[Studies on application of anticoagulants for the platelet counting of the patient with pseudothrombocytopenia].
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Blood Specimen Collection↗
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Results for “application count”
Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.
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The applicability of the daily fetal movement count (DFMC) as a monitor for fetal well-being in the Nigerian women.
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Female↗
[Bases for the adaptation and experimentation of a new methoologic concept applicable to ecological studies, including plate counts of water and soil microflora].
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Bacteriological Techniques↗
Counting of single protein molecules at interfaces and application of this technique in early-stage diagnosis.
The fluorescence-based detection and counting of single protein molecules after specific binding to antibodies at interfaces is presented. A diode laser was used as the excitation source. The unspecific binding at the interface has been reduced to a level of only 0.1% of the maximum signal level. At present, the detection limit of this molecule-counting process is in the range of 10(-17) mol/L, and the dynamic range of the signal corresponds to 7 orders of magnitude of antigen concentration, but these values are not limiting. As a preliminary application in early-stage diagnosis, we have investigated the detection of a single cardiac actin molecule in human plasma, which is of interest in myocardial infarction diagnosis.
Actins↗
Poka-yoke process controller: designed for individuals with cognitive impairments.
Poka-yoke is a Japanese term meaning "error proofing." Poka-yoke techniques were developed to achieve zero defects in manufacturing and assembly processes. The application of these techniques tends to reduce both the physical and cognitive demands of tasks and thereby make them more accessible. Poka-yoke interventions create a dialogue between the worker and the process, and this dialogue provides the feedback necessary for workers to prevent errors. For individuals with cognitive impairments, weighing and counting tasks can be difficult or impossible. Interventions that provide sufficient feedback to workers without disabilities tend to be too subtle for workers with cognitive impairments; hence, the feedback must be enhanced. The Poka-Yoke Controller (PYC) was designed to assist individuals with counting and weighing tasks. The PYC interfaces to an Ohaus CT6000 digital scale for weighing parts and for counting parts by weight. It also interfaces to sensors and switches for object counting tasks. The PYC interfaces to a variety of programmable voice output devices so that voice feedback or prompting can be provided at specific points in the weighing or counting process. The PYC can also be interfaced to conveyor systems, indexed turntables, and other material handling systems for coordinated counting and material handling operations. In all of our applications to date, we have observed improved worker performance, improved process quality, and greater worker independence. These observed benefits have also significantly reduced the need for staff intervention. The process controller is described and three applications are presented: a weighing task and two counting applications.
Adult↗
Radiation dosimetry for radioimmunotherapy. An overview of current capabilities and limitations.
BACKGROUND. The two major uncertainties associated with absorbed dose calculations involve: (1) measurement errors from assessment of radioactivity in specific organs and tissues by direct counting; and (2) application of standard anthropomorphic and biokinetic models for dose assessment. Uncertainties in direct counting result from the inherent difficulty of measuring radioactivity inside the body. Although the system recommended by the Medical Internal Radiation Dose (MIRD) Committee of the Society of Nuclear Medicine provides a general framework and conceptual basis for the dosimetry of administered radiopharmaceuticals, it does not provide complete methods for assessing some of the more important quantities of interest in radioimmunotherapy, such as dose to tumors and descriptions of spatial dose distributions within tissues. Current MIRD anthropomorphic models are only crude representations of the human body. Generalized biokinetic models used in the MIRD system may vary considerably from the actual biokinetics of radiolabeled compounds in the body. This review describes limitations of the present MIRD system for radioimmunotherapy; they include assumptions used in treatment planning and the lack of specific methods for tumor dosimetry, multi-cellular dosimetry, microdosimetry, small animal dosimetry, and uncertainty analysis. CONCLUSIONS. Treatment planning for radioimmunotherapy requires patient-specific organ models and customized biokinetic parameters. Improvements are also needed in marrow dosimetry to account for the amount and distribution of red marrow relative to that found in adjacent source regions, skeletal structures, and circulating blood. Simplified assumptions with regard to the locally absorbed fraction of beta-particle energy in tissues adjacent to source regions should not be used when depth-dose profiles are needed; for example, radiation absorbed doses to intestinal walls should be calculated over the entire mass of tissue or described by absorbed-dose distributions. Additional research is needed to develop improved measurement techniques and computational methods to assess more accurately internal dose distributions within tumors and normal tissues.
Humans↗
Repeatability of paired counts.
The Bland and Altman technique is widely used to assess the variation between replicates of a method of clinical measurement. It yields the repeatability, i.e. the value within which 95 per cent of repeat measurements lie. The valid use of the technique requires that the variance is constant over the data range. This is not usually the case for counts of items such as CD4 cells or parasites, nor is the log transformation applicable to zero counts. We investigate the properties of generalized differences based on Box-Cox transformations. For an example, in a data set of hookworm eggs counted by the Kato-Katz method, the square root transformation is found to stabilize the variance. We show how to back-transform the repeatability on the square root scale to the repeatability of the counts themselves, as an increasing function of the square mean root egg count, i.e. the square of the average of square roots. As well as being more easily interpretable, the back-transformed results highlight the dependence of the repeatability on the sample volume used.
Algorithms↗
Fly's eye: a counting camera for thermal neutrons-some applications, problems, and prospects.
An area detector for thermal neutrons based on image intensification techniques has been described. Some capabilities and limitations of the detection system have been discussed. Among the former are high spatial resolution, high instantaneous counting rate, electronic zoom, time-gating, and integration. The detector is limited in that the maximum counting rate for a resolution element is 60 regularly spaced counts per second. Also, the nonuniformity of response over the detector puts a limit on the useful size and necessitates point-by-point calibration. In addition, a higher efficiency for neutron detection would be desirable. Some typical applications of the system are crystal inspection, neutron magnetic diffraction topography, and searches for temperature-induced changes in diffraction patterns. The future application of solid-state television sensors and microchannel-plate intensifiers to improve the system were briefly mentioned.
Computers↗
Overlapping events with application to image sequences.
Counting spatially and temporally overlapping events in image sequences and estimating their shape-size and duration features are important issues in some applications. We propose a stochastic model, a particular case of the nonisotropic 3D Boolean model, for performing this analysis: the temporal Boolean model. Some probabilistic properties are derived and a methodology for parameter estimation from time-lapse image sequences is proposed using an explicit treatment of the temporal dimension. We estimate the mean number of germs per unit area and time, the mean grain size and the duration distribution. A wide simulation study in order to assess the proposed estimators showed promising results. The model was applied on biological image sequences of in-vivo cells in order to estimate new parameters such as the mean number and duration distribution of endocytic events. Our results show that the proposed temporal Boolean model is effective for obtaining information about dynamic processes which exhibit short-lived, but spatially and temporally overlapping events.
Algorithms↗
Isobolographic characterization of drug interactions incorporating biological variability.
Isobolograms have been widely used to characterize the nature of the interaction between combinations of drugs or chemicals. Some authors have applied this technique without accounting for the variability in the data or without adjusting for multiple comparisons to the line of additivity. This paper develops a graphical procedure which takes into account the variability of the data and which maintains favorable statistical properties. The isobolographic procedure utilized is illustrated by using three classical pharmacological drug combinations in female ICR mice. An additive relationship is illustrated with the loss of righting reflex after combinations of doses of sodium hexobarbital with itself. An antagonistic relationship is illustrated with the protection by mecamylamine of nicotine-induced lethality. A synergistic relationship is illustrated with the loss of righting reflex after combinations of ethanol and chloral hydrate. The procedure's statistical properties (level of significance and power) were determined using a simulation study. The isobolographic procedures developed here are applicable for quantal, continuous and count data. These procedures are applicable for identifying beneficial drug combinations, or conversely, identifying hazards resulting from exposure to multiple toxicants.
Animals↗
A review of aerobic and psychrotrophic plate count procedures for fresh meat and poultry products.
This is a review of reports that employed aerobic plate counts on fresh meat and poultry products since 1985; it lists synopses of 100 applications. A total of 15 different plating media were used, with 48 (48%) being either plate count agar (PCA) or tryptone glucose yeast extract agar. The temperature-time relations ranged from a low temperature of 20 degrees C for 120 h to 37 degrees C for 24 h. Some 29 different temperature-time combinations were used among the total of 109, with 21 (19.3%) being 35 degrees C/48 h, followed by 12 (11.0%) at 32 degrees C/48 h, 11 (10.1%) at 25 degrees C/48 h, and 9 (8.3%) at 25 degrees C/72 h. Fifty-four (49.5%) plate count applications employed incubation temperatures of 30 degrees C and below. From the 26 reports that employed psychrotrophic counts, 16 (61.5%) used PCA; 18 different temperature-time combinations were used, with 7 degrees C/10 d employed by only four. Twenty-one (80.8%) employed an incubation temperature at or <10 degrees C, and five employed an incubation temperature >10 degrees C. There is a serious need for some consensus on methodologies for aerobic and psychrotrophic counts on fresh meat and poultry products.
Agar↗
Solid scintillation counting: a new technique for measuring radiolabeled compounds.
This report describes the theory and practice of anew solid scintillator technique for measurement of radiolabeled compounds useful in bioresearch. Solid scintillation counting is expected to replace liquid scintillation counting in certain applications involving non-volatile radiolabeled substrates.
Scintillation Counting↗
Differential leucocyte counts: a comparison of results using light and electron microscopy.
A method is described for handling leucocytes from an inflammatory peritoneal exudate prior to electron microscopy, which allows differential counts from ultra-thin sections to be made. The results of counts from ultrathin sections, viewed on the electron microscope, are compared with samples from the same cell populations prepared on a cytocentrifuge and counted by light microscopy. The results from several cell populations of widely different compositions show clearly that with suitable care taken over preparation and orientation, ultrathin sections can yield comparable differential counts to those obtained by standard light microscope procedures. Possible sources of error are discussed and the advantages of ultrastructural counting assessed. The method has a wide application wherever accurate differential counts are required from cell suspensions processed for electron microscopy.
Ascitic Fluid↗
Time series for modelling counts from a relapsing-remitting disease: application to modelling disease activity in multiple sclerosis.
Many chronic diseases are relapsing-remitting diseases, in which subjects alternate between periods with increasing and decreasing disease activity; relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis is an example. This paper proposes two classes of models for sequences of counts observed from a relapsing-remitting disease. In the first, the relapsing-remitting nature of the data is modelled by a Poisson time series with a periodic trend in the mean. In this approach, the mean is expressed as a function of a sinusoidal trend and past observations of the time series. An algorithm that uses GLIM is developed, and it results in maximum-likelihood estimation for the amplitude, frequency and autoregressive effects. In the second class of models, the relapsing-remitting behaviour is described by a Poisson time series in which changes in the mean follow a latent Markov chain. An EM algorithm is developed for maximum-likelihood estimation for this model. The two models are illustrated and compared with data from a study evaluating the use of serial magnetic resonance imaging as a measure of disease activity in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.
Algorithms↗
A neural-counting model incorporating refractoriness and spread of excitation. I. Application to intensity discrimination.
We consider in detail a new mathematical neural-counting model that is remarkably successful in predicting the correct detection law for pure-tone intensity discrimination, while leaving Weber's law intact for other commonly encountered stimuli. It incorporates, in rather simple form, two well-known effects that become more marked in the peripheral auditory system as stimulus intensity is increased: (1) the spread of excitation along the basilar membrane arising from the tuned-filter characteristics of individual primary afferent fibers and (2) the saturation of neural counts due to refractoriness. For sufficiently high values of intensity, the slope of the intensity-discrimination curve is calculated from a simplified (crude saturation) model to be 1-1/4N, where N is the number of poles associated with the tuned-filter characteristic of the individual neural channels. Since 1 less than or equal to N less than infinity, the slope of this curve is bounded by 3/4 and 1 and provides a theoretical basis for the "near miss" to Weber's law.
Auditory Perception↗
Influence of electrolytes in the QCM response: discrimination and quantification of the interference to correct microgravimetric data.
In this work we demonstrate that the presence of electrolytes in solution generates desorption-like transients when the resonance frequency is measured. Using impedance spectroscopy analysis and Butterworth-Van Dyke (BVD) equivalent electrical circuit modeling we demonstrate that non-Kanazawa responses are obtained in the presence of electrolytes mainly due to the formation of a diffuse electric double layer (DDL) at the sensor surface, which also causes a capacitor like signal. We extend the BVD equivalent circuit by including additional parallel capacitances in order to account for such capacitor like signal. Interfering signals from electrolytes and DDL perturbations were this way discriminated. We further quantified as 8.0+/-0.5 Hz pF-1 the influence of electrolytes to the sensor resonance frequency and we used this factor to correct the data obtained by frequency counting measurements. The applicability of this approach is demonstrated by the detection of oligonucleotide sequences. After applying the corrective factor to the frequency counting data, the mass contribution to the sensor signal yields identical values when estimated by impedance analysis and frequency counting.
Biosensing Techniques↗
Cell counts in bovine milk. Causes of variation and applicability for diagnosis of subclinical mastitis.
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Animals↗
Effect of platelet count on serum and plasma potassium: evaluation using database information from two hospitals.
The availability of retrospective data from potassium (K+) analyses from two hospitals, one using serum and the other plasma for electrolyte measurements, offered us the possibility to investigate the effect of blood platelet count on serum and plasma K+ concentrations. A weak correlation between plasma K+ and platelet count was observed. The in vitro increase of serum K+ in proportion to the platelet count has clinical significance in conditions, where it may impede the detection of an underlying true K+ disorder. Nomograms and correction factors, based on the correlation between platelet count and serum K+, have been suggested also in some recent reports. In the present study unselected routine patient data was used as source data. The effect of platelet count on the concentration of K+ in serum was lower than reported in previous studies, as indicated by the regression analysis. An increase of 1000 x 10(9)/l in the blood platelet count would cause an increase of about 0.7 mmol/l in the serum K+ concentration (p < 0.0001, r = 0.155). The weak correlation between platelet count and serum K+ does not support the application of platelet-count-based correction of serum K+ level in thrombocytosis. The laboratory should notify the clinician of the significance of the in vitro increase of K+ caused by increased platelet count. K+ should be measured from plasma in such cases.
Artifacts↗