholine creates slight relaxation. The transmitters of the inhibiting purinergic system have a semi-maximal effectivity of 123 +/- 30 microgram/ml. The purinergic system is therefore probably of minor importance for the regulation of muscle tone. On the other hand, an adrenergic stimulation leads primarily, by means of beta-receptors, to a strong relaxation followed by a powerful alpha-adrenergic contraction.

Anal Canal↗
PubMed1993

A case of atresia ani with rectovestibular fistulae in an alpaca (L. pacos).

This communication reviews the generally accepted embryological development of rectovestibular fistulae and describes in detail, the diagnostic procedures and clinical findings of this condition in an alpaca (L. pacos). Specific modalities are detailed which facilitate this diagnosis in an animal with atresia ani. Comments are also directed to the incidence, reporting, and documentation of this and related conditions in South American camelids.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

The peno-motor reflex: study of the response of the puborectalis and levator ani muscles to glans penis stimulation.

The response of the pelvic floor muscles (puborectalis 'PR' and levator ani 'LA') as well as the vesical, prostatic urethral and anal pressures to glans penis 'GP' stimulation was determined aiming to elucidate their role in the sexual act. The study was done in 16 healthy volunteers (mean age 43.3 years). The GP was stimulated mechanically and electrically by surface electrode. The vesical and prostatic urethral pressures were measured with a two-channel microtip catheter and the anal pressure by a balloon-tipped catheter. The response of the PR and LA muscles to GP stimulation was determined by a needle electrode inserted into each of them. Upon electrical or mechanical stimulation of the GP, the vesical pressure showed significant drop (p < 0.05), whereas the prostatic urethral and anal pressures increased (p < 0.05). The EMG of the PR and LA muscles recorded significant increase (p < 0.01). The response was greater upon electrical than mechanical stimulation and was not evoked by stimulation of either the anesthetized GP or the PR and LA muscles. PR and LA contraction upon GP stimulation postulates a reflex relationship which we call 'peno-motor reflex'. The constancy of this reflex relationship is evidenced by reproducibility and by the failure to evoke the response when either of the two arms of the reflex arc was anesthetized. PR contraction is associated with contraction of external urethral, prostatic and anal sphincter which might explain the rise of prostatic urethral and anal pressures. It seems that during the sexual act urethral and anal sphincters' contraction prevents leak of urine or stools, while prostatic sphincter contraction squeezes the prostatic secretions into the posterior urethra.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Ontogeny of androgen receptor immunoreactivity in lumbar motoneurons and in the sexually dimorphic levator ani muscle of male rats.

We documented the ontogeny of androgen receptor (AR) immunoreactivity for rat lumbar motoneurons of the sexually dimorphic motor pools, the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB) and the dorsolateral nucleus (DLN), and for the sexually monomorphic retrodorsolateral nucleus (RDLN). We also assessed the ontogeny of AR immunoreactivity in the rat sexually dimorphic levator ani (LA), which is a target muscle for SNB motoneurons. Lumbar spinal cords and LA muscles from gonadally intact males at ages postnatal days (P)7, P10, and P14 and as adults were incubated with the rabbit antiserum PG-21. Half of the prepubertal males (P7-P14) received 200 micrograms of testosterone propionate (TP) 2 hours prior to death to enhance immunodetection of ARs. We found that SNB motoneurons developed AR immunoreactivity at first and achieved adult levels by P10. In contrast, the number of RDLN motoneurons with AR-immunopositive nuclei during development remained well below the adult number. Development of AR immunoreactivity in the DLN shared characteristics with both the SNB and the RDLN. AR immunoreactivity developed in some DLN motoneurons by P10, although the percentage of labelled motoneurons remained below that in adulthood. Acute TP treatment significantly increased the number of SNB motoneurons with AR-positive nuclei at P7. The LA showed a robust pattern of AR immunostaining from P7 to adulthood. Immunostaining was present only in nuclei and constituted only a subpopulation of the nuclei present in muscle. The present results confirm and extend previous results based on steroid autoradiography and steroid binding assays regarding regional and developmental differences in the expression of ARs.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

A histological and immunohistochemical study of neuropeptide containing somatic nerves in the levator ani muscle of women with genitourinary prolapse.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the changes occurring in the somatic innervation throughout the levator ani muscle in women with genitourinary prolapse and stress urinary incontinence (SUI). METHODS: Thirty-four patients with genital prolapse entered the study and ten subjects with non-malignant pathologies acted as a control group. All patients were evaluated by urodynamic investigation and an electromyographic study of pelvic floor muscles to define the type of urinary incontinence. Biopsy samples were obtained from both groups of patients: the site of muscle biopsies were left and right part of perirectal pubococcygeus muscle. The evaluation of immunoreactivity was semiquantitative and based on staining intensity and distribution. RESULTS: In all cases, S-100 protein and NSE immunoreactivities were found in nerve fascicles running throughout the striated muscle. NPY and VIP positivities were more intense and diffuse, whereas SP immunoreactivity was quite scanty. The different patterns of NPY and VIP expression changed in relation to degree of genital prolapse and to the presence of SUI. CONCLUSIONS: Our immunohistochemical study shows the presence in the pelvic floor of neurons that are able to synthesize neuropeptides. The lower immunoreactivity score of same neuropeptides (VIP, NPY) observed among patients with third degree genital prolapse and with SUI could be related to biochemical damage of the neurons with subsequent lower production of chemical messengers.

Aged↗