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PubMed1990

MMPI supplemental scale performance of Mexican Americans and level of acculturation.

Mexican American and Anglo American's performance on the Wiggins Content Scales, Harris-Lingoes subscales, and Serkownek subscales was assessed in a college student population. Level of acculturation (Mexican vs. Anglo orientation), age, and social class were statistically controlled. The results showed statistically significant differences between means of Anglo and Mexican Americans on most of the supplemental scales assessed. These differences were more numerous before scale validity criteria were applied. The number of statistically significant differences were further reduced when level of acculturation and age were statistically controlled. The results showed that level of acculturation is a highly important variable which moderates interpretation of the MMPI scale elevations we measured. Acculturation far outweighed the influence of the well established MMPI moderator variables of age and social class.

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PubMed2000

Psychosocial predictors of acculturative stress in Mexican immigrants.

Psychosocial predictors of acculturative stress were examined in a sample of adult Mexican immigrants in Los Angeles. Bivariate and multivariate analyses revealed that family dysfunction, geographical separation from family, nonpositive expectations for the future, and low income levels were significantly related to elevated levels of acculturative stress. The findings suggest that family closeness, hopefulness for the future, and financial resources may provide a buffer against acculturative stressors experienced by migrating individuals. The findings highlight the importance of using culturally relevant clinical methods when assessing and treating immigrants and acculturating individuals.

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PubMed1998

The acculturation of Iranian immigrants in the United States and the implications for mental health.

The process of acculturation among Iranian immigrants living in the United States was explored; specifically, the relationships between acculturation and mental health, age, gender, level of education, and length of residence in the United States were examined. Acculturation was measured via R. H. Mendoza's (1989) Cultural Life Style Inventory, which includes 3 components: cultural resistance, cultural incorporation, and cultural shift. A significant but slight relationship was found between acculturation and mental health: As cultural resistance increased, scores signifying better mental health decreased; as cultural incorporation and cultural shift increased, scores signifying better mental health increased. Also, Iranian men were found to have higher levels of cultural shift, lower levels of cultural resistance, and higher scores signifying better mental health than Iranian women.

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PubMedDate not supplied

Acculturation, perceived social support, self-esteem, and pregnancy status among Dominican adolescents.

In this study I explore whether pregnancy status and mainland acculturation can be used to predict perceived social support or self-esteem in 49 nulligravida and 41 primigravida adolescents of Dominican background. Self-administered questionnaires containing the Dominican American version of the Acculturation Rating Scale (DARS), the Personal Resource Questionnaire-85 (PRQ85), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), and a pregnancy-specific demographic sheet were completed in the participant's choice of Spanish or English. Neither perceived social support or self-esteem could be predicted from pregnancy status and mainland acculturation. However, mainland acculturation was found to be significantly higher among nulligravida adolescents, while no significant differences were found between the groups in relation to perceived social support or self-esteem.

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PubMed2001

Acculturation and family functioning are related to health risks among pregnant Mexican American women.

The authors examined the independent and interactive effects of acculturation status and family cohesiveness on a series of psychosocial and medical risk factors of pregnancy among 500 women of Mexican origin. In general, both higher and lower levels of acculturation produced positive or negative psychosocial and healthcare consequences, and the operative relationships depended heavily on the particular outcome chosen. Higher levels of family cohesiveness tended to foster the most constructive health and psychosocial outcomes. However, in some circumstances higher levels of family cohesiveness resulted in less coping and a lower quality of prenatal care for less acculturated women. An important implication of this study is that psychosocial and health information can be obtained through assessments that identify different subgroups of Mexican American women and depend on women's level of acculturation and family cohesiveness. Culturally competent health practitioners or clinicians can conduct these assessments in a prenatal healthcare setting.

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PubMed2005

Emotional intelligence and acculturation to the United States: interactions on the perceived social consequences of smoking in early adolescents.

High emotional intelligence (EI) is associated with decreased adolescent smoking. Acculturation to the United States is a risk factor for adolescent smoking. High EI may buffer the relationship between acculturation to the United States and perceptions of the social consequences of smoking (PSC). Emotional intelligence is the ability to: accurately perceive, appraise, and express emotion; access and/or generate feelings in facilitating thought; understand emotion and emotional knowledge; and regulate emotions. Emotional intelligence (measured by the Multifactor Emotional Intelligence Scale, Adolescent Version), acculturation, and PSC were assessed in 2001 from 416 Southern California sixth graders (47% boys; mean age = 11.3 yrs; 32% Hispanic/ Latino, 29% Asian/Pacific Islander, 13% White, 19% Multiethnic, 6% Other). There was a significant EI x US acculturation interaction (p < 0.01) suggesting that those with high EI perceived more social consequences associated with smoking. As the U.S. population becomes increasingly diversified, identifying protective variables and designing effective prevention programs for adolescents of diverse ethnic and cultural backgrounds becomes important.

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PubMedDate not supplied

Family environment and emotional and behavioural symptoms in adolescent Cambodian Refugees: influence of time, gender, and acculturation.

For young refugees, the turmoil of adolescence is exacerbated by the acculturation process that sometimes places them at odds with the traditional culture of their ethnic group. The family environment can affect how adolescents cross that pivotal period. This paper focuses on the influence of family environment, gender and acculturation on the mental health of young refugees from early to mid-adolescence. Sixty-seven Cambodian adolescents were followed up from early to mid-adolescence. The effects of the youths' acculturation level, gender, and family environment and structure on internalising and externalising symptoms were analysed through linear regression analyses. Family conflict tends to increase from early to mid-adolescence. The association between family environment and mental health changes over time and, overall, family environment is associated with externalisation whereas gender, acculturation level, and family structure influence internalisation. Cambodian girls and boys cope differently with the challenges of adolescence in the host country, adopting traditional strategies and borrowing new ones from the host culture. Family therapy may help the parents and their adolescents address this process of change, which is both a source of vulnerability and of fulfilment, and enhances the ability of the family to negotiate between the cultural worlds of the home and of the host countries.

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PubMedDate not supplied

Is acculturation related to use of hearing protection?

Noise-exposed employees with limited English skills may pose a special challenge for hearing conservation programs. This pilot field study assessed knowledge, attitudes, and behavior regarding use of hearing protective devices in a largely Hispanic group of 88 workers exposed to industrial noise. Effectiveness of hearing protection was determined through field measurements of personal attenuation ratings. Individual scores on an acculturation scale (first language learned, language at home, degree of literacy in English, preferred language) demonstrated a correlation between a low degree of acculturation and low personal attenuation rating (R2= 0.49, p=0.0001). Low acculturation was also correlated with high-perceived barriers to use of hearing protection (p=0.006). Although neither self reports of self-efficacy nor perceived benefits of hearing protection correlated with personal attenuation rating, perceived barriers to hearing protector use was a significant predictor of hearing protector fit (p=0.05). These results indicate that less acculturated workers may be underutilizing hearing protection in the workplace partly due to perceived barriers to use of hearing protective devices. To be effective, hearing conservation training programs in work sites with an immigrant work force need to address language and cultural barriers to the use of hearing protection.

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PubMed2002

Substance use among emergency room patients: an exploratory analysis by ethnicity and acculturation.

OBJECTIVE: While substantial literature exists on the role of alcohol in injury occurrence, little is known about other substance use or abuse and injury, or drug use among the alcohol involved at the time of the emergency room (ER) visit. METHOD: A probability sample of 1,429 patients attending the ER at Santa Clara Valley Medical Center (CA) was interviewed and was asked questions pertaining to licit and illicit drug use and alcohol use within 6 hr prior to the event, and drug use within the last year. RESULTS: While drug use within the 6 hr prior to the event was not found to be significantly different between injured and noninjured patients, injured patients were more likely to report drug use during the last year, and those with violence-related injuries were more likely to report drug use during both time periods compared to those with other injuries. Drug use was associated with ethnicity, with whites more likely than blacks or Hispanics to report use. Among Hispanics, acculturation was related to drug use, with those high on acculturation as likely or more likely than whites to report use. Among those reporting alcohol consumption within 6hr prior to the event and those meeting criteria for alcohol dependence, differences across ethnic/acculturation subgroups for drug use in the same 6-hr period were not significant, and a higher prevalence of both 6-hr and 12-month substance use was found compared to those not reporting drinking during the 6 hr and those not alcohol dependent. CONCLUSIONS: Data suggest that ethnic differences in substance use becomes less important among those alcohol involved, and future research should focus on the interaction of alcohol and other substances on injury occurrence. Data also suggest that substance use associated with increasing acculturation among U.S. Hispanics may have a strong impact on health services utilization, and research is needed by gender, ethnicity, and acculturation to determine the burden that substance use places on the ER.

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PubMed1990

Language acculturation among older Vietnamese refugee adults.

The purpose of this study was to examine the English language acculturation among older Vietnamese refugees (aged 40 and over) in a nationwide sample. The findings reveal that age, sex, education in Vietnam, health, and length of residence in the U.S. had some significant relationships with language acculturation. In particular, older Vietnamese people had more problems with language acculturation than their younger counterparts, and Vietnamese women had more language acculturation problems than men.

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PubMed2003

Dietary patterns of Hispanic elders are associated with acculturation and obesity.

The association of dietary patterns and obesity, particularly in Hispanics, is relatively poorly understood. This large U.S. population subgroup has a high prevalence of obesity and associated chronic conditions, and Hispanics are changing their dietary practices as they acculturate. Our objectives were 1) to identify dietary patterns among elderly Hispanics in Massachusetts, compared with those of non-Hispanic whites; 2) to associate dietary patterns with acculturation; and 3) to associate dietary patterns with total and central obesity. We used a representative sample of 449 Puerto Rican and 133 Dominican elders and a neighborhood-based sample of 243 non-Hispanic white elders, aged 60 to 92 y, from the cross-sectional Massachusetts Hispanic Elders Study. Obesity and central obesity were assessed with BMI (kg/m2) and waist circumference measurement, respectively. Acculturation was assessed by evaluating language use. Usual diet was assessed with a food frequency questionnaire specifically designed for use with this population. Dietary patterns were defined by cluster analysis of food group variables. We identified five clusters of individuals by dietary pattern, with proportionately greater energy intake from 1) fruit and breakfast cereal, 2) starchy vegetables, 3) rice, 4) whole milk and 5) sweets, respectively. Hispanics were less likely to follow the fruit and cereal or sweets patterns, and more likely to follow the starchy vegetables or milk patterns, than were non-Hispanic whites. Only Hispanics followed the rice pattern. Among Hispanics, acculturation was positively associated with the fruit and cereal pattern, and negatively with the rice pattern. Total and central obesity were positively associated with the rice pattern. Longitudinal studies are needed to clarify the causal nature of these associations.

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PubMed1982

Acculturation and coronary heart disease among Japanese men in Hawaii.

A cohort of 4653 men of Japanese ancestry living in Hawaii, with traditional Japanese social and cultural lifestyles, were studied for the association of the prevalence and incidence of coronary heart disease (Honolulu Heart Program, 1971-1979). Two of four scales of acculturation were significantly associated with coronary heart disease prevalence independently of 11 other risk factors, but none of the acculturation scales were associated with incidence appeared to be mostly due to the inclusion of fatal cases in the incidence data, although other explanations are possible. Measures of acculturation were also significantly associated wih many of the other coronary heart disease risk factors in such a way that the more traditional Japanese men had lower serum cholesterol and uric acid, were less obese, more physically active, and smoked fewer cigarettes than the more westernized men. A comparison of bivariate and multivariate analyses indicated that some of acculturation scales were indirectly associated with coronary heart disease because of the confounding association with the other risk factors.

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PubMed1993

Acculturation and breastfeeding on the United States-Mexico border.

Previous studies have demonstrated a strong association between breastfeeding incidence and ethnic background, indicating the presence of strong cultural influences on infant-feeding patterns within ethnic groups. This study analyzed the relationship of acculturation into the United States, one aspect of ethnicity, to the initiation of breastfeeding among a sample of 213 women recruited approximately 2 months prenatally in the United States-Mexico border city of Brownsville, Texas. An in-depth, structured interview was conducted at that time (n = 213), at the time of birth (n = 207), and 2 to 3 weeks postnatally (n = 206). In addition, male partners of the mothers were interviewed prenatally when available (n = 119). Acculturation scores and demographic characteristics were tested relative to breastfeeding initiation. The degree of acculturation, age, and marital status were associated significantly with breastfeeding initiation (with breastfeeding continued at 2 to 3 weeks postnatally), but occupational status, education, and income were not. Breastfeeding incidence was highest among older, married, or low-acculturated, Anglo mothers. These data suggest that women being assimilated into the United States are inhibited in the initiation of breastfeeding. These findings suggest that to be successful, intervention programs to increase breastfeeding incidence must consider the cultural adaptation of different groups as they meld with the larger population.

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PubMed2003

Acculturation strategies and ethnic identity as predictors of behavior problems in arctic minority adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of acculturation attitudes and ethnic and national identity on behavior problems in arctic minority adolescents in northern Norway. METHOD: The Youth Self-Report, the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure, and acculturation strategies were completed by 581 indigenous Sami and 291 Kven high school students in 1994-1995, at age 15-18 years. Response rate was 85%. Behavior problems were in addition to ethnic/national identity and acculturation attitudes studied in relation to ethnicity, gender, age, socioeconomic status, parentage, ethnic language, and ethnic context. RESULTS: Although there were no ethnic group differences in behavior problems, the impact of ethnocultural predictors differed between ethnocultural and indigenous adolescents. Acculturation attitudes were most significant for indigenous adolescents' mental health, and identity issues showed the strongest impact on ethnocultural peers. The study revealed significant gender differences regarding the influence of ethnocultural factors, and contextual variation among Sami adolescents with the strongest impact in contexts with low density of Sami people. CONCLUSIONS: The significant ethnic group variations emphasize the importance of conducting both between- and within-group analysis on the impact of ethnocultural issues on behavior problems in minority adolescents.

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PubMedDate not supplied

Maternal sensitivity, posttraumatic stress, and acculturation in Vietnamese and Hmong mothers.

PURPOSE: To determine the extent of posttraumatic stress and acculturation in Vietnamese and Hmong mothers and identify their relationship to maternal sensitivity. DESIGN: Descriptive correlational research design. METHODS: A sample of 30 mothers was evenly divided between Hmong and Vietnamese who had lived in the United States 2 to 21 years, had healthy children under 30 months, and had varied education and literacy levels. Data were collected in the home using a script. The mother's sensitivity to her infant was measured by Ainsworth's Sensitivity vs. Insensitivity to the Baby's Communication, degree of acculturation by the Suinn-Lew Self-identity Acculturation Scale (SL-ASIA), and posttraumatic stress by the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 (HSCL-25). RESULTS: Depression and anxiety correlated highly with posttraumatic stress (PTS), and thus were substituted for PTS. Almost half (43%) were clinically depressed or anxious, with less acculturated mothers tending to be more anxious and depressed. One third had considered suicide in the previous week. Mothers found it difficult to communicate their distress to primary providers. In spite of high depression and anxiety rates, maternal sensitivity was high, and was not significantly correlated to any variable. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Nurses should incorporate screening for depression and anxiety into routine assessments or discharge planning for foreign-born mothers, then refer stressed mothers to appropriate resources. It is important to not assume diminished sensitivity in depressed or anxious mothers and to consider the coaching role of the grandmother.

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PubMedDate not supplied

A call to action. Acculturation level and family-planning patterns of Hispanic immigrant women.

PURPOSE: To describe family-planning patterns of Hispanic women and to determine their relationship to acculturation level and to selected maternal demographic, pregnancy, and infant birth indices. DESIGN: Descriptive correlational. METHODS: A convenience sample of 376 Hispanic women was drawn from prenatal clinics in a large, public teaching hospital in the Southwest United States. Acculturation status was assessed during the prenatal period using the Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans II. Maternal data concerning pregnancy, infant birth, postpartum, and family planning were abstracted from the hospital record. Data were analyzed using descriptive, correlational, and multiple regression procedures. RESULTS: Most women were of Mexican origin, first generation in the United States, and oriented toward traditional Mexican cultural beliefs and values. Most were married, had less than an eighth-grade education, and experienced a first or second healthy pregnancy with healthy birth outcomes. Over 66% of the women returned for at least one visit in the first year postbirth; compliance at 1 yr declined to 28%. Five variables were significantly correlated with family-planning visit compliance: number of pregnancies, generation in the United States, acculturation level, trimester of first prenatal visit, number of prenatal visits, and gestational age of newborn. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Nurses are in a pivotal position to educate the Mexican immigrant woman about healthcare for herself and for her family, but need to recognize cultural influences on family-planning behavior. Effective interventions build on existing knowledge, beliefs, and practices of traditional immigrant women. It is important to include the generation in the United States as an indicator of adherence to traditional values and beliefs.

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PubMed2006

The roles of citizenship status, acculturation, and health insurance in breast and cervical cancer screening among immigrant women.

BACKGROUND: Immigrant women are less likely to undergo cancer screening. However, few national studies have examined the role of citizenship status or acculturation. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to examine differences in Papanicolaou (Pap) smear and mammography screening among U.S.-born women and immigrants who are naturalized citizens or remained noncitizens. Among Latinas, we also determined if acculturation is related to screening after adjusting for covariates. RESEARCH DESIGN: The authors conducted a cross-sectional analysis of the Adult Section of the 2000 National Health Interview Survey, a nationally representative sample. SUBJECTS: A total of 18,342 women completed the survey, including 1445 who were not citizens. MEASURES: For Pap smears, women age 18-65 were appropriately screened if they reported testing within the past 3 years. For mammograms, women age 50-70 were considered appropriately screened if they reported testing within the past 2 years. We determined acculturation using a modified version of the Marin scale. RESULTS: After adjusting for age, education, family income, and marital status, noncitizens remained significantly less likely to report having a mammogram than U.S.-born women (14 percentage point difference; P < 0.01). However, after adjusting for health insurance coverage and a usual source of care, these disparities were markedly attenuated. For Pap smears, after adjusting for sociodemographics and access to care, disparities persisted (11 percentage points, P < 0.01). Among Latinas, differences in Pap smears between noncitizens and the U.S.-born disappeared after further controlling for acculturation. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that initiatives to diminish disparities in screening should prioritize improving access to care for noncitizens. Our study also lends support to culturally sensitive interventions aimed at improving Pap smear screening among noncitizens.

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PubMed2005

Ethno-specific patterns of adolescent tobacco use and the mediating role of acculturation, peer smoking, and sibling smoking.

AIMS: The objectives of this study are to identify the relationship between ethnic identity and tobacco use, and to examine the mediating effects of peer and sibling smoking and acculturation. DESIGN AND MEASUREMENTS: Data were drawn from a cross-sectional survey of 3400 Toronto students, sampled from 30 schools between 1998 and 2000. Primary ethnic identity was based on adolescents' self-identification of their ethnic heritage condensed to 12 groups for analysis. Tobacco use was measured as a dichotomy, predicting non-smoking in the past year. Multivariate logistic regression models were employed to test for baseline differences in non-smoking by ethnic identity. Subsequent models adjusted for controls (age, gender, social class, religious attendance, educational achievement) and introduced mediators. FINDINGS: Results indicated that smoking varied among adolescents of differing ethnic identities. Adolescents of western European, eastern European and southern European ethnicity were considerably less likely to be non-smokers, while Chinese, South Asian and East Indian and West Indian youth were more inclined to be non-smokers. The discrepancies in rates of non-smoking among western European and South Asian and East Indian adolescents were explained by a combination of peer and sibling smoking and acculturation; among southern European and eastern European youth via peer and sibling smoking; and by neither peer and sibling smoking nor acculturation for Chinese and West Indian youth. CONCLUSIONS: This paper demonstrates that disparities in tobacco use among certain ethnic groups can be explained by peer and sibling smoking and acculturation; however, for other ethnic groups, knowledge of the processes that account for differences in tobacco use remains less clear.

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