Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “kernel oil”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources
PubMed1983

The Metabolism of the Germinating Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis) Seedling : In Vivo Studies.

The metabolism of (14)C-labeled fatty acids and triacylglycerols was followed in intact germinating oil palm seedlings as well as in tissue slices. In the germinating seedling, the shoot contained a normal pattern of membrane fatty acids (mainly C(16), C(18:1), C(18:2)) but the kernel contained about 68% C(12) and C(14) fatty acids. Haustorium fatty acids were intermediate between the two. [(14)C]Acetate was actively metabolized by shoot and haustorium slices but not so actively by the kernel. Approximately 9% to 17% was converted to water-soluble substances, 4% to 6% to CO(2), and 0.5% to 5.9% to lipids. The fatty acids synthesized in the shoot and haustorium were mainly C(16), C(18), and C(18:1) fatty acids but in the kernel about 18% to 32% of the (14)C-fatty acids were C(12) fatty acids.[(14)C]Lauric acid was absorbed and metabolized by haustorium slices and by the haustorium in intact seedlings; it was partly esterified to triacylglycerols and also converted to water-soluble substances and insoluble tissue material. In contrast, tri-[(14)C]laurin was absorbed but not metabolized. The haustorium also absorbed other fatty acids but the longer chain (C(16) and C(18)) fatty acids were not esterified or metabolized further. Preincubation of the haustorium with plant hormones or in the presence of kernel tissue did not alter its inactivity towards tri-[(14)C]laurin.When tri-[(14)C]laurin or [(14)C]lauric acid were injected into the seed or the shoot, there was no movement or radioactivity to other parts of the seedling. When injected into the shoot, but not into the seed, tri-[(14)C] laurin was hydrolyzed and partly metabolized to water-soluble substances.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1977

Artificial kernels and food bands for raising Sitophilus oryzar (L.) on microscopic concave slides.

Artificial kernels and food bands (1 mm thick) stretched on concave microscopic slides proved inviting and very suitable for oviposition and for completing the life cycle of Sitophilus oryzae (L.). This artificial medium contains jelly, wheat flour and corn oil, its moisture content is 18.1%. This is the first time it was possible to breed an insect on artificial media on glass slides.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Determination of internal insect infestation of wheat: collaborative study.

An improved method has been developed for determining internal insect infestation of wheat kernels. The method involves acid hydrolysis of cracked wheat, wet sieving to remove the acid, transferring to a 2 L Wildman trap flask, deaeration by boiling, and treatment with Tween 80-Na4EDTA. Insects are extracted with light mineral oil. Reports from 6 collaborators showed that recovery was 95.92% for adult insect heads and 97.22% for larvae by the proposed method as compared with 87.05% and 6.12%, respectively, by the official method. The method has been adopted official first action.

Food Contamination↗
PubMed2003

Palm fruit in traditional African food culture.

The centre of origin of the oil palm is the tropical rain forest region of West Africa. It is considered to be the 200-300 kilometre wide coastal belt between Liberia and Mayumbe. The oil palm tree has remained the 'tree of life' of Yoruba land as well as of other parts of southern West Africa to which it is indigenous. The Yoruba are adept at spinning philosophical and poetical proverbs around such ordinary things as hills, rivers, birds, animals and domestic tools. Hundreds of the traditional proverbs are still with us, and through them one can see the picture of the environment that contributed to the moulding of the thoughts of the people. Yoruba riddles or puzzles were also couched in terms of the environment and the solutions to them were also environmental items. They have a popular saying: A je eran je eran a kan egungun, a je egungun je egungun a tun kan eran: 'A piece of meat has an outer layer of flesh, an intermediate layer of bone and an inner layer of flesh'. What is it? A palm fruit: it has an outer edible layer, the mesocarp; then a layer of shell, inedible, and the kernel inside, edible. The solution to this puzzle summarises the botanical and cultural characteristics of the palm fruit.

Africa, Western↗
PubMed2001

Wheat aleurone flour increases cecal beta-glucuronidase activity and butyrate concentration and reduces colon adenoma burden in azoxymethane-treated rats.

Processed wheat aleurone flour (WAF) is a source of insoluble fermentable dietary fiber that comes from the outer layers of the wheat kernel. A study was designed to evaluate WAF, wheat bran (WB) and alpha-cellulose as the source of dietary fiber (5 g/100 g of diet) in a semipurified high fat (20 g/100 g of as 1:1 lard/sunflower seed oil) diet fed to male Sprague-Dawley rats in which intestinal tumors were induced using azoxymethane (AOM). WAF at 33 g/100 g of diet (WAF33) and WB at 16 g/100 g of diet (WB16) increased the weight of feces and produced significantly higher concentrations in the cecum of the short-chain fatty acid butyrate (P < 0.001) than did no fiber (NF) and WAF added at only 10 g/100 g (1.5 g of dietary fiber) (WAF10). Cecal and fecal pH were both significantly lower in the WAF33 and WB16 treatments relative to control and no fiber treatments (P < 0.001). The intestinal tumors in the rats were assessed at 6 mo after the study began, and the WAF33- or WB16-fed rats showed a trend (P = 0.06) with 43% fewer colon adenomas relative to control. There was a significant inverse relationship between ss-glucuronidase activity and colon adenomas in the rat colon (r2 = 0.37, P = 0.001). WAF fiber influenced some metabolic markers of fermentation in the colon in a manner similar to that of WB, which, independent of the bulking effect, was associated with a trend to reduced colon adenomas. Significantly increased cecal ss-glucuronidase activity and/or butyrate concentrations may have protective influences in this context by mechanisms not yet fully elucidated.

Adenoma↗
PubMed2000

Phytosterols in the aleurone layer of corn kernels.

Corn hulls are composed of two major layers: the outer layer, the pericarp, is made up of non-living cell walls, and an inner layer, the aleurone, consists of a single layer of living cells, surrounded by thick cell walls. Dissected pure pericarp and aleurone fractions were ground and extracted with hexane and the yields and compositions of the resulting oils were examined. This study revealed that the high levels of ferulate-phytosterol esters and the high concentration of sitostanol previously reported in corn-fibre oil actually originate in the aleurone cells.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed1998

Chemical composition of hazelnuts (Corylus avellana L.) grown in New Zealand.

Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) samples were collected from all replications of six different cultivars of trees grown in an experimental orchard at Lincoln University. Five cultivars were originally imported from overseas, three from the USA and two from Europe, and one cultivar was selected locally. Representative samples of nuts were harvested from 12-year-old trees in autumn 1995. The total oil content of the hazelnuts ranged from 54.6 to 63.2% while the crude protein ranged from 14.3 to 18.2%. Dietary fibre ranged from 9.8 to 13.2% while the starch and free glucose content together made up no more than 5% of the remaining portion of the kernel. The amino acid content of the hazelnuts was similar between each cultivar and the pattern of essential amino acids was characteristic of a high quality protein.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1980

Polychlorinated biphenyl contamination of areas surrounding two transformer salvage companies, Colman, South Dakota--September 1977.

Soil, corn plants, and foliage from areas surrounding two electrical salvage companies involved in reconditioning old transformers had unusually high levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Levels decreased as distance from the factories increased. PCBs were dispersed into the air through incineration of waste oils; water and soil contamination was caused by runoff from the factories. PCBs found in the contaminated areas closely resembled Aroclor 1260 as did the PCBs in the waste oil, whereas PCBs in other areas were more similar to Aroclor 1254. PCBs on surface soils taken from an unplowed pasture near the factories also resembled Aroclor 1260, whereas samples taken from depths of 2-4 inches showed degradation of some PCB isomers. PCB concentrations in corn cobs and kernels were < 0.05 ppm, whereas leaves contained PCB levels of up to 2.2 ppm. PCB levels in earthworms and small rodents collected near the factories were considerably higher than levels in the same types of animals collected from other areas.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

[Utilization of gossypol-free cottonseed and its by-products as human food].

Trials have principally turned on a glandless cottonseed flour, with 56 p. 100 of proteins. It is possible to blend it with millet or sorghum flour, and so to prepare the main meals of the local cooking. Trial of acceptability and long-dated consumption have shown that this flour is rather well appreciated especially in sauces. The growth of young children has been better thanks to the consumption of a cottonseed flour pap during six months. Trials to manufacture biscuits and noodles have been attempted. Kernels of cottonseed with 32 p. 100 of proteins and 33 p. 100 of lipids have been consumed with success. Four tons of kernels have been sold at the same price as sorghum in the area where the glandless cotton plant is under cultivation.

Cameroon↗
PubMed1996

The effect of cottonseed condensed tannins on the ileal digestibility of amino acids in casein and cottonseed kernel.

The effect of adding cottonseed hulls to casein- and cottonseed-kernel-based diets on the apparent and true ileal digestibility of N and amino acids, and the proportion of this effect accounted for by condensed tannin (CT), were determined using the growing rat. Sixty rats were allocated randomly to ten semipurified diets, containing either casein (four diets) or purified unheated solvent-extracted cottonseed kernel (six diets) as the sole protein source, with Cr2O3 added as an indigestible marker. Two of the casein diets contained no hulls whilst the remaining two diets contained 70 g cottonseed hulls/kg. Two of the cottonseed-kernel-based diets contained no hulls, with two containing 23 g hulls/kg and the remaining two containing 46 g hulls/kg. For each pair of diets, PEG was either included or excluded. The effect of CT was quantified by comparing control rats (-PEG; CT acting) with PEG-supplemented rats (+PEG; CT inactivated) at each level of dietary hulls. The rats were given their respective experimental diets for 14 d. Each rat was given the food ad libitum for 10 min hourly from 08.00 to 18.00 hours. On day 14, samples of digesta were collected at death from the terminal 150 mm of ileum at 7 h from the first meal. Apparent and true ileal digestibilities were calculated for DM, N and the individual amino acids. The principal finding was that the inclusion of hulls depressed the apparent and true ileal digestibilities of N and amino acids, but with the response differing between diets. With the casein-based diet the mean apparent and true ileal amino acid digestibilities were significantly depressed from 0.89 and 0.96 to 0.85 and 0.92 respectively, by the inclusion of 70 g hulls/kg in the diet, and addition of PEG then restored these to 0.89 and 0.95. All of the depression could be explained by the CT content of the hulls. However, with the cottonseed-kernel-based diet the responses fell into three categories. The apparent and true ileal digestibilities of the essential amino acids cystine and methionine were not affected by hull addition, ileal digestibilities of leucine, isoleucine, lysine, threonine and valine were markedly depressed by hull addition with approximately 50% of the depression being explained by CT, whilst the ileal digestibilities of histidine, arginine and phenylalanine were depressed by hull addition but little or none of this effect could be explained by CT. Thus the effect of hulls on protein digestion clearly differed with source of protein. With the cottonseed-kernel-based diet it seems that components of the hulls other than CT also depressed the apparent and true ileal digestibilities of N and amino acids. The identity of these components is unknown.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1983

Variation of cyclopropenoid fatty acids in cottonseed lipids.

The proportions of the cyclopropenoid fatty acids (CPA) esters, malvalate and sterculate, varied little in lipids from individual cottonseeds. Coefficients of variation were 10% and 20% for seeds from a lock and 13 varieties, respectively. Within the seed, variations in CPA concentrations were very large. Cyclopropenoid fatty acid concentration in the lipids decreased from 28% in the root tip to 2% in the top of the axis, and to 0.02% in the portion of the cotyledons nearest to the hull. The axial portion was only ca. 5% of the kernel, yet it contained 75% of the CPA. Distribution of dihydrosterculic acid, the precursor of CPA, was similar to that of CPA. High concentrations of CPA were found in immature seeds, root tip and radicle of germinated seeds, and root tips of cotton plants.

Cottonseed Oil↗
PubMed1999

Extraction of azadirachtin A from neem seed kernels by supercritical fluid and its evaluation by HPLC and LC/MS.

A new supercritical extraction methodology was applied to extract azadirachtin A (AZA-A) from neem seed kernels. Supercritical and liquid carbon dioxide (CO(2)) were used as extractive agents in a three-separation-stage supercritical pilot plant. Subcritical conditions were tested too. Comparisons were carried out by calculating the efficiency of the pilot plant with respect to the milligrams per kilogram of seeds (ms/mo) of AZA-A extracted. The most convenient extraction was gained using an ms/mo ratio of 119 rather than 64. For supercritical extraction, a separation of cuticular waxes from oil was set up in the pilot plant. HPLC and electrospray mass spectroscopy were used to monitor the yield of AZA-A extraction.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Physical and biochemical properties of maize hardness and extrudates of selected hybrids.

Protein and starch determinants of maize kernel hardness and extruded products were characterized to better define the role of endosperm texture during extrusion. Maize physical properties were correlated with total proteins and zein subclasses (p < 0.01). The extrusion process significantly altered protein solubility and increased protein fragmentation as measured by RP-HPLC and size exclusion chromatography. Harder grits and extrudates demonstrated higher amylose content, lower degree of starch damage, and fragmentation at different screw speeds than softer grits and extrudates. Differences in extrudate expansion ratio, water absorption index, water solubility index, oil absorption capacity, and breaking stress between harder and softer hybrids were related to protein aggregation and fragmentation as well as starch damage and fragmentation.

Amylose↗
PubMed2004

Nature and composition of fat bloom from palm kernel stearin and hydrogenated palm kernel stearin compound chocolates.

Palm kernel stearin and hydrogenated palm kernel stearin can be used to prepare compound chocolate bars or coatings. The objective of this study was to characterize the chemical composition, polymorphism, and melting behavior of the bloom that develops on bars of compound chocolate prepared using these fats. Bars were stored for 1 year at 15, 20, or 25 degrees C. At 15 and 20 degrees C the bloom was enriched in cocoa butter triacylglycerols, with respect to the main fat phase, whereas at 25 degrees C the enrichment was with palm kernel triacylglycerols. The bloom consisted principally of solid fat and was sharper melting than was the fat in the chocolate. Polymorphic transitions from the initial beta' phase to the beta phase accompanied the formation of bloom at all temperatures.

Cacao↗
PubMed2005

Olive pomace amendment in Mediterranean conditions: effect on soil and humic acid properties and wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) yield.

The effects of the addition of either crude or exhausted olive pomace at two rates (10 and 20 t ha(-)(1)) on soil and soil humic acid (HA) properties and durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) yield were investigated in open-field Mediterranean conditions. Soil amendment with olive pomaces produced a significant increase of total organic, total extractable, humified and nonhumified C forms, and available K contents. With respect to control soil HA, humic-like acids isolated from crude and exhausted olive pomaces were characterized by larger phenolic OH group contents, smaller carboxyl group contents, a prevalent aliphatic character, extended molecular heterogeneity, and smaller aromatic polycondensation and humification degrees. In general, application of olive pomaces to soil produced a number of modifications in soil HAs, including the increase of O and acidic functional group contents, C/N ratio, and aliphaticity and the decrease of C/H ratio and N and C contents. Wheat grain yield increased significantly as an effect of olive pomace amendment. In particular, the increases were related to kernel weight, kernel number per square meter, and soil organic matter content. Possibly, the enhanced amount of soil organic matter in olive-pomace-amended soils relieved wheat of drought stress from anthesis to maturity by promoting a good soil structure, thereby reducing water loss by evaporation.

Fruit↗
PubMed2001

Diferuloylputrescine and p-coumaroyl-feruloylputrescine, abundant polyamine conjugates in lipid extracts of maize kernels.

Extraction of corn bran or corn fiber with polar solvents such as methylene chloride, ethanol or chloroform/methanol yielded common lipids and two unknown high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) peaks, each with an ultraviolet absorbance maximum at 320 nm. HPLC-mass spectrometry revealed that the unknowns were diferuloylputrescine (DFP) and p-coumaroyl-feruloylputrescine (CFP). When compared to extracts of corn fiber (a pericarp-enriched fraction from the wet milling of corn), comparable extracts of corn bran (a pericarp- enriched fraction from the dry milling of corn) yielded three- to eightfold higher levels of DFP and CFP. Extraction of corn bran or fiber with an accelerated solvent extractor revealed that elevated temperatures greatly enhanced the extraction of DFP and CFP by methylene chloride and ethanol. "Corn bran oil," prepared by extraction of corn bran with hot methylene chloride, contained 14 wt% DFP and 3 wt% CFP. However, when hexane was used as a solvent, accelerated solvent extraction of the corn bran or fiber did not extract any DFP or CFP. Extraction of wheat bran or psyllium hulls with hot methylene chloride did not yield any detectable DFP or CFP. Because it has been suggested that polyamine conjugates such as DFP and CFP may function as natural pesticides, a rapid method was developed to purify them so that their biological activity could be evaluated.

Biochemistry↗
PubMed2005

[Predicting the chemical composition of intact kernels in maize hybrids by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy].

Intact-kernel samples of normal maize inbred lines and hybrids were collected from field experiments of three locations. Calibration equations were developed by partial least square regression (PLS) of chemical values of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) data and tested through both cross and external validation. In addition, 40 progenies of F1 and F2 generation not included in calibration and validation sets were verified to further evaluate the reliability of three calibration equations. The authors found the coefficients of correlation (r) of 0.98, 0.93 and 0.97 between NIRS predicted and actual protein, starch and oil content in these materials, respectively. However, the greatest relative errors were 2.7% (protein), 2.46% (starch) and 7% (oil). Thus, the accuracy of prediction could be comparable to chemical methods. The feasibility of developing NIRS equations with samples of inbred lines to determine grain quality of hybrids was also examined. The analysis of principal components of spectrum of the inbred lines and hybrids supported a new theory that plant spectrum properties could be heritable.

Feasibility Studies↗
PubMed2003

[Nutritional evaluation and accelerated storage at 37 degrees C of fried bean and corn mixtures].

Nutritive value of corn and beans is limited by the deficiency in some aminoacids; so, the combination of both of them might be very advantageous from a nutritional point of view. A research with the following purposes was done: to improve the biological value of corn and bean through the formulation of mixes of fried kernels; and, to know the shelf life of the mixes during an accelerated storage period. Fried kernels mixes, in a ratio of 50:50%, from three varieties of bean (Pinto 114, Suave 85 and Tortola Inia) and dent yellow corn were made; protein value of the mixes was evaluated. Mixes were store at 37 degrees C during 15 days, determining every five days, their peroxides and moisture content and their water activity. All the mixes got values of NPR-Rel higher than 80%; the best one was Suave 85/corn with a value of 88.2% which indicates an improving of the protein quality. The stored products showed along the whole period, low values for peroxides (3.25-6.12 meq/kg oil) which might allow a shelf life of 90 days at room temperature; also, moisture content and water activity were low assuring microbial stability.

Fabaceae↗