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PubMed2005

On rotational invariance in adaptive spatial filtering of fMRI data.

Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) has previously been shown to work well for detecting neural activity in fMRI data. The reason is that CCA enables simultaneous temporal modeling and adaptive spatial filtering of the data. This article introduces a novel method for adaptive anisotropic filtering using the CCA framework and compares it to a previously proposed method. Isotropic adaptive filtering, which is only able to form isotropic filters of different sizes, is also presented and evaluated. It is shown that a new feature of the proposed method is invariance to the orientation of activated regions, and that the detection performance is superior to both that of the previous method and to isotropic filtering.

Artifacts↗
PubMed1996

Influence of breathing therapy on complaints, anxiety and breathing pattern in patients with hyperventilation syndrome and anxiety disorders.

The effect of breathing therapy was evaluated in patients with hyperventilation syndrome (HVS). The diagnosis of HVS was based on the presence of several suggestive complaints occurring in the context of stress, and reproduced by voluntary hyperventilation. Organic diseases as a cause of the symptoms were excluded. Most of these patients met the criteria for an anxiety disorder. The therapy was conducted in the following sequence: (1) brief, voluntary hyperventilation to reproduce the complaints in daily life: (2) reattribution of the cause of the symptoms to hyperventilation: (3) explaining the rationale of therapy-reduction of hyperventilation by acquiring an abdominal breathing pattern, with slowing down of expiration: and (4) breathing retraining for 2 to 3 months by a physiotherapist. After breathing therapy, the sum scores of the Nijmegen Questionnaire were markedly reduced. Improvements were registered in 10 of the 16 complaints of the questionnaire. The level of anxiety evaluated by means of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) decreased slightly. The breathing pattern was modified significantly after breathing retraining. Mean values of inspiration and expiration time and tidal volume increased, but end-tidal CO2 concentration (FETCO2) was not significantly modified except in the group of younger women (< or = 28 years). A canonical correlation analysis relating the changes of the various complaints to the modifications of breathing variables showed that the improvement of the complaints was correlated mainly with the slowing down of breathing frequency. The favorable influence of breathing retraining on complaints thus appeared to be a consequence of its influence primarily on breathing frequency, rather than on FETCO2.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Serum lipids and cardiovascular reactivity to stress.

Several studies have reported an association between serum lipid levels and cardiovascular reactivity to laboratory stressors. Their findings, however, are equivocal. The inconsistencies may be due to shortcomings such as the small number of subjects, the inclusion of patient groups, no control for medication, and no control for age effects. Two studies are presented investigating the relationship in large groups of adolescent and middle-aged males and females. Cholesterol, triglycerides and HDL were measured. Subjects were exposed to mental stressors, and in one study also to a cold pressor test. In addition to heart rate and blood pressure, in one study impedance cardiography was used to measure pre-ejection period, stroke volume and total peripheral resistance. Canonical correlation analysis suggested an association between triglycerides and decreased cardiac reactivity to mental stressors in middle-aged females. Trends in the same direction were found in both middle-aged males and females with respect to reactivity to the cold pressor. These associations, however, were not confirmed when the extreme deciles of the triglyceride distributions were compared with respect to stress reactivity. The fact that associations were completely absent in youngsters but sometimes showed up in older persons suggested an age dependency of the association. In post hoc analyses, indeed, some evidence was found for stronger cardiac responsivity being associated with cholesterol specifically in relatively older males. In females, in contrast to this, the association between triglycerides and cardiac responsivity was stronger in the younger group. More detailed measurement techniques, of specifically vascular processes, may be needed to explore further the effects of sex and age on the association between lipids and stress reactivity.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Concurrent prediction of drug use among high-risk youth.

Correlates of drug use were examined in a continuation high school sample (n = 1.315), using canonical correlation analysis. Fourteen demographic, attitudes/belief, and psychosocial pressure/ anxiety-type variables were included as concurrent predictors. Eight drug-use-related measures were also placed into the analysis as outcome variables. Two factors were revealed. White ethnicity, not being Latino, all attitude/belief measures, and family conflict and depression showed relatively high loadings on the first predictor factor, and were associated with all drug-use measures. Latino ethnicity and being relatively unacculturated (i.e., tending to speak Spanish), most of the attitude/belief measures (but not sensation seeking or spirituality), and perceived peer approval to use drugs, trait anxiety, and depression showed relatively high loadings on the second predictor factor, and were associated with the hard-drug-use measures. These results suggest that there is a subgroup of unacculturated Latino youth who are anxious, who perceive they will achieve peer approval by using drugs, and who tend to use hard drugs. Indicated drug abuse prevention strategies may need to be tailored to this subgroup when developing and implementing programming.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Premorbid personality and psychopathological dimensions in first-episode psychosis.

BACKGROUND: Broadening our knowledge of the relationship between personality and psychopathological dimensions in psychosis would provide insights into the nature of their underlying pathophysiology. Research, to date, has been carried out in chronic samples and the possibility that the personality assessment may have been contaminated by the psychotic episode cannot be ruled out. The aim of this study was to examine the relationships between personality and psychopathology in a 'first-episode psychosis' sample using a dimensional approach. METHOD: Premorbid personality dimensions of 94 consecutively admitted 'first-episode psychosis' patients were assessed through the information collected from parents or a close biological relative. A semi-structured interview (Premorbid Assessment Schedule; [Tyrer, P., 1988. Personality Disorders: Diagnosis, management and course. Wright, London]) was used by a rater, blind to the patients' psychopathological symptoms. Associations between dimensions of premorbid personality and psychopathology were examined through Pearson correlation coefficients. RESULTS: The negative dimension was strongly associated with higher scores on the schizoid dimension. Additionally, trends towards significant direct associations were found between the negative dimension and both the passive-dependent and the schizotypic dimensions, between the hostility/suspiciousness dimension and both sociopathic and passive-dependent dimensions, and between the manic dimension and the obsessional dimension. Canonical correlation analysis demonstrated that premorbid personality dimensions explained 17% of the variance of psychopathological dimensions. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that premorbid personality dimensions may shape the expression of psychosis. Moreover, we hypothesize that certain personality dimensions, such as the schizoid dimension, should be considered nonspecific risk factors for expression of higher levels of negative symptomatology at the beginning of psychosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

The relationship between psychological and physiological measures of anxiety.

The responses of 6 representative physiological parameters frequently assumed to be measures of anxiety along with a set of 4 psychological tests for measuring anxiety were obtained under naturalistic conditions from 25 patients hospitalized with a first myocardial infarction. A canonical correlational analysis failed to show any relationship between anxiety as assessed by the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale, Mood Adjective Check List, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and Multiple Affect Adjective Check List psychological tests, and anxiety as assessed by the physiological indices of heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, epinephrine, norepinephrine and VMA. The intercorrelation matrix revealed a significant positive pattern of relationships among all 4 psychological tests, a non-significant, positive pattern of relationships among the physiological indices, and a non-significant, negative pattern of relationships between the psychological and physiological measures. The absence of mood-specific physiological measures for anxiety, as measured by the psychological tests, supports previous theory and investigation and points to the inadvisability of assuming that studies on anxiety that use diverse physiological and psychological measures yield results that may be compared as though they were assessing a common mood.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Procedural validity of the computerized version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI-Auto) in the anxiety disorders.

The procedural validity of the computerized version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI-Auto) was examined against the consensus diagnoses of two clinicians for six anxiety disorders (agoraphobia, panic disorder (+/- agoraphobia), social phobia, simple phobia, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and major depressive episode (MDE)). Clinicians had available to them all data obtained over a 2- to 10-month period. Subjects were 98 patients accepted for treatment at an Anxiety Disorders Clinic, thus, all subjects had at least one of the diagnoses being examined. While the CIDI-Auto detected 88.2% of the clinician diagnoses, it identified twice as many diagnoses as did the clinicians. The sensitivity of the CIDI-Auto was above 0.85 except for GAD, which had a sensitivity of 0.29. The specificity of the CIDI-Auto was lower (range: 0.47-0.99). The agreement between the CIDI-Auto and the clinician diagnoses, as measured by intraclass kappas, ranged from poor (kappa = 0.02; GAD) to excellent (kappa = 0.81; OCD), with a fair level of agreement overall (kappa = 0.40). Canonical correlation analysis suggested that the discrepancies between the CIDI-Auto and clinicians were not due to different diagnostic distinctions being made. It is suggested that the CIDI-Auto may have a lower threshold for diagnosing anxiety disorders than do experienced clinicians. It is concluded that, in a sample where all subjects have at least one anxiety disorder diagnosis, the CIDI-Auto has acceptable validity.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Rapid assessment of marine pollution using multiple biomarkers and chemical immunoassays.

To fully assess the impact of pollutant releases into the environment, it is necessary to determine both the concentration of chemicals accumulating in biota and the biological effects they give rise to. Owing to time, expertise, and cost constraints, this is, however, rarely achieved. Here, quick, simple to perform, and inexpensive biomarkers and chemical immunoassays were combined in a rapid assessment approach to measure exposure to and effects of organic and metal pollutants on the ribbed mussel (Geukensia demmissa) from New Bedford Harbor, MA. Significant differences in polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) tissue residue concentrations were detected among sites using RaPID immunoassay. Selected analyses were verified using GC/MS. No significant differences were observed in metal concentrations (Cu, Cd, Pb, As, Hg, Ni) throughout the area. While causality cannot be attributed, multivariate canonical correlation analysis indicated that PCB and PAH concentrations were strongly associated with the induction of biomarkers of genotoxicity (micronucleus formation), immunotoxicity (spontaneous cytotoxicity), and physiological impairment (heart rate). It is concluded thatthe incorporation of chemical immunoassays with biological monitoring tools into routine management procedures is clearly viable and valuable as a means of identifying toxic impacts of pollutants on biota in situ.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Simultaneous prediction of aqueous solubility and octanol/water partition coefficient based on descriptors derived from molecular structure.

It has been shown that water solubility and octanol/water partition coefficient for a large diverse set of compounds can be predicted simultaneously using molecular descriptors derived solely from a two dimensional representation of molecular structure. These properties have been modelled using multiple linear regression, artificial neural networks and a statistical method known as canonical correlation analysis. The neural networks give slightly better models both in terms of fitting and prediction presumably due to the fact that they include non-linear terms. The statistical methods, on the other hand, provide information concerning the explanation of variance and allow easy interrogation of the models. Models were fitted using a training set of 552 compounds, a validation set and test set each containing 68 molecules and two separate literature test sets for solubility and partition.

1-Octanol↗
PubMed1977

Biographical, trait, and behavioral-sampling predictions of performance in a stressful life setting.

Biographical, trait, and behavioral-sampling predictors, when combined, yield a substantially and significantly larger prediction of performance, R = .72, in a natural setting than any of these approaches achieve separately (Rs, respectively, of .64, .44, and .42; all ps less than .01). A canonical correlational analysis designed to determine which predictors best predict which component of the multifaceted criterion suggests that traits best predict other traits, while specific past behaviors and learning experiences best predict specific future skilled performances. Personality assessment, which has been preoccupied with simple competitions between behavioral-sampling and trait approaches, might progress faster if it reformulated its task in a broader, more cooperative fashion.

Achievement↗
PubMed2005

Examining African self-consciousness and Black racial identity as predictors of Black men's psychological well-being.

This study investigated African self-consciousness and Black racial identity as predictors of psychological distress and self-esteem for Black men. One hundred thirty Black men from a college and community sample completed the African Self-Consciousness Scale, the Racial Identity Attitude Scale-B, the Symptom Checklist 90-Revised, and the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory. Canonical correlation analysis found 2 significant roots with the 1st root indicating that Black men whose attitudes reflected Preencounter and Immersion racial identity attitudes and who do not resist against anti-African/Black forces reported greater psychological distress and less esteem. Results from the 2nd root suggested that Black men whose attitudes reflect greater Internalization racial identity attitudes, greater resistance to anti-African/Black forces, and less identification with Blacks reported greater self-esteem.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Is processing speed related to severity of language impairment?

Children with specific language impairment (SLI) typically respond more slowly on many tasks than do their typically developing peers. This paper addresses the question of whether speed of response is linearly related to severity of language impairment as measured by standardized test score. To address this question, we performed post hoc analyses of data from a study on lexical processing involving 66 children with SLI (mean age 6 years 9 months) and 66 typically developing children matched for age and nonverbal IQ. Response times derived from a series of tasks were correlated with language test scores. None of the Pearson correlations reached significance when corrected for number of correlations run, nor did a canonical correlation analysis reach significance. If these results are replicated in other studies, then they suggest that there is no direct linear relation between speed of processing and severity of language impairment as it is estimated from scores on standardized tests of language.

Child↗
PubMed1983

Construct validity of the marital communication inventory.

The Marital Communication Inventory (MCI) is an extremely popular self-report measure of marital communication that has been used in over 65 dissertations and empirical articles since 1970, including several recent clinical reports that used the MCI as a principal outcome measure. However, contrary to its treatment in the clinical literature as a unidimensional, valid measure of treatment outcome, the MCI appears to be a multidimensional instrument, whose primary dimension may not be a specific style or method of communication. Using a canonical correlation analysis of data from over 200 midwestern wives, we compared MCI subscales with subscales from an abbreviated version of the Barrett-Lennard Relationship Inventory (RI). Results supported the hypothesis that the primary dimension of the MCI is more closely associated with positive regard than with the more specific communication dimensions of either empathy or congruence as measured by the RI. Future clinical research in the improvement of marital communication should use the MCI in a much more careful way in order to provide the most valid outcome data.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Relationship between achievement goal orientations and the perceived purposes of playing rugby union for professional and amateur players.

The recent professionalization of rugby union makes it an excellent achievement context in which to examine the relationship between achievement goal orientations and the perceived purposes of sport as a function of competitive standard. During the 1996-97 season, 73 professional and 106 amateur rugby players in England completed a series of questionnaires assessing their achievement goal orientations, beliefs about the purposes of rugby and demographic information. The results of a canonical correlation analysis revealed a conceptually coherent relationship between achievement goal orientations and purposes of rugby. Specifically, a high ego/moderate task orientation was positively related to fitness, aggression and financial remuneration as significant purposes of rugby. Professional players scored higher on those purposes of rugby related to aggression, financial remuneration and fitness, but lower on sportspersonship than amateur players. Professional players also reported higher task and ego goal orientations than amateur players. The findings are discussed in terms of the differences in lifestyle and motivation of professional and amateur rugby union players.

Achievement↗
PubMed1998

Perceived motivational climate and cognitive and affective correlates among Norwegian athletes.

Based on Ames' conception of situational goal structures, the present study investigated whether achievement-related cognitions and affect were related to specific motivational climates. The participants were 148 experienced students in team sport at a Norwegian university who responded to a questionnaire on their perceptions of the motivational climate in their sport, use of learning strategies, satisfaction, sources of satisfaction and perceived purposes of participating in sport. Canonical correlation analysis revealed that the perception of the motivational climate as either mastery- or performance-involving was related to reporting of affect, achievement strategies and perceived purposes of sport in a conceptually consistent manner. Controlling for dispositional goals, regression analyses, in which the athletes' dispositional achievement goals were controlled, showed that perception of a performance-oriented climate emerged as a negative and unique predictor of satisfaction or interest in addition to the variance accounted for by ego orientation. Athletes who perceived the motivational climate as mastery-oriented endorsed mastery as a source of satisfaction, and were less inclined to report avoiding practice. In addition, athletes who perceived the climate as mastery-oriented believed that sport may develop lifetime skills. In contrast, perceiving the climate as performance-oriented was positively related to status as a perceived purpose of team sport. Our findings suggest that, when athletes perceive the sport climate as task-involving, it facilitates the adoption of adaptive learning strategies, the use of controllable criteria to determine satisfaction, and enhances perception of sport as being important for developing lifetime skills.

Achievement↗
PubMed1994

Psychosocial predictors of goal orientations in youth soccer.

Little is known about the nature of task and ego orientations that are key motivation constructs. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to examine the extent to which perceived social, contextual, and personal factors predicted the goal orientations of youth sport participants. The sample consisted of 166 male and female adolescent soccer players, who completed self-report measures at the end of a 7-week competitive season. A canonical correlation analysis revealed that the set of predictor variables accounted for 24% of the variance in player goal orientations. Higher scores on perceived soccer competence, perceived parent task orientation, and particularly perceived parent ego orientation were primarily associated with higher scores on player ego orientation. In addition, higher scores on perceived soccer competence, perceived parent task orientation, and perceived mastery climate, as well as lower scores on perceived performance climate, were associated with a higher level of player task orientation. These findings are interpreted and discussed in terms of future research directions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Goal orientation and the modeling process: an individual's focus on form and outcome.

One's achievement goal orientation (e.g., task, ego) is suggested to reflect a differential focus on skill mastery and performance outcome (Duda, 1992). Goal orientation has further been suggested to be an important observer characteristic in the observational learning of motor skills (McCullagh, Weiss, & Ross, 1989). This study assessed the relationship between goal orientation and a focus on form and outcome aspects of a motor skill demonstration with college students (N = 30) having low perceived ability, knowledge, and experience in tennis. Participants viewed several videotaped demonstrations of a correctly performed tennis forehand and then visual recognition and verbal recall accuracy of form and outcome task characteristics were assessed. A canonical correlation analysis revealed a nonsignificant relationship between goal orientation and recall and recognition of form and outcome task characteristics. These results provide preliminary evidence to suggest that goal orientation may not be an important observer characteristic in the learning phase of the modeling process. Also, achievement goal orientations may not be associated with a differential focus on skill mastery or performance outcome but instead remain a reflection of divergent processes of success evaluation.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Characterization of transcript levels for matrix molecules and proteases in ruptured human anterior cruciate ligaments.

An improved understanding of cellular responses during normal anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) function or repair is essential for clinical assessments, understanding ligament biology, and the implementation of tissue engineering strategies. The present study utilized quantitative real-time RT-PCR combined with univariate and multivariate statistical analyses to establish a quantitative database of marker transcript expression that can provide a "blueprint" of ACL wound healing. Selected markers (collagen types I and III, biglycan, decorin, MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-9, and TIMP-1) were assessed from 33 torn ACLs harvested during reconstructive surgery. Trends were observed between postinjury period and marker expressions. Significant correlations between marker expression existed and were most prominent between collagen types I and III. Canonical correlation analysis established a relationship between patient demographics and a combination of all marker expressions. The currently observed trends and correlations may assist in identifying appropriate tissue samples and provide a baseline information of marker expression level that can support in vitro optimization of environmental cues for ligament tissue engineering application.

Adolescent↗