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PubMed1978

Easier and more productive study and desk work.

This article is a uniquely optometric public service. Working from an optometric model of vision, the authors collected and condensed extensive information from many professions and scientific fields, developed additional material, field-tested the information, and created an original, easy-to-apply handbook to help the very large segment of the population that does near tasks. Only an optometric model of vision can tell us how near tasks produce a general tightening of the musculature and undesirable changes in visual status, which in turn lower efficiency at near tasks; and that the way to counteract this process is to have minimal obstructions to movement at such tasks (thus, the information on chair and table design, shoes, etc.). Only an optometric model of vision makes us aware of the value of breaks to offset tightening, and tells us when to take breaks, what to do during breaks, and specific exercises to reduce near task stress. Only an optometric model tells us that the lighting which others consider adequate is often excessive and leads to fatigue, and allows us to determine the proper amount of lighting in general and for the individual. And only an optometric model of vision tells us of the value of adjustable arm typing stands. Because of its approach, "Easier and More Productive Study and Desk Work" reinforces the view of optometry as a broad-based discipline which relates vision to all areas of human performance.

Efficiency↗
PubMed1982

[Computer-assisted admission and work load statistics in a surgical intensive care ward (author's transl)].

The introduction of the dialogue programme has the advantage that the data are immediately available at any time. From a yearly admission of 400 patients exact information cn be obtained of the work load and the type of work done at the unit. The value of the system can be summarized as follows: 1) data processing and retrieval are easy and do not require special skills; 2) a multiple of data can be processed; 3) older and more recent data can be compared at any time; i.e. previously obtained information is available for use in the current investigation of a problem; 4) statistical and complicated numerical analyses can be made more quickly and more precisely.

Computers↗
PubMed1982

Primary health care nurse training in Kwazulu. An evaluation of diagnostic flow charts versus a conventional training method.

Diagnostic flow charts have been adapted for the training of primary health care (PHC) nurses in a rural area of South Africa. We designed a randomized controlled trial to assess whether nurses' clinical competence differed if they were trained using flow charts or using conventional patient-centered teaching. Although clinical competence improved during the training programme, this improvement did not differ significantly according to which of the two training methods was used. The nurses in this trial had considerable earlier experience and some training in primary care. Before the trial they had a high level of clinical competence and may already have developed their own diagnostic strategies. We therefore cannot make inferences from our study about whether or not flow charts will be a valuable addition in PHC. Flow charts need to be adapted to take into account where, by whom, and for what purpose they will be used. They must then be tested to ensure that they only rarely result in incorrect diagnosis and treatment. A decision on the use of flow charts in the training of PHC nurses should be based on further educational trials and long-term follow-up of trained health workers. Nurses should participate in educational trials at the start of their careers in PHC. The additional value of flow charts in the auditing of competence and assessment of educational needs should also be explored.

Ambulatory Care Facilities↗
PubMed1982

A comparison of a disposable skin stapler and nylon sutures for wound closure.

A disposable skin stapler (Proximate; Ethicon) was compared with conventional nylon sutures in respect of time taken for wound closure, cosmetic result and ease of application and removal. It was found that a time saving of 80% is possible with the stapling device, and that the cosmetic result with staples is as good as if not better than that with nylon sutures. A certain amount of experience and practice facilitates the use of the stapler.

Humans↗
PubMed1982

[The chronobiology of work].

The arrival of the industrial age and the availability of artificial light, which lengthens the working day and makes night work possible, have created the problem of man's changing biological functions and rhythms. After a brief note on experimental chronobiology (which permits regulated manipulation of experimental environmental conditions and the study of responses), chronopathology is defined and its implications for man are considered. At present there is no legislation regulating shift work, but it is hoped that the law will take chronobiological methods into account. In this context the basic aspects of shift work are discussed and the two main types - semi-continuous and continuous - are analysed. Firms' experience of shift work is compared with reports in the literature. Present hygiene and environmental conditions, ergonomics and automation combine to make work less and less physically demanding and increase adaptability to shift work. It is therefore hoped that research chronobiology, psychology and psychosociology will provide increasingly precise information about ways of using shift work in the hope of constructing an ecology of the working man.

Automation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Principles of deciding nomenclature and spatial arrangement of x-ray equipment].

The proper choice of nomenclature and space distribution of the equipment considering the content, technology and arrangement of diagnostic process greatly contributes to achievement of the intention and problems of roentgenological investigation. The above sides of the process were taken into account by an analysis of a complex of clinical procedures, their time-and-space distribution through the creation of information, patients, medical staff and materials' flows.

Endoscopy↗
PubMed1976

[Effect of mechanized work on the indicators of traumatism among lumberjacks].

The author has considered trauma from the point of view of three main indices: frequency, gravity and average duration of incapacity of each patient in days. An important conclusion is made that further progressive replacement of manual labour by mechanized one will influence positively the basic indices of traumatism in timber industry.

Burns↗
PubMed1977

[The methyleneblue reduction disc test (M.R.D.-test): a simplified method for the identification of Pseudomonas species (author's transl)].

The identification of Pseudomonas species in practice can be improved by testing the utilization of different organic compounds as single sources of carbon. The introduction of this kind of technique into routine laboratory work requires a simplification of the test system. In order to meet these requirements the methyleneblue reduction disc test (M.R.D.-test) had been developed. In this test discs loaded with different organic compounds are introduced into suspensions of the strain examined as single source of carbon. Before to these bacterial suspensions a mineral salts solution containing methyleneblue as a redox indicator had been added. With the help of this method the utilization of a large number of different organic compounds as single sources of carbon can be tested in a way which is neither laborious nor time consuming. The disc once prepared can be stored for some time, single strains can be tested without any difficulty as they are isolated during routine laboratory work.

Culture Media↗