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At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Conversion of diets at tumor induction shows the pattern of tumor growth and metastasis of the first given diet.

In a previous study, significant differences in the growth rate of a transplantable mammary adenocarcinoma were observed between rats receiving a diet rich in saturated fatty acids (lard, diet A), and rats on a diet in which the saturated fat was partly replaced by polyunsaturated fatty acid of the omega-3 type (Menhaden oil, diet B). In the present investigation, it was our aim to study tumor growth in rats on diet A and B, as well as in rats that had, at tumor inoculation, a change of diets, from diet A to diet B. Tumor growth of rats receiving diet A throughout the whole experiment was the same as in those rats that had a conversion of diets. The data shows that the observed inhibiting effect of diet B on tumor growth could not be obtained when this diet was given exclusively after tumor inoculation.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Diet and physical activity profiles in French preadolescents.

Dietary patterns have been identified in adults, but less is known about children and adolescents. For the first time, we have investigated lifestyle patterns combining diet and physical activity in 12-year-old French preadolescents and examined their association with sociodemographic factors. Physical activity, sedentary activities and dietary habits were assessed by questionnaires given to 2724 students in 2001. Family income tax and parents' educational level, as indicators of socio-economic status, and the size of the residence commune were obtained from parents. After adjusting for socio-economic status, physical activity was positively associated with a consumption of fruit/vegetables/fruit juice on more than four occasions in the previous 24 h (P<0.001). Sedentary activities were positively associated with the consumption of French fries or potato chips (P<0.001), with sweetened drink as the most usual drink (P<0.001) and with nibbling while watching television (P<0.001), and inversely associated with a high consumption of fruit/vegetables/fruit juice (P=0.04). Multiple correspondence analysis identified two independent axes and specific combinations of behaviour: one axis characterised by sedentary activity, sweetened drink as the most usual drink, the consumption of French fries or potato chips and nibbling while watching television; a second one associating physical activity and the consumption of fruit/vegetables/fruit juice. Both socio-economic proxies were associated with the former axis (P<0.001). The size of the residence commune was associated with the latter (P<0.1). Combinations of diet and physical activity habits were identified in adolescents, indicating that prevention programmes targeting both behaviours may have an enhanced outcome.

Beverages↗
PubMed1977

Health implications of fibre-depleted diets.

In many different parts of the world the pattern of diseases has changed or is changing from one mainly of infections to one of degenerative diseases. Simultaneously, alterations in the pattern of diet have occurred or are occurring. A major alteration is depletion of fibre-containing foods of high bulk-forming capacity. Epidemiological evidence, short-term studies on man and experimental investigations on animals suggest that fibre-depleted diets are a major, or perhaps even the basic cause of the increasing prevalence of several degenerative diseases. Although much further research is essential, available evidence warrants recommending an increase in the intake of fibre-containing foods, especially those of cereal origin.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1997

Differential circadian eating patterns in two psychogenetically selected strains of rats fed low-, medium-, and high-fat diets.

Spontaneous eating patterns in male, inbred Roman high- and low-avoidance rats (RHA/Verh, RLA/Verh) were continuously recorded while animals were successively offered three isocaloric (approximately 16.5-kJ/g) diets: a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet (LF; 3.3% fat), a medium-fat diet (MF; 18% fat), and a high-fat diet (HF; 40% fat), the latter being followed once again by the LF diet. Under the conditions of this experiment, overall 24-h food intake did not differ significantly between RHA/Verh and RLA/Verh rats, but was significantly higher for both rat strains on the MF and HF diets than on the LF diet. Despite the similar 24 h-food intake, RHA/Verh rats ate transiently less than RLA/Verh rats during the third quarter of the dark phase under all dietary conditions. These differences were due to the RHA/Verh rats' longer intermeal intervals (with all diets) and smaller meals (with the MF and HF diets) and were compensated for during the last 3 h of the dark phase. On the LF diet, dark-phase meal frequency was higher and both nocturnal meal size and mean eating rate within meals were lower in RLA/Verh rats than in RHA/Verh rats. With the MF and HF diets, mean nocturnal meal size and meal duration were higher and mean eating rate was lower in RLA/Verh rats than in RHA/Verh rats. For both strains, nocturnal meal size was significantly higher with the MF and HF diets than with the LF diet, and nocturnal meal frequency was lower with the HF diet than with the other two diets. Although body weights were similar at the start of the study, RLA/Verh rats gained significantly more weight than did RHA/Verh rats by the end. As has often been the case with other aspects of behavior studied, differences in neuromodulatory systems (e.g., serotoninergic and dopaminergic) between RHA/Verh and RLA/Verh rats may directly or indirectly contribute to the subtle differences in eating patterns observed here.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1977

The amino acid pattern of the british diet.

The amounts of the essential amino acids in the average British household food supply have been calculated and compared with those recommended by FAO/WHO. There were large excesses of all essential amino acids, with threonine being the most limiting. When similar calculations were made ten years ago, the sulphur-containing amino acids were the most limiting. The change results not so much from the greater amounts of animal protein which are now eaten as from changes in the reference pattern of amino acids.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1997

Meal pattern and nutrient intake among adult Finns.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between meal pattern and diet. Nutrient contents of meals, snacks and other eating occasions were compared and differences in dietary intake analysed between respondents following a conventional meal pattern and others. A random sample of 1861 adults aged 25-64 from four regions of Finland completed a mailed questionnaire and 3-day food record in the spring of 1992. A conventional meal pattern was defined on the basis of national dietary guidelines as including breakfast, warm lunch and warm dinner, and subjects were identified with the help of the questionnaire. Meals and snacks were defined according to the respondents subjective criteria. Forty-four percent of all respondents followed the conventional meal pattern. Meal pattern has no effect on nutrient intake in men and small effects in women. Women following the conventional meal pattern had higher energy and cholesterol intake and lower alcohol and vitamin C intake than other women. Meals contributed to energy, protein and fat intake, and snacks to sugar and alcohol. Meal pattern had only a small effect on diet and conventional meal pattern cannot be considered healthier than other meal patterns.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2026

Pregnancy diet based on ancestral patterns increases growth in subcortical fetal brain regions.

Evidence on the biological basis for maternal nutrition effects on fetal and newborn neurodevelopment remains limited. This randomized controlled trial in Ecuador tested a maternal dietary pattern-derived from empirical studies of nutrition in human evolution and adapted locally-on offspring growth and brain development. Pregnant women (n = 215) in their first trimester were randomized to: 1) control (n = 104); or 2) Mikhuna ("nourish" in Kichwa) intervention (n = 111). The intervention, from 12 wk gestation to birth, consisted of a weekly food delivery (8 eggs, 500 g fish, and a variety of sustainably sourced fruits and vegetables) and a behavior change communication strategy encouraging diet diversity and limiting highly processed foods. Longitudinal data collection occurred at 12 wk, 21 wk, 35 wk gestation, and 2 wk postpartum, and included ultrasound imaging of fetal bone and brain parameters, maternal dietary intakes, anthropometry, socioeconomic and demographic variables, and other biomarkers. At close of intervention, a significantly higher percentage of women met the minimum dietary diversity threshold in Mikhuna (74.5%) vs. control groups (55.8%) (P = 0.004). Generalized linear regression models showed significant differences in Mikhuna compared to control for: corpus callosum length 0.19 cm (95% CI [0.02, 0.35]), gangliothalamic ovoid height 0.15 cm (95% CI [0.03 to 0.26]), and femur length -0.10 cm (95% CI [-0.19, -0.02]) from 21 wk to 35 wk; and corpus callosum Z 0.56 (95% CI [0.03, 1.09]) and femur length Z -0.21 (95% CI [-0.42, 0.00]) at 35 wk. The Mikhuna intervention increased the growth of subcortical fetal brain structures, which have established roles in motor control, cognition, and signal transmission.

Female↗
PubMed1989

Assessment of occlusal tooth wear in vervet monkeys by reflex microscopy.

A biostereometric method was used to assess the tooth wear of monkeys fed either on one of two Western-type diets, which differed in their refined carbohydrate, fat and fibre contents, or on a combination of the two diets. Certain patterns of wear as a function of diet were observed but these could not be explained adequately in terms of diet roughness alone.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Nutrient regulation in relation to diet breadth: a comparison of Heliothis sister species and a hybrid.

We examined the nutritional correlates of diet breadth in insect herbivores by comparing patterns of diet selection, nutrient balancing, post-ingestive utilization and development in two sister species of caterpillar and a hybrid between them. One species, Heliothis virescens (HV) has a broad host range, feeding on plants in at least 14 families. The other, Heliothis subflexa (HS), is a specialist on plants in the genus Physalis (Solanaceae). Experiments using synthetic foods showed that when the caterpillars were allowed to mix their diet, the generalist self-selected a higher-protein diet whereas the specialist ate almost equal amounts of protein and carbohydrate, which accords with differences between the two species in the nutrient content of their natural diets. When confined to nutritionally imbalanced diets, the generalist showed a propensity to over-eat high protein:carbohydrate (P:C) diets to a greater degree than did the specialist and maintained higher rates of development. The generalist did not, however, over-eat low P:C diets to the same degree as the specialist. The hybrid selected a diet composition that was indistinguishable to that of its generalist father (HV), while its response to imbalanced diets was closely similar to that of the specialist mother (HS). The generalist converted ingested nutrient to growth with lower efficiency than did the specialist and the hybrid. Our findings imply that different behavioural and physiological traits linked to nutrient regulation are under genetic control and are explicable in terms of the different life-histories, feeding ecologies and presumed levels of nutritional heterogeneity in the environments of the two insects.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

[Diurnal patterns of plasma lipids and lipoproteins in primary endogenous hypertriglyceridemia (type IV-hyperlipoproteinemia) (author's transl)].

Acute and chronic effects of three isocaloric diets on plasma lipids and plasma lipoproteins were studied in 10 patients with primary endogenous hypertriglyceridemia (type IV-hyperlipoproteinemia). The diets used contained 20% protein, 50, 37 and 1% fat and 30, 43 and 79% carbohydrates respectively. Cholesterol levels were similar with all diets. Fasting values of plasma triglycerides were lower with the fat-containing diets compared to the high-carbohydrate diet. Diurnal patterns, however, were significantly higher with the former diets in 8 of the 10 patients. Postprandial lipoprotein patterns on fat-containing diets are characterized by chylomicronemia and marked changes of concentration and composition of other lipoprotein classes. If, analogous to diabetic therapy, control of hypertriglyceridemia is meant to imply low all-day levels rather than low fasting levels, a rather low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet seems to be superior in most patients with endogenous hypertriglyceridemia to diets containing more than 35 calorie per cent of fat.

Cholesterol↗
PubMed1989

Modifications of circadian cortisol rhythm by cyclic and continuous total enteral nutrition.

To clarify the relationship between the pattern of diet intake and the circadian adrenocortical rhythm, we measured plasma cortisol levels at 4-h intervals over a 24-h period in 18 patients who were in the vegetative state and had been receiving total enteral nutrition (TEN) for 4 weeks. One group of 6 patients was given a liquid diet intraduodenally and continuously throughout a day (continuous TEN), whereas the two other groups received their daily enteral feeding during a restricted time of day, either in the daytime from 0800 h to 2000 h (diurnal TEN, 6 patients) or in the nighttime from 2000 h to 0800 h (nocturnal TEN, 6 patients). In patients with diurnal TEN, there was a clear cortisol rhythm with a peak of 0800 h, whose pattern was quite similar to the well-established cortisol rhythm in normal subjects. Patients with nocturnal TEN also showed a cortisol rhythm, but the peak appeared at 1600 h. There was no appreciable difference in the amplitude of the rhythm between the two groups. Patients with continuous TEN did not show any consistent circadian cortisol rhythms. Plasma levels of glucose, insulin, and free fatty acids also showed circadian fluctuations corresponding to the pattern of diet infusion in the groups with diurnal and nocturnal TEN, and remained almost constant throughout a day in the group with continuous TEN. We conclude from these results that the timing of diet intake may have a synchronizing effect on the circadian cortisol rhythm in man, as it does in laboratory animals.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Diet and physical activity patterns of urban American Indian women.

A cross sectional survey was conducted of American Indian women ages 18 years and older and residing in Minneapolis to assess dietary and physical activity practices. Results indicate a high amount of fat foods and low amount of fruits or vegetables consumed, and little regular physical activity. For adequate dietary intake, barriers included expense, and for physical activity barriers included lack of child care, health problems and safety concerns.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

From diet to DNA: dietary patterning of gene expression.

The role of molecular biology in understanding structure/function relationships as well as the influence of metabolic processes on host nutrition is becoming increasingly important. Not only is this field having a major effect in elucidating the detailed structure of nutritionally important enzymes but it is also allowing the nutrition scientist to study metabolic function and the significance of different pathways in whole animals. In this review, the use of gene transfer studies, in particular, the creation of transgenic animals to study mechanisms in which nutrients may regulate gene expression is discussed. Although these studies are presently quite specific, it is envisioned that these studies will ultimately lead to a better understanding of dietary host interactions, which may lead to the ability of the clinician to optimize dietary intake in order to more favorably modify metabolic disorders.

Cholesterol↗
PubMed1999

PCB congener patterns in rats consuming diets containing Great Lakes salmon: analysis of fish, diets, and adipose tissue.

As part of a multidisciplinary toxicological investigation into Great Lakes contaminants, chinook salmon were collected from Lake Huron (LH) and Lake Ontario (LO) and incorporated (as lyophilized fillets) into standard rat diets as 20 or 100% of the protein complement (5 or 20%, w/w diet-LH5, LH20, LO5, and LO20 diets). Final PCB concentrations in the experiment ranged from 3.15 ng/g in the control diet to 1080 ng/g in the high-dose (20%) LO diet, with maximal estimated daily consumption by the rats of 82microg PCBs/kg body wt in the LO20 dietary group. Seventeen PCB congeners, PCB 85, 99, 101, 105, 110, 118, 128, 129, 132, 138, 149, 153, 170, 177, 180, 187, and 199, occurred at >/=3.0% of the total PCBs in the fish with no major site differences. Cumulatively, these 17 congeners accounted for up to 75% of the total PCBs in the fish compared to 44 and 54% in two commercial Aroclors, 1254 and 1260, respectively. PCB 77 was the major "dioxin-like" congener in the fish, followed by PCB 126 and then PCB 169. All major dietary congeners bioaccumulated in the adipose tissue of the rats with the exception of PCB congeners 101, 110, 132, and 149. The group of 17 major congeners accounted for up to 71% of the total PCBs in adipose tissue samples collected from the rats following up to 19 weeks of diet ingestion. Of the coplanar PCB congeners, PCB 77 appeared to bioaccumulate to a lesser extent compared to PCBs 126 and 169. When comparing PCBs in the rat adipose tissue to PCB congeners in Canadian breast milk, PCBs 44, 49, 74, and 137 tended to occur in higher amounts in the human samples (contributing together 18.4 vs. 1.4% of the total PCB concentration), whereas PCB 129 occurred at higher levels in the rats (3.4 vs. 0.3% of the total PCB concentration, respectively). Although adipose tissue from the rats fed diets containing Great Lakes salmon had up to two orders of magnitude higher concentrations of PCBs compared to average human values, with the exception of some lower chlorinated congeners, similar major congeners tended to be present in both the rats in the present study and humans.

Adipose Tissue↗