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PubMed2002

Cognitive performance in schizophrenia: relationship to regional brain volumes and psychiatric symptoms.

In an all-male sample of schizophrenic patients stabilized by medication (n=62) and normal controls (n=27), we obtained neuropsychological test data and high-resolution whole brain magnetic resonance scans, as well as detailed psychiatric rating scales on a subset of the patients (n=47). Schizophrenic patients had significantly worse overall age-adjusted cognitive performance than normal controls (average z-score=-0.90, range=-0.60 to -1.81), which included relatively more severe deficits with different types of memory, psychomotor speed, verbal fluency and verbal abstraction. Schizophrenic patients also had significantly smaller bilateral volumes in gray but not white matter in the prefrontal region, superior temporal gyrus and whole temporal lobe, but no group differences were observed in the hippocampus and parahippocampus. Correlations between the brain regions and cognitive performance revealed different sets of significant relationships for the two groups, particularly in the prefrontal and hippocampal regions. In addition, inverse correlations were observed between certain cognitive abilities (psychomotor speed, cognitive flexibility and verbal fluency) and patients' psychiatric ratings, especially with measures of negative symptoms. The convergence of findings for schizophrenic patients regarding the prefrontal region, negative symptoms, psychomotor speed and cognitive flexibility suggests that schizophrenic negative symptoms may involve disruption of frontal-subcortical connections.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Basal ganglia and limbic system pathology in schizophrenia. A morphometric study of brain volume and shrinkage.

The volume of several parts of the basal ganglia and of the limbic system was measured by planimetry of myelin-stained serial sections in postmortem brains of 13 schizophrenic patients and nine control cases. The medial limbic structures of the temporal lobe (amygdala, hippocampal formation, and parahippocampal gyrus) and the pallidum internum were significantly smaller in the schizophrenic group, whereas the pallidum externum showed only a modest trend toward volume reduction. The volumes of the putamen, nucleus caudatus, nucleus accumbens, and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis did not differ between patients and controls. The volume reductions of the limbic temporal structures and of the pallidum internum of schizophrenics are interpreted as degenerative shrinkages of unknown etiology.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Variation in hippocampal neuron number with age and brain volume.

Hippocampal size and neuron number are reduced in a number of conditions, including temporal lobe epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, a decrease with advancing age has also been suggested. The present study examined the entire hippocampal formation of 12 subjects aged from 46 to 85 years and free from neurological disease. The volume of seven subregions (CA1, CA2-3, CA4, dentate gyrus, subiculum, presubiculum and white matter) was determined and the number of neurons estimated in each of these grey matter subregions using the optical dissector technique. There was a significant relationship between CA1 neuron number and cerebrum volume. Multivariate analysis showed the greater contribution to the variance in CA1 neuron number was made by cerebrum volume (69%) rather than age (2%) or sex (1%). The findings of this study show that, in neurologically normal individuals, brain size is a major determinant of the number of CA1 neurons.

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PubMed2004

Brain volumes, RBC status, and hepatic function in alcoholics after 1 and 4 weeks of sobriety: predictors of outcome.

OBJECTIVE: The authors asked if hematological indices of RBC status and hepatic function in newly sober alcoholic men are related to abnormalities in brain morphology, change with normalization of brain function during short-term sobriety, and predict prolonged sobriety. METHOD: Alcoholic men received brain magnetic resonance imaging and laboratory assessments on admission and before discharge from an inpatient treatment program. Healthy comparison men were similarly tested. RESULTS: On admission, RBC count, hemoglobin level, and hematocrit were significantly lower in alcoholic subjects than comparison subjects; mean corpuscular volume, SGOT, SGPT, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase were significantly higher. By discharge, all measures had improved, although RBC count, mean corpuscular volume, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase levels remained significantly different from those of comparison subjects. Upon admission, alcoholic men had smaller cortical white and gray matter and larger lateral and third ventricle volumes, with reduced lateral ventricle and increased anterior cortical gray matter volumes by discharge. Lower RBC count, hemoglobin level, and hematocrit were associated with lower white matter and higher ventricular volumes at admission. Change in these measures was related to reduction in ventricular volume with treatment. By discharge, associations among RBC count, hemoglobin level, and hematocrit and white matter and ventricular volumes were less marked than at admission. Discharge hemoglobin value and hematocrit discriminated patients who maintained sobriety from those who relapsed. Hepatic function showed limited association with brain measures at admission and discharge. CONCLUSIONS: Hemograms reflect alcohol-related abnormalities in brain morphology, improvement over short-term sobriety, and liability to relapse after treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Brain volumes and regional cerebral blood flow in carriers of the Swedish Alzheimer amyloid protein mutation.

As a preliminary part of a longitudinal clinical study of carriers of the Swedish amyloid precursor protein (APP) 670/671 mutation, 13 members of a family were investigated with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain volumetry and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) cerebral blood flow (CBF) measurements. Five of the family members were mutation carriers; eight were not carriers. Two carriers were younger than 40 years of age and had no evidence of cognitive dysfunction or structural or functional brain changes. One carrier with 4 years to expected disease onset showed poor performance in episodic memory tests and also slightly low temporal lobe CBF, although there were no clearly abnormal findings. One carrier with mild Alzheimer disease (AD) had no clear structural brain changes, although CBF measurements showed clear reduction of temporal lobe CBF. One carrier with severe AD had both temporal lobe atrophy and CBF reduction. This indicates that in carriers of the APP 670/671 mutation, reduction of regional CBF is more severe than regional atrophy. The clearest change related to development of clinical AD was a reduction of CBF in the basal and lateral temporal lobes. Further longitudinal studies of these subjects are needed to confirm these preliminary findings, which might provide important data regarding early brain changes in AD.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

The relation between tendency for psychopathology and reduced frontal brain volume in healthy people.

OBJECTIVE: We hypothesized that tendency toward psychopathology is associated with lower frontotemporal volumes. BACKGROUND: Although there is considerable evidence for structural abnormalities in patients with major psychiatric disorders and increased recognition that neural substrates may underlie individual differences in personality, there have been no studies in healthy people attempting to relate personality to volumetric measures of brain structure. METHOD: We used magnetic resonance imaging with an advanced method for automated segmentation of cranial compartments to gray matter, white matter, and cerebrospinal fluid. We examined the relation between frontal and temporal lobe volumes and Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory measures of tendency toward psychopathology in 59 healthy individuals. RESULTS: As hypothesized, higher scores on the clinical scales were associated with lower average frontal lobe volume. When the sample was divided according to sex, however, these correlations were significant in men (n = 29) but not in women (n = 30). The highest correlation was observed between lower frontal white matter volume in men and high schizophrenia scale score (r[27] = -0.59, p <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that personality dimensions in healthy people can be linked to neural substrates, which can potentially serve as endophenotypic markers of disposition to psychopathology. The sexually dimorphic effects are consistent with gender-related differences in the clinical manifestations of psychiatric disorders and may suggest sex hormone modulation of the psychopathologic processes.

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