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At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Identification of quality management practices to reduce the incidence of retail beef tenderness problems: development and evaluation of a prototype quality system to produce tender beef.

A prototype quality system for ensuring beef tenderness was designed and tested. The test population of cattle was genetically diverse, but it was constrained to include youthful (14- to 17-mo-old) steers with no more than 3/8 Bos indicus inheritance. Feeding and preharvest management of the cattle were consistent with procedures recommended for production of grain-finished beef of an acceptable quality level. In addition, the target endpoint for harvest (11-mm external fat thickness over the longissimus at the 12th rib) resulted in production of mostly Select and low Choice beef carcasses; 92% of the resulting carcasses qualified for these two grade levels. Application of the prototype quality system reduced the expected rate of nonconformance to desired tenderness specifications from about one in four loin steaks (23% for top sirloins and 26% for strip loins) to approximately one in eight loin steaks (13% for top sirloins and 12% for strip loins). Tenderness comparisons among sires suggested that the rate of nonconformance for strip loin steaks might be reduced even further by control of genetic inputs into the system. Use of process control in a quality management system was demonstrated to be an effective approach for assurance of beef tenderness.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1997

Computed tomography data based rapid prototyping model of the temporal bone before cochlear implant surgery.

Rapid prototyping (RP) technique allows automatic fabrication of 3D model parts. This method was applied to make a temporal bone model before cochlear implant surgery. A helical CT scan is used to acquire high resolution data from the middle and the inner ear of the patient. From the scanning data bone structures and soft tissues can be separated because their different grayscale pixel values. By using a guided image processing tool the desired parts of the anatomy can be extracted and 3D data created. The segmented data are processed to the form suitable for creating a high accuracy RP model. The RP model is made in the stereolithography (SLA) process by means of a computer guided HeCd laser beam inducing polymerisation of acrylic solution as it passes layer by layer over the surface of the polymer solution. In this prototype model the anatomy of the temporal bone can be clearly visualised, including, e.g., mastoid cells, tympanic cavity, bony canal of facial nerve, and round and oval windows. The inner ear spaces including vestibule, semicircular canals and cochlear turn are also shaped. The transparent acrylic material allows bonelike mechanical handling. The RP model can be dissected and used in individual surgical planning and simulation prior to cochlear implantation.

Cochlear Implants↗
PubMed1990

The effect of prototype-based versus attribute-based presentation forms on the acquisition of a medical concept.

The purpose of this study was to determine the differential effect of two presentation-forms on the acquisition of the concept of shock. It is hypothesized that presenting a prototype facilitates learning and retention of the concept shock compared with verbally enumerating the attributes of the same concept. A group of 106 students from nursing education participated in the experiment. A matched group design guided the assigning of students to different instructional conditions. The instructional program consisted of expository texts, different types of questions and feedback. In the experimental condition eight videotaped typical cases of shock were incorporated in the program. Data-analysis resulted in confirmation of the hypotheses (p less than 0.01), i.e. new instances of shock were identified more frequently by students of the experimental group, while these students were also more able to list commonalities and differences between different cases of shock. This finding supports the prototype-paradigm in concept learning and implies the recommendation to organize lessons in clinical reasoning or diagnostic behavior around typical cases of concepts.

Concept Formation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Validation of a metabolic prototype to assist in the treatment of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

This paper describes the principles and prototyping of a computer system to assist in the treatment of patients with insulin-dependent (type 1) diabetes mellitus. The system adopts a mixed approach involving rule-based qualitative algebra and a dynamic mathematical model to define the relationships between insulin dosage, diet and glycaemic response. The rule-based system (KBS), implemented in PROLOG, can be used to generate qualitative therapeutic advice. These suggestions are quantified and rank-ordered by the use of a mathematical model of glucose-insulin interaction in type 1 diabetes mellitus, with parameters adjusted for individual patients. In this paper an overview of the integrated prototype, linking the KBS and model, is provided and a case study used to demonstrate the principles of the system in operation. The results of verification and validation work performed on the KBS are described.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed1994

Evaluation of a prototype on-line electrical conductivity system for detection of subclinical mastitis.

A prototype on-line system for measurement of electrical conductivity of quarter milk was evaluated for accuracy in detection of subclinical mastitis compared with that of bacteriological culture and SCC of sampled quarters. Because of the low quarter prevalence of mastitis, quarters were sampled conditionally from the signals of the on-line system. All signaled quarters and a random selection of the nonsignaled quarters were sampled. To calculate sensitivity and specificity, the total number of non-signaled quarters was extrapolated. The system identified correctly 18 out of 23 subclinical quarters and 521 out of 555 healthy quarters. Quarter prevalence was about 1%. Predictive value of a positive test (35%) and the predictive value of a negative test (99%) were calculated, as well as sensitivity (25%) and specificity (99%), after extrapolation of the total number of nonsignaled quarters. Because of repeated measurements, sensitivity may be underestimated. When signaled quarters were defined by repeated signals within 14 d, predictive value positive increased to 48%. The prototype on-line system did not detect subclinical mastitis very accurately because of suboptimal test characteristics.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Preclinical evaluation of prototype products.

Preclinical evaluation of medical devices (prototype products) offers the opportunity to investigate and study the intended use of device materials. Preclinical evaluation programs are designed to determine the efficacy, safety, and biocompatibility of biomaterials, prostheses, and medical devices. The purpose of safety testing is to determine if a material presents potential harm to the human; it evaluates the interaction of the material with the in vivo environment and determines the effect of the host on the implant. Preclinical evaluation is the determination of the ability of the prototype product to perform with appropriate host response in a specific application, considered from the perspective of human clinical use. Therefore, preclinical data should include materials science and engineering, biology, biochemistry, medicine, host reactions and their evaluation, the testing of biomaterials, and the degradation of materials in a biological environment.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Characterization of the viral RNA species of prototype dengue viruses.

Dengue virus isolates have been grown in the Igarashi clone C6/36 Aedes albopictus cells in amounts suitable for biochemical studies. Oligonucleotide fingerprint analyses have been used to characterize the virion 40 S RNA species of the four prototype dengue (DEN) serotype viruses: DEN 1, Hawaiian strain; DEN 2, New Guinea C strain (both insect and mouse brain passaged derivatives); DEN 3, H-87 strain; and DEN 4, H-241 strain. Comparisons of the largest oligonucleotides derived by ribonuclease T1 digestion of these 40 S DEN virion RNA species indicate that ther are few, if any, large oligonucleotides that are homologous between any two fo the four dengue prototype strains. Preliminary analyses of the 40 S RNA 5' terminal sequence of DEN 3 virion RNA indicate that it has the composition of m7GpppAmpXp.

Aedes↗
PubMed1985

[Learning and prototype formation of artificial categories defined by multidimensional normal distributions].

In order to approximate the variety of natural categories, two kinds of stimuli whose attributes vary according to different multivariate normal distributions are generated on CRT screen. Twenty undergraduate and graduate students served as subjects. Subject's task was to discriminate the stimuli. Results revealed that subject's performance can be explained very well by the parameters of the distributions (Exp.1). Although in previous studies prototypes have been assumed to be the mean value or central tendency of category instances, there is another possibility, especially when two or more concepts are simultaneously learned, that they have attributes which are emphasized. This hypothesis was confirmed in Exp.2, using 30 undergraduates as subjects. It was argued that we must distinguish at least two kinds of prototypes: the one formed by the most frequent instances and the other the most discriminate in contrast with the other concepts.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Facilitating higher order thinking skills in nurse education: a prototype database for teaching wound assessment and management skills.

The introduction of university based nurse education in Australia has nursing students spending more time in the classroom and less time in clinical settings. This decrease in clinical exposure may result in reduced opportunities for students to develop pertinent patient assessment and management skills. This is particularly true of skills required for effective wound assessment and management. Computerised databases offer an innovative method of teaching or refining these skills in a cost and time-effective manner without risk to patients or students. Such technology can also provide important grounding in data identification, hypothesis testing, problem solving and clinical decision making skills. This paper explores the underlying pedagogical principles of database use and describes the development of the prototype closed database, DECUBITUS. The prototype database included the following data fields; physical assessment, clinical diagnosis, risk assessment, wound assessment and treatment modality. The introduction of more sophisticated databases will permit the storage of visual images of actual wounds thus providing an additional dimension to the teaching of wound assessment and management.

Australia↗
PubMed1989

Rapid prototyping for healthcare applications.

One way automation can increase efficiency is through rapid prototyping, particularly of user interfaces. AI and logic programming, argues this author, offer good user interface tools and a suitable prototyping environment.

Efficiency↗
PubMed1998

The AEDMI project, an example of prototype development for a clinical decision helping system.

The AEDMI project, carried out in the Bellvitge University Hospital, near Barcelona, is proposed as an example of clinical decision system prototype development. Several difficulties have been encountered to develop this project. One of them was to find the adequate understanding for the project and proper funding for personnel resources. The support by FIS grants and from the hospital structures was essential to the survival of the project; however the resources always have been below the real needs for development. The difficulties with clinical coding systems, the excessive expectancies upon prototypes, and the lack of culture in information methods were other relevant hinders. The complexity of clinical realm, the uncertainty of medical decisions, and the current trends to substitute the clinical information by data obtained from electronic devices, or analytical monitoring of patients, are additional problems for clinical information managing.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1998

Implementation of a fuzzy prototype-based machine learning method to predict myocardial infarction from coronary angiography.

Formal knowledge on the predictive value of morphological angiographic factors is lacking to estimate the risk of myocardial infarction. This article presents a computer system for predicting the incidence of myocardial infarction from angiographic morphological descriptions of coronary lesions. The system includes two phases. The learning phase consists in extracting from a large database of described stenoses two classes represented by one or several fuzzy prototypes. One class corresponds to stenoses leading to infarction and the other to stenoses not leading to that event. The evaluation phase consists in classifying a stenosis according to its morphological characteristics in one of these two classes. The learning method is based on a fuzzy supervised Machine Learning algorithm that combines some aspects of the K-nearest neighbours clustering approach with a defined measure of similarity, and a prototype induction function from the most similar stenoses, taking into account their degree of typicality. The current results of the evaluation phase to correctly predicted X% stenoses for their risk of myocardial infarction. This article emphasizes the feasibility of the approach, however, the learning phase relies on some heuristics that should be validated to get a formal evaluation of the system.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1999

Selective laser sintering: application of a rapid prototyping method in craniomaxillofacial reconstructive surgery.

Advances in technology have benefited the medical world in many ways and a new generation of computed tomography (CT) scanners and three-dimensional (3-D) model making rapid prototyping systems (RPS) have taken craniofacial surgical planning and management to new heights. With the development of new rapid prototyping systems and the improvements in CT scan technology, such as the helical scanner, biomedical modelling has improved considerably and accurate 3-D models can now be fabricated to allow surgeons to visualise and physically handle a 3-D model on which simulation surgery can be performed. The principle behind this technology is to first acquire digital data (CT scan data) which is then imported to the RPS to fabricate fine layers or cuts of the model which are gradually built up to form the 3-D models. Either liquid resin or nylon powder or special paper may be used to make these models using the various RPS available today. Selective laser sintering (SLS), which employs a CO2 laser beam to solidify special nylon powder and build up the model in layers is described in this case report, where a 23-year old Chinese female with panfacial fracture and a skull defect benefited from SLS biomodelling in the preoperative workup.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1992

DentLE. The Dental Learning Environment: a prototype demonstration.

DentLE, the Dental Learning Environment is a hypermedia software system being prototyped as part of a research and development project at the State University of New York at Buffalo School of Dental Medicine. The design seeks to reach beyond single discipline software or cases, and integrate a range of patient problems within a comprehensive dental knowledge base. The approach is to use computer and hypermedia technology to weave together the disciplines of dentistry so that learning occurs in relation to patients, as they appear in the real world. The DentLE system prototype allows the learner to explore information in all the disciplines related to patient problems, as well as other information including "blind alleys" and results of curiosity.

Computer-Assisted Instruction↗
PubMed1991

[Hepatitis C virus: sequence homology of a European isolate and divergence from the prototype].

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detected specific hepatitis C viral (HCV) RNA sequences in liver biopsies from two patients with chronic hepatitis, in the tissue of a liver implantate, in plasma from four chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis (NANBH) patients and, for the first time, in an infectious anti-D-immunoglobulin preparation. A comparison of the viral sequences coding for a region for the nonstructural NS3 protein from the liver tissues revealed only a very small degree of sequence divergence on the cDNA as well as on the amino acid level (between 0 and 5%). The sequence similarities of the RNA isolated from plasma of the four chronic NANBH patients and the anti-D-immunoglobulin preparation were partly somewhat lower but altogether also high (between 90 and 100%). In contrast, all eight cDNA and amino acid sequences exhibited a significantly higher degree of divergence in comparison with the HCV prototype sequence (between 29 and 32%) than among themselves (between 0 and 10%). This unexpected high sequence similarity of the eight European isolates and their low homology to the Northamerican prototype sequence is indicative for the existence of different types of HCV. This will be important not only for epidemiological studies but also for the development of effective diagnostic procedures and vaccines. Concerning the pathogenesis of NANBH, a double infection or a helper mechanism has to be considered: in addition to the C virus, sequences of an other virus particle were found in the infectious IgG preparation as well as in the liver biopsies.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1991

CD-ROM prototype applications within the Department of Veterans Affairs.

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) has been actively involved in examining the benefits of Compact Disc Read Only Memory (CD-ROM) to its operations. Approximately twenty VA titles either have been produced or are scheduled for production by Summer of 1991. Both textual and database CDs have been prototyped. Several of the CDs have been integrated directly into the VA's MUMPS-based hospital information systems. Titles which contain patient information employ the Data Encryption Standard (DES) for sensitive information. A related project involves the installation of a system which allows common VDTs on the hospital system to access commercial CDs such as MEDLINE, PDR, and CCIS. The prototypes have been successful and very favorably received by users.

CD-ROM↗
PubMed1991

AI/Consult: a prototype directed history system based upon the AI/Rheum knowledge base.

An expert system is designed which uses the AI/Rheum knowledge base as the basis for a directed workup system for rheumatological disorders. A Turbo Pascal prototype is demonstrated which, unlike AI/Rheum, permits entry by the clinician of a patient's chief complaint(s) and subsequently develops a dynamic differential diagnosis for this limited set of findings. The system restricts its line of questioning to those pertinent in order to rule in or rule out items on this dynamic differential diagnosis, and, unlike AI/Rheum, it provides immediate notification to the user when a critical mass of information has been entered in order to meet a diagnosis at one of the AI/Rheum criteria table's three levels of diagnosis (possible, probable, definite). Thus the system allows for a more rapid, focused decision making approach than does AI/Consult, while it follows the trend established by QMR in that it abandons the Greek Oracle problem solving approach and instead adopts a physician-assisted hypothesis investigation approach. The system is currently a prototype, without AI/Rheum's page oriented and mouse driven interface, and thus the total user interaction time may be longer than with AI/Rheum even though fewer user interactions (responses) are required. Plans for future development include optimization of the knowledge base to allow for more efficient, problem oriented questioning and modification of the knowledge base compiler in order to dynamically rule out diseases through the addition of three new levels of diagnosis in the knowledge base criteria tables.

Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Emergence of highly pathogenic virus during selective chicken passage of the prototype mildly pathogenic chicken/Pennsylvania/83 (H5N2) influenza virus.

The prototype mildly pathogenic A/chicken/Pennsylvania/21525/83 (H5N2) avian influenza virus, which was isolated more than 5 months before the emergence of highly pathogenic virus in the major 1983 Pennsylvania outbreak, was examined for the presence of minority subpopulations of highly pathogenic virus. Selective serial passage of the parental mildly pathogenic virus in leghorn hens did not lead to recovery of highly pathogenic virus. However, several highly pathogenic reisolates were recovered from hens inoculated with either of two mildly pathogenic virus clones selected for their ability to efficiently produce plaques in trypsin-free chicken embryo fibroblasts. Unlike the parental virus, these reisolates caused high mortality in chickens and produced postmortem lesions typical of highly pathogenic avian influenza. Electrophoretic mobilities of the hemagglutinin glycoproteins of the highly pathogenic derivatives resembled those of the prototype highly pathogenic A/chicken/Pennsylvania/1370/83 (H5N2) virus isolated in October 1983. These results suggest that unrecognized subpopulations of highly pathogenic virus may have infected Pennsylvania chickens for several months before emerging as the clinically manifest component of the virus population.

Animals↗