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PubMed2002

Micronutrient malnutrition, infection, and immunity: an overview.

Micronutrient deficiencies and infectious diseases often coexist and exhibit complex interactions leading to the vicious cycle of malnutrition and infections among underprivileged populations of the developing countries, particularly in preschool children. Several micronutrients such as vitamin A, beta-carotene, folic acid, vitamin B12 vitamin C, riboflavin, iron, zinc, and selenium, have immunomodulating functions and thus influence the susceptibility of a host to infectious diseases and the course and outcome of such diseases. Certain of these micronutrients also possess antioxidant functions that not only regulate immune homeostasis of the host, but also alter the genome of the microbes, particularly in viruses, resulting in grave consequences like resurgence of old infectious diseases or the emergence of new infections. These micronutrient infection and immune function interactions and their clinical and public health relevance in developing countries are briefly reviewed in this article.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed2005

Broiler litter as a micronutrient source for cotton: concentrations in plant parts.

Analytically, poultry litter contains nearly all essential micronutrients but the extent of phytoavailability of these nutrients and whether cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and other crop plants can receive adequate amounts of these nutrients from litter is not fully known. The objective of this research was to determine whether cotton receives sufficient amounts of Fe, Cu, Mn, and Zn from litter and estimate the efficiency of cotton in extracting these metal nutrients from litter in the absence of any other source of the micronutrients. The greenhouse research used plastic pots filled with approximately 11 kg of a 2:1 (v/v) sand to vermiculite growing mix. Cotton (cv. Stoneville 474) was grown in the pots fertilized with broiler litter at rates of 30, 60, 90, or 120 g pot(-1) in a factorial combination with four supplemental nutrient solution (NS) treatments. The nutrient solutions consisted of full Hoagland's nutrient solution (NS-full); a solution of the macronutrients N, P, K, Ca, and Mg (NS-macro); a solution of the micronutrients Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, B, and Mo (NS-micro); and water (NS-none). Based on tissue nutrient analysis, a one-time broiler litter application supplied adequate amounts of Fe, Cu, and Mn to bring the concentration of these nutrients in upper leaves within published sufficiency ranges. Zinc, with <17 mg kg(-1) concentration in the upper leaves, was the only micronutrient below the established sufficiency range regardless of the rate of applied litter. Cotton extracted Fe and Mn more efficiently than Cu or Zn, removing as much as 8.8% of Fe and 7.2% of Mn supplied by 30 g litter pot(-1). In contrast, the extraction efficiency was 1.7% for Cu and 1.9% for Zn. Roots accumulated 58% of the total absorbed Fe and 64% of Cu, and leaves accumulated 32% of the Fe and only 13% of the Cu supplied by litter. In contrast, only 16% of the total absorbed Mn and 23% of Zn accumulated in roots while leaves accumulated 64% of the total Mn and 37% of Zn. These results demonstrate that broiler litter is a valuable source of the metal nutrients supplying Fe, Cu, and Mn in full and Zn in part, but a very large fraction of the litter-supplied metal nutrients remained in the growing mix.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1999

[Micronutrients and tropical viral infections: one aspect of pathogenic complexity in tropical medicine].

In tropical zones, uncertain living conditions, inadequate food intake, and poor medical facilities enhance unnecessary morbidity and mortality especially involving infants and young children. In addition to protein-caloric malnutrition, deficiencies in essential micronutrients have a specific health impact. Such deficiencies can be the direct cause of disease such as vitamin A deficiency and blindness or have a promoting effect by compromising immune status and increasing susceptibility to and severity of infectious diseases especially of viral origin. The promoting effect of micronutrient deficiency plays a significant role in measles, rotavirus-related diarrhea, and, to a certain extent, progression of HIV infection. Several examples are described to illustrate the relationship between tropical viral infection and micronutrients including vitamin A, selenium, and various other antioxidants. These examples highlight the effect of infectious disease on micronutritional status (vitamin A and measles) and the need to develop reliable, practical tools to evaluate the relevance and effectiveness of dietary supplementation. In any case, improving living conditions and health programs such as the Expanded Vaccination Program are required and illustrate a transverse approach for prevention of infectious and non-infectious tropical disease. The relationship between micronutrients and infection is only one aspect of the multifactorial reality that must be dealt with in tropical medicine.

Child↗
PubMed2001

[Micronutrient (vitamins and minerals) supplementation for the elderly, suggested by a special committee nominated by Ministry of Health].

The elderly tend to be at a higher risk for nutritional deficiencies and in particular for micronutrient deficiencies. A committee nominated by Ministry of Health examined the relevant literature and the local recommendations as well as the recommendations from other countries and suggested a daily special micronutrient supplementation for institutionalized elderly. The preparatory will contain about half the RDA for most of the micronutrients, except for fluorine that is recommended at a lower level and biotin, vitamins D, C, B12 as well as zinc, copper and molybdenum at a level higher than half the RDA. Major elements such as calcium, are not included in the preparatory and would be supplied separately when needed. Vitamin K and iron are excluded as well. The suggested preparatory composition, mg: vitamin A, 0.450; vitamin D, 0.015; vitamin E, 10; thiamin, 0.6 Pound riboflavin, 0.7; biotin, 0.030; pantothenic acid, 3; niacin, 8; vitamin C, 60; vitamin B6, 0.8; folic acid, 0.120; vitamin B12, 0.0024; choline up to 275; zinc, 8; copper, 0.9; fluorine, 0.5; manganese, 1.2; chromium 0.020; molybdenum, 0.045; selenium, 0.030; and iodine, 0.075. Fat-soluble vitamins should be microencapsulated. Micronutrient supplementation is part of Ministry of Health balanced nutrition policy. The committees recommendations are also applicable for the free-living elderly.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

[Effect of multi-micronutrient on heat adaptation and its probable mechanism].

A multi-micronutrient compound is composed of ascorbic acid, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B6, niacin, folic acid, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Cu, Mn, Fe and Zn. In order to explore the effect of the multi-micronutrient on heat adaptation and its probable mechanism, heat-exposed Drosophila melanogaster, mice and rats were observed. The results showed that the multi-micronutrient could significantly increase the survival rate of heat-exposed Drosophila melanogaster and prolong the survival time and swimming time of mice under high temperature. The results indicated that the significant influence of multi-micronutrients on heat adaptation could be the result of enhancing the glucocorticoid receptor activity in hepatic cytosol in the heat-exposed rats, inhibiting liver phospholipase A2 activity in the heat-exposed rats, increasing serum SOD activity and decreasing serum MAD content in the heat-exposed rats, as well as increasing level of HSP70 in the heat-exposed Drosophila melanogaster. The results suggested that the effect of enhancing heat adaptation might be related to improving neuroendocrine regulation, enhancing anti-oxidative function against the damage of free radicals as well as increasing HSP70 content.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2006

Prevalence and severity of micronutrient deficiency: a cross-sectional study among adolescents in Sri Lanka.

In order to determine the prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies (iron, zinc and folate) in Sri Lankan adolescent school children and the extent to which multiple micronutrient deficiencies exist in this population, a cross-sectional survey (2003) in the Galle district of the micronutrient and anthropometric status of 945 school children of ages 12-16 years was performed. The prevalence of anemia (Hb < 120.0 g/L) was 49.5% in males and 58.1% in females (overall 54.8%, gender difference, P = 0.004). In anemic children 30.2% of males and 47.8% of females were iron deficient (serum ferritin < 30.0 microg/L). Folate deficiency (<6.80 nmol/L) was found in 54.6% and 52.5% of boys and girls respectively whereas zinc deficiency (<9.95 micromol/L) occurred in 51.5% and 58.3%. Anemic boys had a 1.5 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.9-2.6) and 1.6-fold (CI; 1.1-2.6) greater risk of being stunted and underweight, whereas the risk among anemic girls was 1.7 (CI; 1.1-2.7) and 1.0 (CI; 0.7-1.5) for being stunted and underweight. The relative risks of having at least two deficiencies in iron, zinc and folate among anemic children were 1.6 (CI; 0.6-4.2) among boys and 0.8 (CI; 0.5-1.5) among girls. Iron deficient subjects had a significantly increased risk of 1.8 (CI, 1.1-3.0) of being deficient in folate and 1.7 (CI, 1.2-2.6) of being deficient in zinc. Zinc deficient subjects had a risk of 1.3 (CI, 1.0-1.8) being iron deficient and 1.2 (CI, 0.9-1.7) of being folate deficient. Multiple micronutrient deficiencies are prevalent in Sri Lankan adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

The effects of high energy and micronutrient supplementation on iron status in nutritionally at risk infants.

The study assessed the effects of supplementary feeding over 180 consecutive days on iron status of infants and toddlers at six tea plantation in West Java, Indonesia. The design used was a clinical trial: two eohorts (i.e., 12 and 18 months old children) and three treatment groups (i.e., energy + micronutrient, micronutrient alone, and placebo) per cohort. Every day except Sunday, the infants attended day-care centers. Twenty four centers and 136 infants were selected. The infants were screened for weight and length and those meeting the criteria (i.e., < -1 SD of length-for-age, and between -1 and -2 SD of weight-for-length of the NCHS reference) were included. The experimental unit was the day-care centers (DCC), where each DCC was randomly assigned to one of the three treatment. As expected, groups of energy + micronutrient and micronutrient alone of the 12 months cohort experienced a significant upward shift in hemoglobin, ferritin and TS and a downward change in FEP, while the values for the group of placebo remain about the same as at base line. In the first 6 month of treatments, the ANOVA for each iron indicator yielded significant main effects of treatment (P < 0.01) and for Hb with (P = 0.059) on 12 months cohort. On the other hand, the main effects of treatment on hemoglobin, TS, ferritin and FEP were not significant for the 18 months cohort. In the second 6 months of treatments, the only significant of the treatment effect (P < 0.01) was in serum ferritin on 18-month cohort. Under these circumstances, energy has a positive role in improving iron stores. It is likely that the equilibrium of hemoglobin and each iron indicators were reached in 6 months of treatment except ferritin still continued to increase up to 12 month. The effects of treatment on the improvement of iron status was stronger in 12 months than in 18 months.

Aging↗
PubMed1997

Serum micronutrients and prostate cancer in Japanese Americans in Hawaii.

Numerous dietary studies and several serum micronutrient studies have produced equivocal results on the relation of vitamins A and E to prostate cancer risk. To evaluate this association further, we conducted a nested case-control study in a cohort of 6860 Japanese-American men examined from 1971 to 1975. At the time of examination, a single blood specimen was obtained, and the serum was frozen. After a surveillance period of more than 20 years, 142 tissue-confirmed incident cases of prostate cancer were identified. Their stored sera and those of 142 matched controls were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography for the following: total carotenoids, lutein, zeaxanthin, beta-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, total retinoids, retinol, total tocopherols, alpha-tocopherol, delta-tocopherol, and gamma-tocopherol. Odds ratios for prostate cancer, based on quartiles of serum micronutrient levels, were determined using conditional logistic regression analysis. The odds ratio for the highest quartiles were 1.8 (95% confidence interval, 0.9-3.9) for beta-cryptoxanthin, 1.6 (0.8-3.5) for beta-carotene, 0.8 (0.4-1.5) for retinol, and 0.7 (0.3-1.5) for gamma-tocopherol, but none of the differences was statistically significant. For the other micronutrients, the results were also unremarkable. The findings of this study indicate that none of the micronutrients is strongly associated with prostate cancer risk.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

Subtypes of HIV-1 and the impact of dual infections of HIV-1 and measles virus on micronutrient levels of pregnant women in Harare, Zimbabwe.

OBJECTIVE: To determine subtypes of HIV-1, simultaneous prevalence of HIV-1 and measles virus antibodies and their impact on micronutrient levels of pregnant women in Harare, Zimbabwe. DESIGN: Cross sectional. SETTING: Budiriro and Edith Opperman Antenatal Clinics Harare; Departments of Medical Microbiology, Medical Laboratory Technology and Institute of Food, Nutrition and Family Sciences, University of Zimbabwe. SUBJECTS: Pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in Harare, Zimbabwe. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: HIV-1 subtypes, measles virus seropositivities and levels of micronutrients among the pregnant women. RESULTS: Results showed that 101 (22.7%) out of a total of 444 pregnant women screened were HIV-1 positive. A separate group of 238 (inclusive of the 444) were screened for measles antibody and 118 (49.5%) were positive, whereas 41 (17.2%) were HIV-1 positive. Thirty five (29.7%) were seropositive for both HIV-1 and measles virus (simultaneous infection). HIV-1 subtypes revealed subtype C (70.4%) as the predominant subtype. HIV-1 subtypes B, A and D accounted for 40.8%, 39.8% and 22.4% respectively whereas HIV-1 subtypes E and F were not detected. Dual infections showed that 37.7%, 36.7%, 7.1% and 4.4% harboured subtypes A and C; B and C; A and D and B and D respectively. Multiple infections with subtypes A, B, C and D (5.1%) were also recorded whereas 9.2% were non-reactive. Results on micronutrients portrayed that HIV-1 positive pregnant women had significantly lower zinc than the control but co-infection with measles virus did not cause further decrease. Infection by either HIV-1 or measles virus increased serum copper (p < 0.05) but co-infection by the two viruses reduced the copper level significantly (p < 0.05). HIV-1 seropositivity did not affect serum magnesium level but was lower (p < 0.05) in women positive for both HIV-1 and measles virus. CONCLUSION: This is a single report on HIV-1 infection, HIV-1 subtypes, simultaneous prevalence of HIV-1 and measles virus antibodies and their impact on micronutrient levels of pregnant women in Harare, Zimbabwe. The study is of nutritional, clinico-epidemiologic importance.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1997

[Precancerous conditions and carcinomas of the stomach and colorectum--blood levels of selected micronutrients].

BACKGROUND: Optimal saturation of organism by micronutrients--vitamins and trace elements--has a significant inhibitory effect on the origin and development of malign diseases. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to investigate the blood levels of A, C and E vitamins, Beta-carotene, zinc, and selenium in 249 patients with precanceroses (atrophic gastritis, hyperplastic polyp of the stomach, adenomas of the stomach and colorectum, ulcerative colitis), 96 patients with carcinoma of the stomach or colorectum, and to compare them with a control group of 130 people. RESULTS: We have discovered the frequency of decreased average levels of micronutrients in patients with precanceroses as follows: vitamin C > vitamins E and A > selenium > beta carotene. In all groups of patients with carcinoma the average levels of vitamins and Beta-carotene were significantly decreased, the level of selenium has decreased only in the group of gastric carcinoma. The copper level was increased in the group of ulcerative colitis and in all groups with carcinoma. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that in the primary prevention of these malign diseases it is necessary to improve the levels of the presented micronutrients in the population of the Slovak Republic by increasing the intake of fruit, vegetables and other sources of nutrition, the secondary prevention in persons with precanceroses requires an appropriate intermittent supplementation of micronutrients (chemoprevention). (Tab. 3, Ref. 24.)

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Micronutrient regulation in pregnant and lactating women from Rio de Janeiro.

Studies with low-income pregnant and lactating women from the city of Rio de Janeiro, concerned mainly with the changes in micronutrient homeostasis during pregnancy and lactation in the absence of overt clinical deficiencies, are reported. These studies focused on folate, cobalamin, iron, zinc and vitamin A. Factors that may affect the maternal micronutrient state, such as dietary intakes, use of supplements and interrelationships of micronutrients have been considered, as well as the implications of these changes for maternal-fetal transfer and milk composition. Although these studies were not designed to evaluate the prevalence of sub-clinical micronutrient deficiencies in pregnant and lactating women, they indicate that high frequencies of sub-clinical deficiencies of folate, iron, zinc and vitamin A, especially in pregnant women, are expected to be found in Rio de Janeiro.

Appetite Regulation↗
PubMed1997

Micronutrient deficiency in urban Indonesia.

The economic situation of Indonesia is characterized by a large increase in the gross national product which has been on average 7% annually during the last ten years. This was accompanied by rapid urbanization. With the economic improvement, "First World" and "Third World" health and nutrition problems are coexisting in Indonesia. In 1992, the most common of death cause was cardiovascular disease whereas tuberculosis was the second ranking. About 40% of the preschool children are stunted. The main stable food and energy source is rice, although the urban population has a more diverse food pattern than the rural population. In Jakarta, many children receive too late colostrum feeding and mothers are not aware about the importance of correct breastfeeding practices after delivery. Three studies had shown that about one fifth of preschool children and one fourth of elderly take micronutrient supplements. Nevertheless, micronutrient deficiencies are prevalent in Jakarta. About one third of women suffer from moderate vitamin A deficiency (plasma retinol < 0.70 mmol/L) and 50% of pregnant women are anemic. More information is necessary on other micronutrient deficiencies. For example, a small study revealed that nearly two thirds of non-institutionalized elderly living in Jakarta experience thiamine deficiency. Appropriate interventions to reduce micronutrient deficiencies should sensitize the urban population to the fact that the government should restrict itself to use its resources to assist only the poorest individuals and groups, whereas it must be expected from the middle class to spend more time and money to solve their own problems.

Deficiency Diseases↗
PubMed1993

Recall bias in the association of micronutrient intake and breast cancer.

A nested case-control study within the Canadian National Breast Screening Study was conducted to examine whether there was evidence for recall bias in the reporting of past micronutrient intake. Dietary data collected upon enrollment between 1982 and 1985 from 325 breast cancer cases and 628 matched controls were compared with data collected in 1988 after disease diagnosis. The retrospective estimates of mean micronutrient intakes from food sources were found to be very similar to the prospective estimates for cases and controls. Errors of omission and commission for the reporting of previous supplementary vitamin use were identical for both subject groups. The odds ratios estimated for the association of micronutrient intake and breast cancer for the prospective and retrospective data were similar in magnitude and the 95% confidence intervals overlapped considerably. There was no evidence for recall bias in the estimation of past micronutrient intake by breast cancer cases as compared to controls.

Bias↗
PubMed1997

Cultural factors, caloric intake and micronutrient sufficiency in rural Nepali households.

This study examined the allocation of food within 105 Nepali households using a combination of recall and observation methods. While a relationship exists between caloric intake and sufficiency of intake of several key micronutrients (i.e., beta carotene, vitamin C and iron) for the study population as a whole this relationship is weaker for certain subgroups. In particular, micronutrient intakes of adolescent girls and adult women are much less likely to be tried to total caloric consumption when compared with the intakes of other household members. This gender differential appears linked in part to specific food beliefs and practices that tend to reduce women's consumption of micronutrient-rich foods, such as dietary restrictions during menstruation, pregnancy and lactation. Overlapping with these beliefs and practices, an overall pattern of disfavoritism of females in the intrahousehold allocation of food is evident in the study communities. While staple food items (i.e. rice, lentil soup, bread, etc.) are distributed fairly equally, side dishes usually containing a higher proportion of micronutrients (i.e. vegetables, meat, yogurt, ghee, etc.) are often preferentially allocated to valued household members, including adult males and small children (of both sexes).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Effects of a milk-based bioactive micronutrient beverage on pain symptoms and activity of adults with osteoarthritis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical evaluation.

OBJECTIVES: A 6 wk, double-blind, placebo-controlled study investigated the effects of a nutritional supplement beverage containing milk-based micronutrients and fortified with vitamins and minerals on pain symptoms and activity in adults with osteoarthritis. METHODS: Thirty-one subjects with osteoarthritis of both knees were randomized into two groups and given 12 oz daily of the micronutrient-containing beverage or a placebo for 6 wk. Subjects were instructed not to change their normal activities and diets. Body weights, vital signs, blood chemistries, and adverse events were monitored to assess safety. The principal outcome measurement for efficacy was the Western Ontario MacMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) derived from the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) questionnaire administered weekly. RESULTS: Safety indicators remained unchanged in the test and placebo groups. All KOOS scores improved significantly (P < 0.03) over time in the micronutrient group, whereas scores only for sport function and knee-related quality of life improved in the placebo group. The overall treatment effect (based on changes in the WOMAC composite score) was significant (P = 0.016). The effect size was moderate at 0.555. CONCLUSIONS: Thus, daily consumption of the nutritional beverage containing milk-based micronutrients, vitamins, and minerals was beneficial in alleviating symptoms and dysfunction in subjects with osteoarthritis.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1998

Influence of serum micronutrients on the incidence of kinetochore-positive or -negative micronuclei in human peripheral blood lymphocytes.

The possible contribution of some selected serum micronutrients (beta-carotene, vitamins B12 and C, folic acid and alpha-tocopherol) to spontaneous chromosomal damage was investigated in human peripheral blood lymphocytes from 33 non-smoking healthy donors by the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay. Labelling of micronuclei with antikinetochore serum was used to discriminate between kinetochore-positive and -negative micronuclei and thus between micronuclei which arise from whole chromosome loss and those which arise from chromosome breaks. Simple correlation analysis showed that age was significantly associated with the increased frequency of micronucleated cells, and this age-related increase in these cells was due to the increase in cells with both kinetochore-positive and -negative micronuclei. Serum micronutrient levels had no apparent significant effects on incidence of micronucleated cells except for the weak positive correlation between vitamin B12 levels and frequency of kinetochore-positive micronucleated cells. Multiple regression analysis with age and serum micronutrient levels as independent variables showed that (a) age was the most influential variable for the frequency of micronucleated cells, (b) the serum vitamin C level was associated with increased frequency of spontaneous micronucleated cells, and this increase was mainly due to the increase in cells with kinetochore-positive micronuclei, and (c) the serum folic acid level was significantly and negatively related to the frequencies of cells with both kinetochore-positive and -negative micronuclei. To avoid the predominant age-effect, we also performed separate multiple regression analysis with age-adjusted frequency of micronucleated cells as dependent variable. The results from this analysis again showed a significant and positive effect of serum vitamin C level on age-adjusted frequency of kinetochore-positive micronucleated cells, while marginal negative effect of folic acid on age-adjusted frequency of total micronucleated cells (P < 0.06) and kinetochore-positive micronucleated cells (P < 0.051) was detected. These results suggest that age and serum vitamin C are definitely variables for frequencies of spontaneous chromosome loss, and that serum folic acid is perhaps another important micronutrient which influence the frequency of spontaneous chromosomal damage.

Adult↗
PubMed2025

Intestinal microbiome changes in response to amino acid and micronutrient supplementation: secondary analysis of the AMAZE trial.

Microbial dysbiosis has been linked to environmental enteropathy (EE) and alterations in nutrient absorption; however, compositional modifications following exposure to supplementary nutrients are poorly understood. Here, we report the effect of amino acid and micronutrient supplementation on the gut microbiome of adults with EE. In the AMAZE trial, adults with EE were randomized to amino acids (AA) and/or micronutrients (MM) for 16&#xa0;weeks in a 2&#xa0;&#xd7;&#xa0;2 factorial design against placebo. Endoscopy was performed before and after intervention, during which duodenal aspirates were collected as well as fecal samples. 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing was performed on both these samples, and differences in bacterial community composition before and after interventions were investigated using differential abundance analysis, corrected using false discovery rate, plus alpha and beta diversity measurements. HIV seropositive participants exhibited lower alpha and beta diversity at baseline. AA and/or MM supplementation did not show significant changes in abundance or diversity of genera post-intervention compared to placebo. Micronutrient supplementation resulted in an increase in the pyruvate fermentation to acetone MetaCyc pathways compared to the placebo arm. This study provides insights into the responsiveness of the gut microbiome to micronutrient and amino acid supplementation in adults with EE.

HIV↗
PubMed1992

Dietary micronutrients and cervical dysplasia in southwestern American Indian women.

American Indian women in the Southwest have high rates of cervical cancer and cervical dysplasia in contrast to low rates of cancers for other sites. Despite their high rates of cervical disease, no published information has specifically examined risk factors for cervical cancer or cervical dysplasia among American Indian women. We carried out a pilot case-control study of cervical dysplasia in southwestern American Indian women to examine the relationship of dietary intake of vitamin C, folacin, vitamin E, carotenoids, and retinol with cervical cytological abnormalities. Twenty-four-hour dietary recalls were collected from women with cervical dysplasia (n = 42) and women with normal cervical cytologies (n = 58). Macro- and micronutrient intake was estimated from these recalls utilizing food and nutrient data from the USDA Survey Nutrient Database. Although mean differences between cases and controls were not statistically significant for any of the micronutrients examined, women with low intake of vitamin C, folacin, and vitamin E were at increased risk of having cervical dysplasia when the data were analyzed as stratified for level of intake (low vs. high intake odds ratios were 3.0 for vitamin C, 3.3 for folacin, and 1.7 for vitamin E). The relationship between dietary micronutrients and cervical dysplasia among American Indian women warrants further investigation using more refined measures of dietary micronutrient intake, together with consideration of other risk factors for cervical disease.

Adult↗