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PubMed1989

Drinking-related locus of control and the drinking status of urban Native Americans.

Although promising, the available data concerning drinking-related locus of control have been almost entirely limited to treatment samples of white men. The major purpose of this study was to extend our understanding by comparing the drinking-related expectancies of three groups of Native Americans: problem drinkers, nonproblem drinkers and recovered alcoholics. Multivariate analyses were employed to control statistically for important sociodemographic differences between groups and included a test of the possibility that sex moderated the relationship between drinking status and drinking expectancies. As predicted, problem drinkers reported significantly less personal control of alcohol use than either nonproblem drinkers or recovered alcoholics. There were no significant differences between nonproblem drinkers and recovered alcoholics. Native American men were found to hold significantly more external orientations towards drinking than did women. The results were discussed in terms of comparisons with the available literature, and future research needs were identified. The findings provide indirect support for current treatment philosophies that seek to modify patient perceptions of the controllability of drinking behavior in a more internal direction.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Irrational beliefs, urges to drink and drinking among alcoholics.

The relationship of various irrational beliefs to alcohol dependence, urges to drink, anxiety and drinking after treatment was investigated for 63 male alcoholics, using Jones' Irrational Beliefs Test (IBT). Alcohol dependence was most strongly associated with problem avoidance. Urges to drink, anxiety and difficulty during alcohol-related role-plays were strongly correlated with problem avoidance and dwelling on negative events. The IBT was unrelated to pretreatment drinking measures but did predict 6-month posttreatment drinking (n = 48) which suggests these beliefs can mediate treatment response. Feeling doomed by the past was the best predictor of both frequency of drinking and average quantity consumed during follow-up. Treatment implications include targeting specific beliefs for intervention.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1984

Women's drinking and drinking problems: patterns from a 1981 national survey.

A 1981 national survey of women's drinking interviewed 917 women in the general population, stratified on the basis of screening interviews to include 500 moderate-to-heavy drinkers. The survey found no evidence of any major recent increase in women's drinking, and no evidence of unusually heavy drinking among working wives. Adverse drinking consequences and episodes of extreme drinking were most common among women aged 21-34; women who were unmarried, divorced or separated, or cohabiting; and women with frequent drinkers as spouses or companions. Alcohol-related behavior problems and symptoms of alcohol dependence were closely related to levels of alcohol consumption. Among women averaging one ounce or more of ethanol per day, 45 per cent had driven while intoxicated in the past year, and 36 per cent reported memory lapses while drinking. Women at this consumption level were also more likely to report experiences with depression (61 per cent). Women with extremely high consumption levels were more likely to have histories of obstetrical and gynecological problems. Some women with alcohol-related problems reported periods of temporary abstention, a pattern not studied heretofore.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

[The "standard drink unit" as a simplified record of alcoholic drink consumption and its measurement in Spain].

BACKGROUND: The use of a drink units' system is recommended in order to facilitate the registration and monitoring of alcohol consumption and to provide comparable data. A unit would be the alcohol content in defined volumes of different beverages with a standard strength. The value attributed to this drink unit varies from country to country and is questionable from a scientific viewpoint. This study provides research for defining the standard drink unit (SDU) for Spain. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Two studies were designed for ascertaining the pure alcohol content of bulk drinking at home and in public places, taking into account available information on production, distribution of consumption and beverages strength. Eight Spanish regions, each one with 3 cities of respectively < 10,000, 10,000-100,000 and > 100,000 inhabitants, participated in the study. 10,751 observations were carried out and alcohol content was calculated for a standard drink of beer, wine and spirits. RESULTS: Because of the great dispersion of volumes within each type of consumed beverages, none of the consumption curves presented a normal distribution. This feature level is to calculate its pure alcohol equivalence by means of the recorded median volume. Thus, SDU was found to be 10.09 g for wine, 9.1 g for beer and 19.82 g for spirits. CONCLUSIONS: Global SDU would contain about 10 g of pure alcohol (= 1 beer o 1 glass of wine or a half measure of spirits). The calculation of alcohol consumption in drink units facilitates clinical records, epidemiological surveys and preventive messages.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2000

P rats develop physical dependence on alcohol via voluntary drinking: changes in seizure thresholds, anxiety, and patterns of alcohol drinking.

BACKGROUND: It has been proposed that the alcohol-preferring P rat meets many of the criteria for an animal model of alcoholism. However, the development of alcohol dependence has not been explored in rats that self-administer ethanol for less than 15-20 weeks. The present study investigated the development of physical dependence upon alcohol after 2-6 weeks of voluntary alcohol intake. Changes in bicuculline-induced seizure thresholds, microstructure of alcohol drinking, and anxiety-related behavior were used as indices of alcohol dependence. In addition, we evaluated the microstructure of alcohol drinking associated with the development of physical dependence upon alcohol. METHODS: Alcohol (10% ethanol solution) was measured in graduated drinking tubes with both alcohol and water available continuously. Microstructure of alcohol intake was monitored by a computerized drinkometer. Physical dependence upon alcohol was determined by measuring bicuculline-induced seizure thresholds after alcohol withdrawal. Anxiety-related behavior of P rats after alcohol withdrawal was determined by the social interaction and elevated plus maze tests. RESULTS: Initial alcohol intake in the alcohol-preferring P rat was relatively modest (3.9 +/- 0.4 g/kg/day). Four days of forced alcohol exposure (initiation) followed by 6 weeks of voluntary drinking resulted in an increase of alcohol intake to 5.5 +/- 0.2 g/kg/day. Ethanol self-administration for 6 weeks, but not for 2 or 4 weeks, produced a significant reduction (30%; p < 0.05) in bicuculline-induced seizure thresholds during alcohol withdrawal. Alterations in the microstructure of alcohol intake (i.e., 90% increase in the size of alcohol drinking bouts compared to the baseline [p < 0.001] with no change in bout frequency) were associated with the development of alcohol dependence. Termination of alcohol intake after 6 weeks of voluntary alcohol consumption resulted in increased anxiety according to both the social interaction and elevated plus maze tests. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicate that 6 weeks of voluntary alcohol intake are sufficient for the development of physical dependence upon alcohol in the alcohol-preferring P rats as measured by susceptibility to bicuculline-induced seizures. This time is much shorter than the 15-20 weeks reported earlier. Development of physical dependence to alcohol was associated with an increase in daily alcohol intake (40% over the baseline), an increase in alcohol intake during each drinking bout (90% over the baseline), and elevated anxiety during alcohol withdrawal.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2002

[Drinking behavior of female nursing students and stress factors related problem drinking].

The survey was done to clarify how the behavior of drinking alcoholic beverages of female nursing students relates to the stress they feel in their school life. The questionnaires were sent to 337 female students of two nursing schools located in metropolitan area. Students were asked to reply the questions of Adolescent Alcohol Involvement Scale (AAIS), and other questions related to their smoking habits and stress felt in their school life. Alcohol misusers who scored 42 points or more on AAIS were 13.7% of the valid respondents and non-drinkers and those who scored 19 and under on the scale were 4.1%. Those who drink more than over per week accounted for 12.0%, and those who have more than 3 drinks at one time accounted for 61.5%. Those who experienced alcohol drinking during childhood replied that this was encouraged by their parents. Those parents were found to be very generous about children's drinking at home later. The analysis of stress factors in students' life in relation to drinking behavior revealed that the students with scores on AAIS above 42 tended to show less eagerness in studying, and that clinical practice and report writing did not give than much stress.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

The age of drinking onset and housing condition influences rat alcohol drinking behavior.

We investigated whether age of drinking onset and/or the housing condition in experimental animals affected alcohol drinking behavior to extrapolate the experimental findings to alcohol drinking patterns of aged people. At the time of the experiments, all 1-, 4-, 10- and the 16-month-old rats were divided into two groups, isolated and aggregated groups, and then maintained in the same housing conditions for six months. The amounts of voluntary alcohol consumption (g/kg/day) of all rats were investigated by two-bottle methods at 7, 10, 16 and 22 months old. No significant difference in alcohol drinking behavior was shown in the 7- and 10-month-old rats. A decrease in voluntary alcohol consumption was shown in the 16-month-old rats of the aggregated groups. In the 22-month old rats, a significant suppression of voluntary alcohol consumption was found in the aggregated groups compared with the isolated group. The results demonstrate that an important determinant of EtOH intake is related to environmental factors. It was suggested that alcohol drinking behavior strongly depends on the housing conditions and the age of onset of alcohol drinking.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1991

[Epidemiological research on drinking of women (Part 3): A comparison of change in drinking frequency after certain life events between the QFI high group and the low group among women drinkers].

In order to investigate the influence of certain life events on women drinkers, changes in drinking frequencies after these life events (LE) were compared between two groups of higher and lower alcohol consumption groups with ages from 30 to 69 years old. The higher group (HIGH) was constructed of 207 women drinkers of QFI equal to 4 or 5, and the lower group (LOW) was matched to the number, age, and occupation of the HIGH by random sampling from 376 women of QFI equal to 1. As shown in the second report, the HIGH consumes more than 3.0 l in year (by ethanol) and the LOW less than 0.3 l a year. The results were as follows. 1) Only the rate of those who experienced' Death of her mother' was significantly higher in the HIGH, but was not sufficient to explain the HIGH. Furthermore, significant difference in the rate of all others was not found. 2) The rate of drinkers who have increased their drinking frequencies after 'The last child birth', 'Death of her father', 'Death of her mother' and 'The last child's graduation from high school' were significantly higher in the HIGH. The total number of the LE that increased frequency for the HIGH was significantly more than the LOW. 3) The rate of drinkers who have decreased their drinking frequencies after 'Child birth' or 'Retirement' tended to be higher than that of the increased. But, no LE showed significant difference between the HIGH and LOW. 4) However, only the rate of those who went through 'Death of her mother' was higher in the HIGH. Among the experienced, the rate of drinkers who have increased their drinking frequencies was generally higher in all other LE. These results show that not only the social environmental factors such as the experience of these LE, but also the individual factors increased drinking frequency promoted the tendency to drink more than before among women drinkers.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

The impact of drinking and drinking consequences on short-term employment outcomes in at-risk drinkers in six southern states.

Alcohol use and misuse impose economic burdens, with over half the total costs estimated associated with lost productivity. Research on labor productivity and alcohol abuse has been limited by methodologic differences, making conclusions equivocal. This study employed two waves of data from a community probability sample of 658 at-risk drinkers. It analyzed the prospective impact of several measures of drinking and drinking consequences on the 6-month follow-up probability of not being employed and fewer weeks of employment if employed. Drinking seven drinks or more on an average drinking day significantly increased the likelihood of not working and, for those who were working, reduced weeks of employment. Thus, productivity benefits may accrue from developing treatments for at-risk drinkers, particularly interventions to reduce drinking.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Reinforcement expectancies for studying predict drinking problems among college students: approaching problem drinking from an expectancies choice perspective.

Molar behavioral choice theories point to the important role reinforcement for alternative behaviors may play in reducing problem drinking [Psychol. Addict. Behav. 9 (1995) 223.]. A similar molar choice perspective may apply to a cognitive mediational level of analysis: the molecular link between alcohol expectancies and drinking behavior depends on expectancies for alternative behaviors. In this study, 82 college students completed the Alcohol Effects Questionnaire (AEFQ), the Rutgers Alcohol Problem Index (RAPI), a self-report measure of drinking quantity and frequency, and a five-item studying expectancies questionnaire devised for the current study. Analyses indicated that, among students who hold high alcohol expectancies, those who reported high studying expectancies drink less and develop significantly fewer drinking problems than those who hold low studying expectancies. Future research may address the possibility of reducing drinking problems among college students by enhancing studying expectancies.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Facing up to binge drinking: reducing binge drinking in adolescent males.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of an orofacial trauma-based brief intervention, designed to raise adolescent males' awareness about the immediate dangers of binge drinking. DESIGN: Non-randomised controlled exploratory trial. SETTING: Secondary level schools. MATERIALS & METHODS: Pre, post and follow up validated questionnaires were used to assess a variety of descriptive data and changes in behaviour. Sixty Year 12 students were recruited in the pilot study and 182 in the definitive study. INTERVENTION: A brief visual presentation containing salient information and anonymised photographs relating to orofacial injuries. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Intention to binge drink. RESULTS: The majority of participants obtained alcohol from off-licence or licenced premises. At the commencement of the study, 68% of the participants were regular drinkers. Whilst there was no change in drinking behaviour, the intervention group reported that it was significantly more likely (compared to the control group) that they would reduce their drinking to less than binge levels. CONCLUSION: The intervention resulted in participants reporting a more negative attitude towards binge drinking and increased their intention to disengage from binge drinking.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Survey of the occurrence of residues of methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) in Dutch drinking water sources and drinking water.

An indicative survey has been carried out in The Netherlands investigating the presence of methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) in drinking water and the corresponding sources. In total, 71 different sites used for the preparation of drinking water in The Netherlands were sampled in two successive seasons in 2001 involving the analysis of 156 samples. (ground water (n = 88), surface water (n = 17), bank filtrate water (n = 6) and drinking water (n = 45)). To combine high sample throughput with high selectivity and sensitivity, off-line purge and trap for sampling and gas chromatography mass spectrometry equipped with an automated thermal desorption sampler (TDS-GC-MS) was selected as the preferred analytical methodology. The developed procedure enabled the analysis of at least 40 samples per day and provided a limit of quantification of 2 ng l(-1). In the first period 63 samples of raw water were analyzed. Concentrations ranged between < 10 ng l(-1) and 420 ng l(-1) with a median concentration below 10 ng l(-1). The second period was focused at the re-sampling of positive locations (MTBE > 10 ng l(-1)) and a few additional drinking water utilities of which both the raw and drinking water of the utilities were analyzed. The median concentration of MTBE in the selected set of drinking water samples was 20 ng l(-1) (n = 45). At one location MTBE was found at a level of 2900 ng l(-1) caused by point source contamination of the ground water (11 900 ng l(-1)). Special attention has been paid to the quality of the results by analyzing all samples in duplicate and the analysis of control samples during each series of analyses.

Carcinogens↗
PubMed1999

Drinking and marital aggression in newlyweds: an event-based analysis of drinking and the occurrence of husband marital aggression.

OBJECTIVE: Research suggests that domestically violent men are more likely to be heavy drinkers than nonviolent men. However, very little data has addressed the relationship between the occurrence of a domestic violence episode and the co-occurrence of husband or wife alcohol consumption. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between husband and wife drinking and whether the most serious conflict involved verbal aggression, moderate physical aggression or severe physical aggression. METHOD: Newlywed couples (n = 366) who were assessed with respect to risk factors for marital violence at the time of marriage were interviewed at the end of their first year of marriage. These in-person interviews focused on characteristics (location, presence of other people, husband drinking, wife drinking) of the most severe verbal conflict, and the first and the most severe episode of physical aggression. RESULTS: After controlling for individual difference risk factors including husband and wife drinking patterns, husband drinking was more likely in episodes of physical vs episodes of verbal aggression. This finding was consistent in both husband and wife, and consistent in both between-groups and within-groups analyses. Wife drinking was largely unrelated to occurrence or severity of violence. CONCLUSIONS: These results support the contention that alcohol use may contribute to the occurrence and/or severity of domestic violence, particularly in the early stages of marriage.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Moderate drinking: an alternative treatment goal for early-stage problem drinking.

Family physicians are in a particularly good position to identify problem drinking in its early stages through the recognition of various psychosocial and medical indicators. Thorough history-taking or the use of a specific questionnaire should provide confirmation. Patients so identified can then be offered treatment designed to help them moderate their drinking, if not to achieve abstinence. The treatment strategy described in this paper involves specifying a safe drinking pattern, instructing the patient in the use of aids to appropriate drinking and seeing the patient at 1- to 2-month intervals for follow-up assessment. In a pilot study of this strategy 16 of 17 patients reduced their drinking substantially, and 8 were abstinent at the last follow-up visit. Only 1 of the 17 dropped out of treatment; the high rate of compliance may have been primarily due to the patient's need to see the family physician for other problems. Visits to the family physician for other medical problems provide an opportunity to motivate patients to continue monitoring their drinking.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1991

Drinking locations of drink-drivers: a comparative analysis of accident and nonaccident cases.

This study utilizes data collected by the Perth (Australia) Traffic Police on the last drinking location of persons arrested for drink-driving either as a consequence of their being involved in a road traffic accident or as a result of failing a roadside breath test. A comparison of these data has found that significantly more persons involved in traffic accidents had been drinking at unlicensed locations, that is at private residences or in public places such as parks, than at licensed premises. It was also found that accident cases were more likely to involve males under 25 years; for those involved to have, on average, significantly higher blood alcohol levels than was the case for nonaccident drink-driving cases; and for most accidents to occur late at night and early morning. The significance of these findings were confirmed by logistic regression. A surprise incidental finding was that considerably more women had been arrested for drink-driving than had been previously reported in other studies, both in Australia and overseas.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1987

Correlates of stages in the progression from everyday drinking to problem drinking.

Data is presented on the following related problems: (1) social characteristic associated with differences in drinking style; (2) variables correlated with intensified consumption; (3) variables, other than consumption level, correlated with harmful effects of alcohol. The concepts of status role, positional role and situation role were used to develop hypotheses. Drinking alcoholic beverages is considered as an element of situation roles in which drinking alcohol is considered meaningful and appropriate. The hypotheses are that status groups tend to differ in drinking style (problem 1) and because of these differences, differ also in the degree to which drinking is associated with harmful effects (problem 3). The three positional roles: living with a partner, care for children at home, and employment were combined to indicate the structure of everyday life. The hypotheses were that people with a less structured everyday life are inclined to intensify their consumption (problem 2); and are more vulnerable to harmful effects (problem 3). Most of these hypotheses were confirmed. Gender and the integration of alcohol use appear to be intervening variables concerning the effect of the structure of everyday life on intensified consumption and on harmful effects.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Drinking-related locus of control as a predictor of drinking after treatment.

This study evaluated the predictive utility of the drinking-related control orientation for successful treatment outcome among Finnish inpatient alcoholics (N = 106, 16% women). Using the Drinking-Related Locus of Control (DRIE) scale by Keyson and Janda (unpublished; see Lettieri, Nelson, & Sayers, 1985), it aimed to discover to what extent the DRIE scores measured at the end of treatment predict (a) the timing and severity of the first drinking occasion after treatment, and (b) the 6 and 12 months' total treatment outcome of the sample. The DRIE scores correlated with the time to the first drinking occasion (r = -.27, p < .02). Internal subjects started to drink later (p < .004), drank less on the first occasion (p < .001), and continued for fewer days (p < .005) than external subjects. Moreover, internal orientation was more common among abstinent and external orientation among unimproved subjects during the first 6 (p < .02) and 12 months (p < .05) after treatment. The results thus support the beneficial role of internal control attributions.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The relationship of social context of drinking, perceived social norms, and parental influence to various drinking patterns of adolescents.

An anonymous questionnaire was administered to a sample of over 890 adolescent drinkers. The questionnaire contained measures of their social context of drinking, perceived social norms, and perceived parental behaviors regarding drinking. These measures were related to a variety of alcohol problem behaviors including binge drinking, driving while alcohol-impaired, riding with an alcohol-impaired driver, and experiencing one or more negative consequences because of drinking. Results indicated that drinking frequently in a social context of social facilitation, stress control or school defiance, as well as having close friends engage in these behaviors, tended to separate alcohol abusers from nonabusers. The implications for program development are discussed.

Adolescent↗