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PubMed2005

First- and higher-order models of attitudes, normative influence, and perceived behavioural control in the theory of planned behaviour.

The present study examined the validity of an augmented version of Ajzen's (1991) theory of planned behaviour (TPB), adopting second-order latent factors to explain relationships between the differentiated components of the theory constructs. This model was tested on data from two independent samples, for exercise and dieting behaviours, respectively. The affective and instrumental attitude, injunctive and descriptive norms, and perceived controllability and self-efficacy constructs all exhibited discriminant validity in the first instance. First- and second-order confirmatory factor analyses exhibited satisfactory fit with the observed data from both samples. There were no substantial differences in the fit indices across the first- and second-order models, and the second-order models exhibited the most optimal parsimony-corrected fit indices. The higher-order models could therefore not be rejected on the grounds of inferior fit or parsimony. First- and second-order structural equation models accounted for significant variance in intentions and behaviour. These results corroborate Ajzen's (2002a) and Bagozzi, Lee, and van Loo's (2001) premise that recent augmentations of the TPB that differentiate the model components can be subsumed by global, higher-order factors while still making the distinction at the subordinate level.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Perceived difficulty in the theory of planned behaviour: perceived behavioural control or affective attitude?

A study was conducted to explore (a) the dimensional structure of perceived behavioural control (PBC), (b) the conceptual basis of perceived difficulty items, and (c) how PBC components and instrumental and affective attitudes, respectively, relate to intention and behaviour. The material stemmed from a two-wave study of Norwegian graduate students (N = 227 for the prediction of intention and N = 110 for the prediction of behaviour). Data were analysed using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and multiple regression by the application of structural equation modelling (SEM). CFA suggested that PBC could be conceived of as consisting of three separate but interrelated factors (perceived control, perceived confidence and perceived difficulty), or as two separate but interrelated factors representing self-efficacy (measured by perceived difficulty and perceived confidence or by just perceived confidence) and perceived control. However, the perceived difficulty items also overlapped substantially with affective attitude. Perceived confidence was a strong predictor of exercise intention but not of recycling intention. Perceived control, however, was a strong predictor of recycling intention but not exercise intention. Affective attitudes but not instrumental attitudes were identified as substantial predictors of intentions. The findings suggest that at least under some circumstances it may be inadequate to measure PBC by means of perceived difficulty. One possible consequence may be that the role of PBC as a predictor of intention is somewhat overestimated, whereas the role of (affective) attitude may be similarly underestimated.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Promoting exercise behaviour: an integration of persuasion theories and the theory of planned behaviour.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of a theoretical integrated persuasive message on exercise motivation in college students. METHOD: Four hundred and fifty introductory psychology students (M age = 20.02 years; SD = 3.94) were randomly assigned to reading positively or negatively framed strong messages advocating exercise. The messages were attributed to a credible source, a non-credible source or to a no-source control condition. Theory of planned behaviour (TPB) constructs (i.e. attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioural control) and cognitive responses (i.e. thought listing) were measured immediately and 2 weeks following the delivery of the intervention. RESULTS: Unfortunately, the results did not corroborate previous research, as we did not find any significant effects between experimental groups on any psychological or behavioural variable. CONCLUSIONS: There may be several potential explanations for the lack of effects, including the interaction between the type of persuasive information (TPB implications) and sources of persuasion and how these persuasive messages are processed (elaboration likelihood model/cognitive response implications). The theoretical implications of this research are discussed with a view towards future directions for exercise promotion initiatives using theoretically driven interventions.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

A comparative study of oral health attitudes and behaviour using the Hiroshima University - Dental Behavioural Inventory (HU-DBI) between dental students in Britain and China.

The aim of this study was to compare oral health attitudes and behaviour between British and Chinese dental students. A cross-national survey using the Hiroshima University - Dental Behavioural Inventory (HU-DBI) was completed at the University of Leeds in Britain and West China University of Medical Sciences in China. In Britain and China, 192 of 266 and 180 of 303 dental students answered English and Chinese versions of the HU-DBI questionnaire, respectively. Data were statistically analyzed by logistic regression and the following results were obtained: 1) Self-reported gingival bleeding was more prevalent in Chinese students than in British students, although the number of students who had professional oral hygiene instruction was higher in China than in Britain; 2) 29% of Chinese students believed wearing dentures in old age was inevitable, whereas 7% of British students believed so; 3) Chinese students were substantially more concerned about the appearance of their teeth, gums and halitosis; and 4) 54% of Chinese students seek dental care only when symptoms arise, as compared to 13% of British students. In conclusion, bilateral comparison of countries using HU-DBI revealed interesting differences in oral health attitudes and behaviour, while the logistic regression model made it possible to differentiate British from Chinese students with a probability of nearly 95%.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1997

Digging behaviour and responses to photic and gravitational cues as elements of escape behaviour of bumblebees.

We have investigated escape behaviour of workers of two bumblebee species, Bombus terrestris and B. pascuorum, when confined to test tubes plugged with soil and either exposed to sunlight or kept in darkness. In both these situations B. terrestris performed better (i.e. escaped after a shorter time) than B. pascuorum. B. terrestris (but not B. pascuorum) also performed better in darkness than in tubes exposed to sunlight. This implies that in both situations B. terrestris showed higher readiness to dig than B. pascuorum, and that in tubes exposed to sunlight only B. terrestris showed high readiness to display photopositive behaviour as well. B. pascuorum displayed, however, photopositive behaviour in another escape situation: when released in a dark room in front of a vertical array of four sources of white light. In that situation, B. pascuorum also displayed the tendency to fly upwards, based most probably on responses to gravitational cues.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Risk-taking behaviour of young women in Australia: screening for health-risk behaviours.

Healthy risk-taking is a normal part of adolescence. Young people who participate in multiple risk-taking increase the chance of damaging their health. There appears to be a growing range and prevalence of health-risk behaviours among young women, notably in their use of alcohol and marijuana. Research suggests that such health-risk behaviours may be related to psychological factors such as stress and depression. General practitioners have a central role in identifying and preventing health-risk behaviours and associated mental health problems in young people. Comprehensive assessment includes a series of screening questions about home, education (or employment), activities, drugs, sexuality and suicide for young people, known as the HEADSS technique.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1992

Behaviour of osteoclasts in vitro: contact behaviour of osteoclasts with osteoblast-like cells and networking of osteoclasts for 3D orientation.

The cell-cell contact-induced behaviour of osteoclasts and osteoblasts in vitro was investigated by time-lapse videomicroscopy. Contact interactions of osteoclasts with autologous cells, derived mostly from chick but also from rat bones, included contact inhibition, failure of contact inhibition, contact guidance along stabilised edges of other cells, and underlapping of other cells. Message-mediated contact behaviour (MMCB) between osteoclasts and autologous osteoblastic cells resulted, after a time delay, in zeiosis of the osteoblast-like cell which could continue, or even begin, after the osteoclast broke contact, leading to retraction of the cell and occupation of its position by the osteoclast. MMCB may play a part in the breaching of the osteoblastic sheet by osteoclasts and, in general, in the malignant spread of neoplastic cells. Two or more osteoclasts were often joined by connecting and coordinating tubules (CCTs) of varied, and varying, lengths and widths. Osteoclasts could travel along the CCTs in both directions, or send nuclei through them. The CCTs became temporarily attached to the surface of other cells, or to the substrate, then acting as a temporary anchorage for orientation and for the return of the cell to the same spot. The dynamics of osteoclastic behaviour suggest that such a networking of osteoclasts is valuable for the 3D coordination of their role in bone turnover.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

[Behavioural effects of 8-OH-DPAT, a 5-HT1A agonist in rats and effects on the behaviour of antimanic drugs].

Effects of lithium, carbamazepine, zotepine, and clonazepam were examined on the behaviour mediated by 5-HT1A receptor and at 5-HT1A binding sites in rats. Forepaw treading, one component of 5-HT behavioural syndrome following subcutaneous injections of 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT), was not altered by reserpine, p-chlorophenylalanine, or alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine; in reserpine-treated rats, it was antagonized only by spiperone or by (-)-propranolol. These results indicate that 8-OH-DPAT-induced forepaw treading is produced by the direct stimulation of 5-HT1A receptor postsynaptically and also that this behaviour is not mediated by monoaminergic neurons. Lithium, carbamazepine, and zotepine inhibited forepaw treading in untreated rats; only lithium and clonazepam inhibited it in reserpine-treated rats. After 14 days treatment, only lithium enhanced it while its enhancement was abolished by reserpine. Radioligand binding studies using [3H]-8-OH-DPAT demonstrated that zotepine possessed weak affinity for 5-HT1A receptor; others lacked affinity. These results from acute experiments suggest that all drugs tested have inhibitory effects on the 5-HT1A receptor function. These effects, however, were not mediated by 5-HT1A receptor. And it is also suggested that the 5-HT1A receptor function after chronic lithium treatment might be enhanced by monoaminergic systems transsynaptically.

8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin↗
PubMed1981

Influence of early social environment on behavioural development and on later maternal behaviour of protein deprived rats.

Female rats were subjected to protein deprivation (PD) by providing a low protein diet during the lactating period. Control (CO) females were fed on a well balanced diet. To part of the CO and PD litters, a virgin adult female - "the aunt" (A) was added to spend the light period of the day in these rearing cages. At weaning the PD pups were changed to extreme low protein diet and maintained on this régime until Day 49, then rehabilitated with the CO diet. The aunts continued visiting the PDA and COA groups until Day 49. - In the course of the suckling period, growth was recorded, individual and social activities were observed as well as mother-infant interactions in a novel environment. In the adult age, exploratory activity of females and contacts with both alien and own pups were tested. - It appeared that early PD suppressed growth, reduced exploratory activity of the pups and the number of active contacts with the mother and the littermates. The PD pups reared both by the mother and the aunt were in all behavioural tests superior to animals reared without the aunts, moreover, they did not differ from the CO group. Effect of aunt-rearing on the COA pups was less marked than on the PDA pups. - The test of exploratory activity in the adult age did not reveal effects of the early rearing. On the other hand, marked differences among groups were observed in tests of maternal behaviour. The early experience with the aunt resulted in an elevated frequency of contacts with pups in the PDA groups and it affected positively all indices of maternal behaviour.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Fat-related dietary behaviour: behavioural science concepts for public health practice.

Despite being central to Canadian health objectives, reduction in fat consumption remains a difficult health target to reach. Strong epidemiological data associate high dietary fat intake with cardiovascular disease (CVD). There has been considerable interest in applying concepts from psychosocial models of behaviour change to enhance the effectiveness of CVD prevention programs. This review suggests that the determinants of fat-related dietary behaviours can be integrated within a comprehensive model useful to public health practice. The Transtheoretical Model (TTM) is suggested as an organizing framework for variables empirically related to diet. The TTM holds that dietary change occurs through successive stages, defined according to people's readiness to adopt new behaviours. Furthermore, readiness to change can be explained by variables that are amenable to public health interventions. The integration of important variables within the TTM framework may prove helpful in designing, implementing and evaluating effective dietary change intervention programs in the community.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
PubMed1994

Indicators of changes in weight and eating behaviour in severely obese patients treated in a nursing behavioural program.

To assess some possible reasons for the changes of weight and eating behaviour at a one year follow up in 33 severely obese subjects (mean BMI, 39.9 s.d. 5.2) treated in a nursing behavioural-treatment program, three instruments were used; the Self Motivation Inventory (SMI), the Sense of Coherence Scale (SOC) and the Karolinska Scales of Personality (KSP). The Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (EI) measuring restrained eating, disinhibition and hunger, was used to register the change of eating behaviour. The weight lost at the one year follow-up was significantly (P < .01) correlated to the restrained eating score at the time for the follow-up as well as to the difference value (P < .01) of the restraint score before and one year after treatment and to the number of participated booster sessions (P < .05). The SMI score, as measured before treatment, correlated significantly to all the EI subscales scores at the one-year follow-up (P < .05, P < .01, P < .01). Thus, the greater the self motivation, the more restraint and the less disinhibition and hunger. In turn, the SOC score correlated significantly (P < .01) to the SMI score. Thus, the stronger the sense of coherence, the more perceived self-motivation. Finally, there was a significant negative correlation between the KSP subscales Somatic Anxiety (P < .01), Muscular Tension (P < .05), Psychic Anxiety (P < .001), Psychasthenia (P < .01), Hostility (P < .001), and Inhibition of Aggression (P < .001) and a positive correlation between Socialization (P < .05) and the SOC score.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Autistic behaviour domains and their relation to self-injurious behaviour.

In order to find out if self-injury is associated with the autistic syndrome or at least to specific autistic behaviour patterns, 69 probands were examined and assessed according to the criteria of the Autism Diagnostic Interview according to IQ. We found a high prevalence of self-injurious behaviour among autistic individuals at age 4-5 but no positive correlation between self-injury and the different areas of autistic behaviour. Possible aetiological factors are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Risk-taking behaviour of Cape Peninsula high-school students. Part VIII. Sexual behaviour.

The prevalence of a wide range of risk-taking behaviour among high-school students in the Cape Peninsula, South Africa, was investigated. In this article, the results for sexual behaviour are presented. Cluster sampling techniques produced a sample of 7,340 students from 16 schools in the three major education departments, of whom 79.7% answered the section dealing with sexual behaviour. A self-administered questionnaire was completed in a normal school period. Estimates for each education department were weighted to produce an overall estimate. Of the sample, 17.4% indicated a previous episode of heterosexual intercourse. The median age at first intercourse was 15.1 years. The median number of partners in the previous 12 months was 1.0. The median number of weeks since the most recent coital episode was 6.6; on this episode 76.6% had known their partners for more than 7 days, while 60.5% had done something to avoid pregnancy. The most frequently used method of contraception was injectable steroids for Xhosa-speaking students and condoms for the other students. Males and Xhosa-speaking students appear to be particularly at risk for the adverse consequences of sexual activity. The HIV epidemic has increased the urgency of introducing meaningful sexuality education in South African schools.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Two year maintenance of weight loss after a VLCD and behavioural therapy for obesity: correlation to the scores of questionnaires measuring eating behaviour.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate changes in weight, Three Factor Eating Questionnaire and Binge eating scores during a two-year period from the start of a VLCD (Nutrilett) and behavioural modification therapy for obesity. DESIGN: Prospective study of a 17-weeks weight loss programme with one- and two-year follow-up visits. SUBJECTS: 62 healthy, overweight subjects without previous eating disorders. The mean (+/- SD) age 41 +/- 8 years and BMI 36.4 +/- 2.6 kg/m2. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Weight loss, Binge eating scale, Bulimic Investigatory Test and Three Factor Eating Questionnaire before and after therapy and at 1 and 2 year control visits. RESULTS: The mean weight loss (+/- SD) at the end of the treatment was 14.9 +/- 4.6 kg (n = 59) and at the two-year control 5.8 +/- 7.6 kg (n = 57). After two years 20 (32%) patients had a weight loss of more than 10% (good result), 24 patients a weight loss of 0-10% of their initial weight (partial result) and 13 patients weighed more than before therapy (poor result). The mean binge eating, disinhibition and hunger scores decreased in all patients by the end of the therapy. At the end of two years these improvements in the scores were maintained in patients with a good result but the scores returned to the pretreatment levels in the patients with partial or poor result. The mean restraint scores increased in all patients after treatment and were maintained in those with a good or partial result. CONCLUSIONS: VLCD combined with behaviour modification is a useful mode of therapy for obesity with low drop-out rate and majority (71%) of patients below pretreatment weight at the two-year control. One third of the patients succeeded to maintain positive changes in the scores measuring eating behaviour which was associated with sustained weight loss.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Heterogeneity among juvenile antisocial behaviours: findings from the Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent Behavioural Development.

The examination of heterogeneity in antisocial behaviour was accomplished by applying latent class analytic methods to multivariate categorical data on 389 same-sex male twins, aged 11 to 16 from the Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent Behavioural Development (VTSABD). The data included multiple measures of oppositional and conduct disorder, attention deficit disorder, hyperactivity, impulsivity, reading disability and anxiety from mother, teacher, and child report from both questionnaire and interview (child and adult psychiatric assessment; CAPA). A latent four-class model provided a good fit to the data and yielded four phenotypically and aetiologically distinct latent classes: (1) a non-symptomatic class influenced by both additive genetic and shared environmental factors; (2) a hyperactivity-conduct disturbance class accounted for by both additive and non-additive genetic effects; (3) a 'pure' conduct disturbance class with a very strong shared environmental component; and (4) a multisymptomatic class explained entirely by the additive effect of the genes. Further characterization of these four latent classes by age of the child and parental psychiatric history is also shown.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Factorial validity, reliability of assessments and prevalence of ADHD behavioural symptoms in day and residential treatment centres for children with behavioural problems.

This study uses the attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptom ratings of professional care workers to estimate the prevalence of ADHD symptoms among children in day treatment centres (N = 162) and residential treatment centres (N = 195) in Holland. Although further research is needed, the study supports the suggestion that such ratings can add to reliable diagnostic outcomes when assessing the behavioural symptoms of ADHD in children in the centres. It is estimated that nearly a fifth of the children in such centres exhibit the symptoms of ADHD in the judgement of professional care workers. Model testing using confirmatory factor analysis favours a dimensional behavioural model that comprises all the three constitutional symptom dimensions of ADHD (inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity) instead of the two-factor model as used in the DSM-IV (inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity). However, the differences of fit between both models were only small and the hyperactivity and impulsivity factors were highly correlated. This suggests that, in practice, a two-factor model can also be appropriate. The issue of whether a two-factor or a three-factor model is more appropriate thus remains unsolved in this study.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Dopamine D-2 receptor agonist-induced behavioural depression: critical dependence upon postsynaptic dopamine D-1 function. A behavioural and biochemical study.

The dopamine (DA) D-2 receptor agonists quinpirole (threshold dose, 0.01 mg/kg IP), pergolide (0.025 mg/kg), B-HT 920 (0.003 mg/kg) and (-)-3-PPP (4 mg/kg) produced dose-dependent locomotor depression (immobility) in mice as assessed by a subjective scoring system, with the immobility being characterized by a frozen posture. The animals were still but had their eyes open. The immobility was accompanied by reductions in sniffing, rearing and grooming. The depression (and the associated reduction in the various behaviours) produced by quinpirole (0.1 mg/kg), pergolide (0.1 mg/kg) and B-HT 920 (0.1 mg/kg) was substantially (but not always completely) reversed by the selective D-1 receptor agonist SKF38393 (up to 12 mg/kg) and the non-selective D-1 receptor agonist CY208243 (up to 3 mg/kg). The immobility induced by (-)-3-PPP (16 mg/kg) was also reversed by CY208243 and SKF38393, but the reversal was due to an increase in grooming behaviour in mice challenged with the D-1 receptor agonists, whether or not the animals had also received (-)-3-PPP. There was no reversal of the depression of rearing or sniffing. In contrast, CY208243 and SKF38393 also antagonized the immobility induced by B-HT 920, but the reversal was accompanied by at least partial reversals of the depression of sniffing, rearing and grooming. The reversal of quinpirole-induced immobility by SKF38393 and CY208243 was antagonized by SCH23390 (0.1 mg/kg). The selective D-2 receptor antagonist raclopride (0.025 to 0.4 mg/kg) could not reverse quinpirole-induced immobility. High doses of either raclopride (0.4 mg/kg) or SCH23390 (greater than 0.1 mg/kg) significantly increased immobility. Although raclopride itself (0.2 mg/kg) produced a substantial increase in DOPAC and homovanillic acid (HVA) levels in the striatum, it did not antagonize the autoreceptor mediated effects of quinpirole (0.1 mg/kg) in reducing the striatal dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) to DA ratio. However, the same dose of raclopride was partly effective in reducing the effects of lower doses of quinpirole (0.01 and 0.03 mg/kg) on the striatal DOPAC to DA ratio. Raclopride (0.2 mg/kg) also partially but significantly reduced the locomotor stimulant effects of d-amphetamine in reserpinized mice. Biochemical analyses in the striata indicated that CY208243 slightly retarded DA turnover (as assessed by the DOPAC/DA ratio). SKF38393 itself also slightly reduced DA turnover. In automated activity cages, using mice depleted of DA with reserpine and alpha-methyltyrosine, all the D-2 receptor agonists tested, in combination with SKF38393, produced an increase in activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Neurochemical correlates of behavioural responses to frustrative nonreward in the rat: implications for the role of central noradrenergic neurones in behavioural adaptation to stress.

We tested whether the stress of nonreward has neurochemical effects on noradrenergic neurones which resemble those reported for other forms of stress. Rats trained to run in a straight runway for food reward were subjected to either 1 or 10 extinction trials. Half the rats in each group were injected before the start of acquisition with IP 6-hydroxydopamine to deplete peripheral noradrenaline stores. All animals were killed immediately after their final test in the runway, together with untrained controls. Noradenaline depletion had no behavioural or neurochemical effects. The rate of extinction in the 10-trial group, which was indexed by the slope of the linear regression of running time on trial, correlated negatively with both alpha 2- and beta-adrenoceptor number (Bmax). There were no differences between groups in cerebral cortical noradrenaline content, or alpha 2- or beta-adrenoceptor binding. These results substantially conflict with those predicted from Stone's hypothesis relating beta-adrenoceptor sensitivity to the behavioural response to stress. A further finding was that alpha 2-, but not beta-adrenoceptor number, negatively correlated with levels of noradrenaline in the tissue, suggesting that noradrenaline is less involved in the regulation of beta- than in that of alpha 2-adrenoceptors.

Adrenergic Fibers↗