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PubMed1991

Predictors of HIV-preventive sexual behavior in a high-risk adolescent population: the influence of perceived peer norms and sexual communication on incarcerated adolescents' consistent use of condoms.

Data were collected from 112 sexually active adolescents incarcerated in a juvenile detention facility to identify predictors of consistent use of condoms during sexual intercourse. Adolescents completed an anonymous epidemiologic survey instrument developed by the Centers for Disease Control. The self-report survey assessed demographic, psychosocial, and behavioral factors. Three factors were identified as associated with consistent condom use. These significant bivariate factors were entered into a multivariate logistic regression model to identify the independent contribution of each factor. Non-Black adolescents, adolescents who communicate with their sex partners about AIDS, and those who perceive peer norms as supporting condom use were significantly more likely to be consistent condom users. The findings suggest that Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) prevention programs for incarcerated adolescents that emphasize training in communication skills and modifying perceptions of peer normative behavior may be more effective in increasing the adoption and maintenance of condom use.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1994

Transfer as a component of the transition of adolescents with sickle cell disease to adult care: adolescent, adult, and parent perspectives.

PURPOSE: There are no empirical studies which access the transfer needs/concerns of adolescents and young adults with sickle cell disease (SCD) and their primary caretakers. The overall purpose of this research was to determine the issues, concerns, and expectations of adolescents, young adults and primary caretakers with regard to transfer to adult care. METHODS: Participants were recruited from clinics and programs participating in the Duke/UNC Comprehensive Sickle Cell Program. Using a cross-sectional survey design, young adults (n = 60), adolescents (n = 36) and primary caretakers (n = 25) were administered the Sickle Cell Transfer Questionnaire (SCTQ). RESULTS: Adolescents and young adults with SCD were primarily concerned about how they would pay for medical care and how they would be treated by adult providers. Caretakers were concerned about their teens leaving pediatric care and assuming responsibility for medical care. All three groups reported mixed emotions about leaving pediatric care. There was consensus among the respondents regarding the need for transfer programs and what they should offer. Bivariate analysis revealed that age, education level, and disease severity were statistically significant co-factors influencing the feelings, concerns and opinions of the study participants. CONCLUSION: Future longitudinal experimental research is needed to corroborate the results of this study and to assess the effectiveness of transition-related intervention programs for adolescents with SCD and their families.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Prevention programs for reducing adolescent problem behaviors: Implications of the co-occurrence of problem behaviors in adolescence.

PURPOSE: To examine the correlations between multiple risk behaviors in adolescent populations to document the extent to which problem behaviors are intercorrelated and to identify factors associated with variations in these correlations. METHODS: Studies from 1977 through the end of 1999 that included two or more problem behaviors in adolescents were identified by literature searches using the PsychLit database, Social Sciences Citation Index, manual journal searches and "ancestry" approaches. The behaviors studied were alcohol use, marijuana use, illicit drug use, cigarette smoking, general deviant behavior, and sexual activity. Included studies reported correlation coefficients between variables. RESULTS: Across all studies, the mean correlation between any two pairs of problem behaviors was 0.35, with a standard deviation of 0.28. This suggests that, on average, about two-thirds of the variation in problem behavior is the result of unique rather than common causes. The magnitude of the correlations varied as a function of the age of the adolescent, with lower correlations being evident for older adolescents. In addition, the magnitude of the correlation varied as a function of when the study was conducted, with studies of past generations showing stronger connections between risk behaviors than current generations. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that there is considerably more unique variation in classic adolescent problem behaviors than common variation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Factors influencing food choices of adolescents: findings from focus-group discussions with adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To assess adolescents' perceptions about factors influencing their food choices and eating behaviors. DESIGN: Data were collected in focus-group discussions. SUBJECTS/SETTING: The study population included 141 adolescents in 7th and 10th grade from 2 urban schools in St Paul, Minn, who participated in 21 focus groups. ANALYSIS: Data were analyzed using qualitative research methodology, specifically, the constant comparative method. RESULTS: Factors perceived as influencing food choices included hunger and food cravings, appeal of food, time considerations of adolescents and parents, convenience of food, food availability, parental influence on eating behaviors (including the culture or religion of the family), benefits of foods (including health), situation-specific factors, mood, body image, habit, cost, media, and vegetarian beliefs. Major barriers to eating more fruits, vegetables, and dairy products and eating fewer high-fat foods included a lack of sense of urgency about personal health in relation to other concerns, and taste preferences for other foods. Suggestions for helping adolescents eat a more healthful diet include making healthful food taste and look better, limiting the availability of unhealthful options, making healthful food more available and convenient, teaching children good eating habits at an early age, and changing social norms to make it "cool" to eat healthfully. APPLICATIONS/CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that if programs to improve adolescent nutrition are to be effective, they need to address a broad range of factors, in particular environmental factors (e.g., the increased availability and promotion of appealing, convenient foods within homes schools, and restaurants).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Childhood sexual abuse, adolescent sexual coercion and sexually transmitted infection acquisition among homeless female adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between childhood experiences of sexual abuse, sexual coercion during adolescence, and the acquisition of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in a population of homeless adolescents. METHOD: Homeless adolescent females (N = 216) from a northwestern United States city were recruited by street outreach workers for a longitudinal study of STI epidemiology. Baseline data on childhood abuse and recent history of sexual coercion were used to predict physiologically confirmed STI acquisition over the subsequent 6 months. RESULTS: About 38% of all girls reported a history of childhood sexual abuse (CSA). Girls with a history of CSA were more likely to report recent sexual coercion. In turn, sexual coercion in the last three months was significantly associated with a higher number of sexual partners (but not with a greater frequency of intercourse or with lower rates of condom use). Number of sexual partners significantly predicted the future acquisition of an STI within 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: Interventions to reduce risky sexual behaviors in homeless adolescent females may need to consider the impact of CSA, particularly on the number of sexual partners during adolescence. However, it also should be noted that engagement in intercourse often results from coercion and is not voluntary in this population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Adolescent sexuality and parent-adolescent processes: promoting healthy teen choices.

Trends in adolescent sexual health, the relation between parenting and adolescent sexual outcomes, and adolescent sexuality interventions with a parent component are reviewed. American adolescents have higher rates of unprotected sex and sexually transmitted infections contraction than adults and nine times the teen pregnancy rate of their European counterparts. Parenting efforts are related to adolescent sexual behavior. The review of 19 relevant programs supports the incorporation of theory and the ecological model in program design and evaluation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Assessment of major life events for Hong Kong adolescents: the Chinese Adolescent Life Event Scale.

Previous Chinese research on adolescent life stress adopted life event scales that were directly translated from Western measures. To address the methodological and cultural issues overlooked by the "import" approach, the present research aimed at constructing a life event scale for Hong Kong adolescents. Study 1 was conducted to congregate items for the Chinese Adolescent Life Event Scale (CALES). The CALES contains 44 items derived from 618 Hong Kong adolescents. Study 2 revealed adequate test-retest reliability and criterion-related validity for the CALES. Moreover, the CALES yielded stronger relationships with depression than did the translated life event measures. Results suggest that the CALES is appropriate for assessing life events for Hong Kong adolescents. Both unique features of the CALES and life events found only in the translated measures are examined. Implications for Chinese research on life stress are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Development during adolescence. The impact of stage-environment fit on young adolescents' experiences in schools and in families.

Although most individuals pass through adolescence without excessively high levels of "storm and stress," many do experience difficulty. Why? Is there something unique about this developmental period that puts adolescents at risk for difficulty? This article focuses on this question and advances the hypothesis that some of the negative psychological changes associated with adolescent development result from a mismatch between the needs of developing adolescents and the opportunities afforded them by their social environments. It provides examples of how this mismatch develops in the school and in the home and how it is linked to negative age-related changes in early adolescents' motivation and self-perceptions. Ways in which more developmentally appropriate social environments can be created are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Are adolescents the victims of raging hormones: evidence for activational effects of hormones on moods and behavior at adolescence.

The literatures on hormone changes at adolescence, hormonal influences on moods and behavior in nonhuman animals and adult humans, and mood and behavioral changes at adolescence and the small but burgeoning literature on hormonal influences at adolescence are examined. The focus is on moods and behaviors often identified as typically adolescent (e.g., mood lability, mood intensity, irritability, conflict with parents) and the primary hormones of puberty (i.e., the adrenal androgens, gonadotropins, and sex steroids). Through an integration of these literatures evidence is assessed for specific hormone-mood and hormone-behavior associations, as well as for more general types of hormone-outcome relations that transcend specific hormones or outcomes. Non-biological factors that appear to be important in moderating the role of hormones in adolescent moods and behavior are identified. Implications for the design of future studies in this area are detailed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Parents' and adolescents' perceptions of helpful and nonhelpful support for adolescents' assumption of diabetes management responsibility.

The study identified parents' and adolescents' perceptions of helpful and nonhelpful support, specific to adolescents' assumption of responsibility for diabetes management. Sixteen pairs of parents and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (11-18 years of age) were interviewed. The interviews were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim. Data were analyzed for manifest content according to social support dimensions identified by Barrera and Ainlay (1983). Inter-rater agreement between primary investigator and doctorally prepared diabetes nurse and educator was 100%. Both parents and adolescents describe directive guidance and tangible assistance as helpful and nonhelpful, depending on degree of directness and perceived need for help. Nurses can encourage parents to use subtle guidance and adolescents to communicate their needs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Parent-adolescent relationships, physical disciplinary history, and adjustment in adolescents.

Physical discipline occurs within the context of the parent-child relationship, yet it is often not examined within this important context. The current study examined whether negative effects of physical discipline on older adolescent adjustment are mediated by the overall parent-child relationship. The sample consisted of 253, mostly Caucasian, middle-class, adolescent participants (mean age = 18.4, 67% female). Physical punishment history, parent-adolescent relationships, and adjustment were assessed with self-report instruments. For females, relationships with parents partially mediated the association between physical punishment and adjustment. Physical punishment was negatively associated with both adjustment and parent-adolescent relationships. For males, physical punishment was not related to adjustment. Parent-adolescent relationships were positively associated with adjustment for both females and males. Physical punishment by fathers was negatively associated with father-son relationships. The results suggest the importance of exploring links between physical punishment and adjustment within the context of parent-child relationship, as well as examining males, females, mothers, and fathers separately.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Health professionals caring for chronically ill adolescents: adolescents' perspectives.

PURPOSE: To describe chronically ill adolescents' perceptions of how health professionals can best care for chronically ill adolescents. DESIGN: A qualitative study with tenets from grounded theory, including theoretical sampling and the constant comparison of data. SETTING: Participants' homes of private hospital offices. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-three adolescents, 13 to 16 years of age, who were diagnosed with either diabetes, asthma, arthritis, Crohn's disease, or ulcerative colitis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Open-ended, in-depth interview method. RESULTS: Eight themes emerged: (1) treat me like a person; (2) try to understand; (3) don't treat me differently; (4) give me some encouragement; (5) don't force me; (6) give me options; (7) have a sense of humor; and (8) know what you are doing. CONCLUSIONS: Health professionals need to adopt an overall approach described as careful maneuvering when caring for adolescents with chronic illness. This approach involves the health professional having sound knowledge and the ability to guide adolescents confidently and sensitively in the management of their illness.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Adolescent weight management and perceptions: an analysis of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health.

Researchers investigated contemporary weight management activities and weight perceptions among adolescents and determined the effects of school health education on these perceptions and activities. This national, random sample of more than 6,500 adolescents (grades 7-12) measured perceived weight, weight change efforts, weight change activities, Body Mass Index, and health education for weight management. Results indicate that most adolescents: 1) take part in efforts to manage their weight, although many struggle with perceiving their weight; 2) engage in appropriate weight change efforts; and 3) report receiving school health education that positively effects some aspects of their weight management behavior. Thus, adolescents are concerned about weight and perceptions of weight and are engaging in a variety of weight change activities for weight maintenance and weight change. School health education appears to have some effect in improving adolescent health behavior, and discussion centers on this topic.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Measuring social change preferences in African American adolescents: development of the Measure of Social Change for Adolescents (MOSC-A).

Studies addressing Black adolescents' social change strategies are nonexistent and might be associated with the absence of social change measures for Black adolescents. In an effort to begin addressing this concern, the 30-item Measure of Social Change for Adolescents (MOSC-A) was designed to measure Black adolescents' first- (i.e., within the system) and second- (outside of the system) order social change strategies. Factor analysis of responses that 226 Black adolescents gave to the MOSC-A revealed first- and second-order social change factors. Item response theory analyses revealed that 65% of the items on the former factor adequately discriminate across different trait levels, but those of the latter were less promising. Scaffolded on this study, future research might refine the MOSC-A's psychometric properties and improve its utility.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

The Adolescent Behavior Checklist: development and initial psychometric properties of a self-report measure for adolescents with ADHD.

Developed and provided initial psychometric properties on an adolescent, self-report questionnaire for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The Adolescent Behavior Checklist (ABC) consists of 44 items that measure ADHD core symptoms and associated difficulties (e.g., conduct problems, academic problems, and social deficits). A total of 909 adolescents between the ages of 11 and 17 served as the standardization sample. Results indicated that the ABC was internally consistent. Principal components analysis revealed six factors for the ABC: Conduct Problems, Impulsivity/Hyperactivity, Poor Work Habits, Inattention, Emotional Lability, and Social Problems. Significant gender and race differences were obtained for some ABC factor scores, and initial standardization data were established based on this information. Initial convergent and divergent validity of the ABC was supported by the correlations obtained between factor scores and the subscale scores on the Child Behavior Checklist and Youth Self-Report. Using an additional sample of 81 adolescents, the stability of ABC scores across a 2-week interval was found to be satisfactory. Initial evidence for discriminant validity was established by comparing ABC scores for a sample of adolescents diagnosed with ADHD to the normative sample.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Patterns of condom use among adolescents: the impact of mother-adolescent communication.

OBJECTIVES: The association between the timing of discussions about condoms between mother and adolescent and adolescents' condom use during their first and subsequent sexual encounters was examined. METHODS: Sexually active adolescents reported whether and when they discussed condoms with their mother and answered questions about their own condom use. RESULTS: Mother-adolescent discussions about condoms that occurred prior to sexual debut were strongly associated with greater condom use during first intercourse and most recent intercourse, along with greater lifetime regular condom use. CONCLUSIONS: Discussions about condoms prior to sexual debut are important in promoting condom use among adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Partner violence among adolescents in opposite-sex romantic relationships: findings from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health.

OBJECTIVES: This report examines (1) the prevalence of psychological and minor physical violence victimization in a nationally representative sample of adolescents and (2) associations between sociodemographic factors and victimization. METHODS: Analyses are based on 7500 adolescents who reported exclusively heterosexual romantic relationships in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Items from the Conflict Tactics Scale were used to measure victimization. Associations between victimization patterns and sociodemographic characteristics were assessed with polytomous logistic regression. RESULTS: One third of adolescents reported some type of victimization, and 12% reported physical violence victimization. Although most sociodemographic characteristics were significantly associated with victimization, patterns varied by sex and type of victimization. CONCLUSIONS: Psychological and minor physical violence victimization is common in opposite-sex romantic relationships during adolescence. The sex-specific associations between sociodemographic characteristics and patterns of partner violence victimization underscore the importance of pursuing longitudinal, theory-driven investigations of the characteristics and developmental histories of both partners in a couple to advance understanding of this public health problem.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Parent's socioeconomic status, adolescents' disposable income, and adolescents' smoking status in Massachusetts.

OBJECTIVES: This study examined the association between parental socioeconomic status (SES) and adolescent smoking. METHODS: We conducted telephone interviews with a probability sample of 1308 Massachusetts adolescents aged 12 to 17 years. We used multiple-variable-adjusted logistic regression models. RESULTS: The risk of adolescent smoking increased by 28% with each step down in parental education and increased by 30% for each step down in parental household income. These associations persisted after adjustment for age, sex, race/ethnicity, and adolescent disposable income. Parental smoking status was a mediator of these associations. CONCLUSIONS: Parental SES is inversely associated with adolescent smoking. Parental smoking is a mediator but does not fully explain the association.

Adolescent↗