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PubMed2001

Investigation of the mechanisms affecting Cu and Fe bioavailability from legumes: role of seed protein and antinutritional (nonprotein) factors.

Chemical composition and content in polyphenols, phytic acid, and dietary fiber of whole cooked common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and faba bean (Vicia faba L.) and of soluble and insoluble fractions separated from them were determined. Simultaneous determination of Cu, Fe, and protein bioavailability in the small intestine of rat was carried out in single-dose, short-term (1 h) experiments. After cooking, about 80% of seed components (on a weight basis) of either legume was recovered in the precipitate (insoluble fraction) after extraction with water. Protein, lipid, starch, dietary fiber, and polyphenols underwent the most severe insolubilization, together with more than 70% of total Cu and Fe. Cu, Fe, and protein bioavailability showed a similar trend (i.e., the lower the protein, the lower the Cu and Fe availability). Availability of proteins, Cu, and Fe in the insoluble fractions were the lowest, but Cu bioavailability was higher than that of Fe in all fractions. The results provide evidence that the heat-induced insolubilization process adversely affects not only protein but also Cu and Fe bioavailability from legumes and that polyphenols are likely to be a major inhibitor on absorption.

Absorption↗
PubMed1984

Biological activities of broad bean (Vicia faba L.) extracts cultivated in South Anatolia in favism sensitive subjects.

Aqueous extracts of a different variety of fresh broad bean seeds obtained from a favism endemic area in Turkey, were incubated with blood from sensitive and non-sensitive (control) subjects. Red blood cells were characterized by a whole blood glutathione (GSH) and a deficiency of Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) activity. As the decrease in GSH percent is taken as an index of haemolytic activity, the test results were as following: Sakiz , Milas -Region, French broad bean extracts reduced the blood GSH levels 48%, 70%, 46% and 53%, respectively, in favism sensitive subjects. Active principles which are responsible for the haemolysis ( Vicine and Convicine ) were isolated from broad beans and their effects on GSH levels of blood were 99% and 81%, respectively, in favism sensitive subjects and 33.3% and 19% in normal subjects.

Fabaceae↗
PubMed2000

Effect of a radical scavenger "water soluble protein" from broad beans (Vicia faba) on antioxidative enzyme activity in cellular aging.

We isolated a free-radical scavenger "water soluble protein (WSP)" from broad beans. Hydrocortisone (HC) is known to inhibit superoxide generation and was used as the reference scavenger. WSP was examined for its effect on antioxidation in young (PDL 20, 25% of the maximum life span) and old (PDL 50, 62.5% of the maximum life span) human fibroblasts (TIG-1). Cells were treated with WSP or HC for 4 and 6 wk in young cells, and for 3 and 6 wk in old cells. The cytosolic superoxide dismutase activity in the cells treated with WSP or HC tended to decrease as compared with that in the non-treated cells (control) with the exception of WSP-treated young cells 4 wk after culturing. Young cells were equal in glutathione peroxidase activity to the control, but the activity level in WSP- or HC-treated young cells 6 wk after culturing was 10-50% lower than that in the control. Young and old cells treated with WSP or HC were superior to the control in catalase activity with the exception of HC-treated old cells. WSP- or HC-treated cells were higher in glutathione (GSH) concentration than the control with the exception of WSP-treated young cells 4 wk after culturing and HC-treated old cells 6 wk after culturing. Such increases in catalase activity and GSH concentration by WSP treatment may be related to the delay of cellular aging-dependent degeneration.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed1998

Impact of microwave heating on hemagglutinins, trypsin inhibitors and protein quality of selected legume seeds.

Selected legume seeds (dry and soaked) including faba beans, peas, chickpeas, soybeans, lentils and common beans containing 8 and 25% moisture, respectively, were subjected to microwave heating, and to a conventional cooking method to determine the heating effect on toxic compounds and protein quality. Trypsin inhibitors, hemagglutinins and available lysine were analyzed, and laboratory rats were used to determine digestibility and protein efficiency ratio (PER). Results indicated that microwaving destroyed trypsin inhibitors to a similar degree to that observed in beans cooked using the conventional method without affecting PER for raw seeds with low antinutrients content (faba beans, peas, chickpeas and lentils). Microwave-heated soaked soybeans had a higher amount of destroyed trypsin inhibitors, along with a higher PER, compared with microwave-heated dry soybeans. Microwave heating of common beans failed to destroy hemagglutinins and trypsin inhibitors, and consequently their digestibility and PER values were poor. Finally it was concluded that microwave heating constitutes an adequate method for destroying hemagglutinins and trypsin inhibitors without affecting protein quality of most legume seeds, except for common beans that despite of this process retained the antinutritional substances.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Effects of on-farm diets for organic pig production on performance and carcass quality.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of a restriction to home-grown feedstuffs and abstinence from supplementation with synthetic amino acids (AA), as ideal objectives in organic pig production according to the IFOAM standards, on growth performance and carcass characteristics. One hundred individually housed pigs were allocated to four dietary treatments and fed from growing through finishing to compare three organic barley/wheat-based diets with an isocaloric conventional diet supplemented with synthetic AA. Protein sources in the organic treatments were either faba beans, supplemented with potato protein to the same AA level as the control diet, peas and lupines, or faba beans and lupines, both without further supplementation, leading to a lower level of limited AA. Supplementation of organic diets with potato protein resulted in the same performance as supplementing the conventional diet with synthetic AA, although crude protein levels differed markedly. Pigs fed the organic diets without AA supplementation grew more slowly (P < .05) and had a decreased feed intake in the grower period (P < .05) but nearly the same feed efficiency (P > .05) as pigs fed conventional or organic diets with AA supplementation. Carcass characteristics differed in percentage of lean meat and longissimus area, being lower in the treatments without AA supplementation (P < .05). However, the intramuscular fat was higher without AA supplementation (2.9% fat) than with supplementation (1.2% fat) (P < .01). The data show that the exclusion of AA supplementation resulted in a reduction in pig performance but in an increase in intramuscular fat content; the latter is an important aspect of eating quality characteristics.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1975

The effect of 2,4-D and Dicamba on the growth and yield of garden broad bean (Vicia faba L. var. major).

Two experiments were conducted in Egypt to investigate the effect of sublethal concentrations of 2,4-D and Dicamba on the growth and yield of garden broad bean. It was found that 1. as compared to the effects of Dicamba, 2,4-D had a better stimulating effect on the growth characters, the yield, and the yield components of the beans 2. the application at the flowering stage was superior to the earlier application in every respect 3. the optimum rate of 2,4-D and Dicamba that gave the highest increase of the growth, yield, and yield components was 2-5 ppm.

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid↗
PubMed2005

Cross-species amplification of Medicago truncatula microsatellites across three major pulse crops.

Model plants are facilitating the genetic characterization and comparative mapping of a number of traditional crops. Medicago truncatula has been widely accepted as a model plant to this end as it provides the essential tools for multiple aspects of legume genetics and genomics. A large set of markers from highly conserved M. truncatula gene regions is being created and used to establish a worldwide framework for comparative genomic studies in legumes. We have investigated the potential for cross-species amplification of 209 expressed sequence tag (EST)-based and 33 bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-based microsatellites from M. truncatula in the three most important European legume pulses-pea, faba bean and chickpea-that might facilitate future comparative mapping. Our results revealed significant transferability of M. truncatula microsatellites to the three pulses (40% in faba bean, 36.3% in chickpea and 37.6% in pea). The percentage of M. truncatula EST-SSRs (simple sequence repeats) amplified in the three crops (39-43%) was twofold higher than that of the genomic SSRs (21-24%). Sequence analysis determined that the level of conservation in the microsatellite motif was very low, while the flanking regions were generally well conserved. The variations in the sequences were mainly due to changes in the number of repeat motifs in the microsatellite region combined with indel and base substitutions. None of the functional microsatellites showed direct polymorphism among the parental genotypes tested, consequently preventing their immediate use for mapping purposes.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1992

Fungal contamination, natural occurrence of mycotoxins and resistance for aflatoxin accumulation of some broad bean (Vicia faba L.) cultivars.

Using glucose-Czapek's and 10% NaCl glucose-Czapek's agar media incubated at 28 +/- 2 degrees C, nine genera and 18 species were identified from 10 different cultivars seed of broad bean. Aspergillus and Penicillium were the most common genera on the two types of media used. The most common fungal species were Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, A. tamarii and Penicillium chrysogenum. Thin-layer chromatographic analysis indicated that seeds of one cultivar only was naturally contaminated with aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2. Nine mycotoxin-free cultivars of broad bean were examined for resistance or susceptibility for aflatoxin production when inoculated by Aspergillus flavus IMI 89717. Results obtained revealed that seeds of two cultivars were highly resistant, two cultivars showed partial resistance and the remaining were susceptible to the establishment of A. flavus and aflatoxin accumulation. The results did not show any relationship between morphological characters (colour, shape and size) and the amount of aflatoxin produced on the different broad bean seed cultivars. Also the results reveal absence of significant variation in the total nitrogen of the highly susceptible, partially resistant and highly resistant groups of broad bean seeds examined. Mean values of calcium, total phosphate and potassium of both seed coat and seed kernel of the susceptible seeds were low as compared to those of partially and highly resistant seed cultivars. The susceptible seeds contained higher levels of magnesium, zinc and sodium while the resistant seeds contained lower ones.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMed2002

Pathway of dephosphorylation of myo-inositol hexakisphosphate by phytases of legume seeds.

Using a combination of high-performance ion chromatography analysis and kinetic studies, the pathway of dephosphorylation of myo-inositol hexakisphosphate by the phytases purified from faba bean and lupine seeds, respectively, was established. The data demonstrate that the legume seed phytases under investigation dephosphorylate myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in a stereospecific way. The phytase from faba bean seeds and the phytase LP2 from lupine seeds degrade phytate by sequential removal of phosphate groups via D-Ins(1,2,3,5,6)P(5), D-Ins(1,2,5,6)P(4), D-Ins(1,2,6)P(3), and D-Ins(1,2)P(2) to finally Ins(2)P, whereas the phytases LP11 and LP12 from lupine seeds generate the final degradation product Ins(2)P via D-Ins(1,2,4,5,6)P(5), D-Ins(1,2,5,6)P(4), D-Ins(1,2,6)P(3), and D-Ins(1,2)P(2).

6-Phytase↗
PubMed1991

[Negative effects of anti-nutritional factors in animal feed on nitrogen burden of the environment and possibilities of its reduction. Nutritional physiology effects].

Antinutritional factors (ANFs) protect the seed against attacks of moulds, bacteria, insects and birds. The defensive effect of ANFs is apparently related to disturbances in digestive processes in insects and microorganisms. When animals consume seeds containing ANFs, the digestive processes and growth may be disturbed in a similar manner. In the present paper, the fact is discussed that all proteins passing undigested through the small intestine will be fermentatively digested in the large intestine. The final products of the protein digested in the large intestine are excreted in the faeces or urine. For investigations into the digestion of protein in pigs and the amounts of N excreted into the environment, it is of importance to measure the ileal digestibility of protein. Studies showed that ANFs such as trypsin inhibitors, lectins and tannins present in legume seeds reduce the ileal digestibility of protein. In the case of Phaseolus beans it was found that more protein passed through the terminal ileum than was ingested with the feed. With peas was shown that ANFs reduce the ileal digestibility of protein. The carbohydrates of peas did not affect the ileal digestibility of protein, although the ileal chyme was more loose. In the case of faba beans, negative correlation of tannins with ileal digestibility of protein was observed. Calculations showed that, when ANFs were removed from peas and faba beans a considerable reduction in excretion of N into the environment can be achieved. These calculations also showed important possibilities of reducing the secretion of N into the environment by elimination of ANFs.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2001

Plant protein interactions with polysaccharides and their influence on legume protein functionality. A review.

Associative interactions between proteins and polysaccharides, both coulombic and non-coulombic, lead to the formation of interpolymer complexes. Complex formation with charged polysaccharides, either anionic or cationic, imparts solubility to seed globulins in the vicinity of their isoelectric points. This has been shown for the complexes "sunflower 11 S globulin (helianthinin)--sodium alginate" and "faba bean legumin (or the product of its limited proteolysis with trypsin--legumin-T)--chitosan". Hysteresis effects allow to control the solubility of seed globulins in weakly acid or weakly basic media. Formation of soluble complexes of faba bean legumin or legumin-T with chitosan substantially increases the emulsion stability of the both proteins.

Chitin↗
PubMed1997

The influence of Vicia faba (broad bean) seedlings on urinary sodium excretion.

Dopamine (DA) is known to increase diuresis and natriuresis through its action on renal dopaminergic receptors. Augmentation of intra-renal DA concentration by enhancement of its in situ production is greatly dependent on the availability of its precursor L-DOPA to the sites of its renal decarboxylation. Vicia faba (Vf) is a ubiquitous plant rich in easily absorbable L-DOPA. Following ingestion of 40 g freshly chopped Vf containing 120-130 mg of L-DOPA, plasma L-DOPA and urinary sodium and DA excretion increased significantly. The DA/Cre ratio reached a maximum level (280 +/- 58 micrograms/g) 60 minutes after Vf ingestion. This was significantly higher than the DA/Cre ratio after a control meal (1.8 +/- 0.2 micrograms/g; P < 0.0005). The Na/Cre ratio reached the maximal level (2.85 +/- 0.42 mmol/g) 90 minutes after Vf ingestion. This was significantly higher than the Na/ Cre ratio after the control meal (1.4 +/- 0.24 mmol/g; P < 0.005). We suggest that Vf might be of value in treating conditions such as hypertension, heart failure, renal failure, and liver cirrhosis in which natriuresis and diuresis are medically beneficial.

Adult↗
PubMed1971

N-carbamoyl-2-(p-hydroxyphenyl)glycine from leaves of broad bean (Vicia faba L.).

1. dl-2-(p-Hydroxyphenyl)glycine was resolved through the bromocamphorsulphonate to give its d-isomer. The N-carbamoyl derivatives of these amino acids were synthesized. Circular-dichroism studies on these and related compounds, reported in a deposited Annex, helped to establish the optical configuration. 2. N-Carbamoyl-dl-2-(p-hydroxyphenyl)glycine was isolated from broad-bean leaves. It amounted to about 0.1% of the leaf dry matter. Racemization may or may not have occurred during the isolation. There were indications of the same compound in chicory and in savoy cabbage. Under weakly acidic conditions it was converted gradually into 5-(p-hydroxyphenyl)hydantoin. Both these compounds yielded 2-(p-hydroxyphenyl)glycine on acid hydrolysis. 3. The occurrence is discussed of 2-phenylglycine derivatives in Nature and of N-carbamoyl-amino acids and hydantoins in plants. 4. Gradient elution from anion-exchange resin with acetic acid, besides proving useful for the present work, gave useful separations of pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid and of some N-acetyl-amino acids. 5. Supplementary material (Annex 1: details of experimental work other than ultraviolet and circular-dichroism spectra; Annex 2: ultraviolet absorption and circular dichroism of d-2-phenylglycine and some related compounds) has been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50003 at the National Lending Library for Science and Technology, Boston Spa, Yorks. LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies can be obtained on the terms indicated in Biochem. J. (1971), 121, 7.

Carbamates↗
PubMed1975

[Seed globulins from legumes. III. Seed globulins from broad bean (Vicia faba L.)].

The seed globulins from Vicia faba predominantly consist of two components, vicilin and legumin, which are exclusively deposited within the protein bodies of the storage cotyledons. The globulin biosynthesis commences with high intensity within a distinct phase during seed development as a consequence of reactivated genetic information. Isolation and purification of vicilin and legumin were achieved by a combination of zone precipitation, ion exchange chromatography, and gel filtration. Purity was controlled by disc electrophoresis on polyacrylamide e gels at pH 4.3 and by two dimensional immunoelectrophoresis, respectively. Vicilin prepared by zone precipitation and ion exchange chromatography consists of several serologically different proteins. One of them occupies the legumin position on polyacrylamide gels, although not identic with legumin, as revealed by tandem immunoelectrophoresis. The serological nonrelationship of vicilin and legumin was confirmed. Vicilin is characterized by micro heterogeneity which seems to indicate a molecular polymorphism.

Globulins↗