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PubMedDate not supplied

Contraceptive prescription: physician beliefs, attitudes and socio-demographic characteristics.

Physicians are important gatekeepers of women's access to effective methods of contraception. An understanding of physician behaviour in this domain is therefore important. This cross-sectional survey examined physician beliefs, attitudes, intentions and behaviour with respect to contraceptive prescription. Physician gender was associated with attitudes to diaphragm prescription, while year of medical graduation was associated with attitude to IUCD prescription. Age and gender in turn were related to differing perceptions of methods pertaining to efficacy, adverse effects, women for whom the methods were suitable and possible impacts on the physician. Regional differences in prescribing of these methods may be due to variations in physician age and gender.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

The cat/feline immunodeficiency virus model for transmucosal transmission of AIDS: nonoxynol-9 contraceptive jelly blocks transmission by an infected cell inoculum.

OBJECTIVES: To develop an animal model to study transmucosal lentivirus transmission, and to determine whether topical application of contraceptive jelly can block transmission by an infected cell incoulum. DESIGN: Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), a lentivirus similar to HIV, causes an AIDS-like disease in domestic cats. HIV is transmitted primarily across mucosal surfaces, and infected cells may be important in this transmission. We tested the ability of FIV-infected cells to transmit infection across the vaginal, rectal and oral mucosa of the cat, and whether a vaginal contraceptive jelly could prevent such transmission. METHODS: An inoculum consisting of 2 million FIV-infected primary cat T cells was administered vaginally, rectally or orally to female cats that had received either no pretreatment or pretreatment with a contraceptive jelly containing the detergent nonoxynol-9 as spermicide. Transmission was detected by monitoring recipient animals for viral antibodies and by viral cultures of blood leukocytes. RESULTS: A single dose of the infected cell inoculum efficiently transmitted FIV infection when delivered into the vagina or rectum (10 out of 11 animals became infected). Pretreatment of the vagina (five animals) or rectum (four animals) with contraceptive jelly protected all animals from transmission by the highly infectious inoculum. CONCLUSIONS: The cat/FIV model provides an efficient means to study transmucosal transmission of lentivirus infections, and for assessing vaginal barrier methods that could block transmission. One such method, nonoxynol-9 contraceptive jelly, effectively prevents transmucosal transmission by an FIV-infected cell inoculum.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

The cervical cap.

The Prentif cavity rim (PCR) cervical cap offers American women a barrier method alternative that is safe, effective, and convenient. Despite its many advantages and benefits, disadvantages have been documented. These include limited availability and side effects, such as cap dislodgement, partner discomfort, and bad odor of the cervical cap. However, many women decide the benefits and advantages associated with the PCR cervical cap outweigh the risks and possible side effects, making it an appealing alternative.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

The cervical cap: past and current experience.

In the past several years, a new trend has emerged where women in increasingly growing numbers are becoming hesitant to accept the risks associated with hormonal and invasive methods of birth control. It is as part of this trend that a revival of sorts is occurring with the cervical cap, a form of birth control with roots which precede recorded history and which, in its modern form, was widely advocated in late 19th and early 20th century Europe. Based on the principle of occlusion, the cervical cap appears effective and risk-free, both vital concerns to women of all centuries. Women's health activists and organizations have been in the forefront of this revival. Two of the first organizations to take an active interest in making the cap available were the New Hampshire Feminist Health Center in Concord, New Hampshire, and the Emma Goldman Women's Health Clinic in Iowa City, Iowa. The National Women's Health Network, a national organization based in Washington, D.C., has also been an active advocate on the cervical cap's behalf.

Contraceptive Devices, Female↗
PubMed1982

The effectiveness of barrier methods of contraception with and without spermicide.

This paper reviews trials of the effectiveness of barrier contraception with and without spermicide, and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of using spermicides with barriers. There is very little evidence to allow comparison of the effectiveness of barriers with and without spermicide. Little or no evidence could be found to support many of the instructions given to users of barrier contraception. The lack of scientific data on this subject has prompted us to recommend research in specific areas. Until the findings of such research are available, the information which has emerged from this review suggests that the recommendations issued to users of barrier contraception should be brought up-to-date.

Contraceptive Devices, Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prevention of vaginal trichomoniasis by compliant use of the female condom.

BACKGROUND: Several case-control studies suggest that the male condom protects women against some sexually transmitted diseases. The female condom is the first barrier device under the woman's control that may be effective in the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases. GOAL OF THIS STUDY: To determine if appropriate use of the female condom decreased the rate of recurrent vaginal trichomoniasis in previously diagnosed and treated women. STUDY DESIGN: One hundred and four sexually active women with vaginal trichomoniasis were treated with metronidazole and assigned to a group using the female condom or a control group during a 45-day period of continued sexual activity. Fifty women served as controls, and 54 women were assigned to use the female condom. RESULTS: Only 20 women used the female condom each time they had sexual intercourse. Reinfection with trichomonas occurred in 7/50 (14%) controls, in 5/34 (14.7%) noncompliant users, and in 0/20 compliant users of the female condom. CONCLUSION: The compliant use of the female condom is effective in preventing recurrent vaginal trichomoniasis.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Contraception and the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases.

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are a major cause of ill health in women and their sexual partners and children. Contraceptive methods alter in various ways the risk of acquiring STD but assessment of the odds ratio is difficult due to the many confounding factors. Spermicides have been reported to kill a wide range of bacteria and viruses including HIV in vitro and to protect in vivo from infection by gonorrhoea, chlamydia and pelvic inflammatory disease (organisms unspecified). Spermicides will not cure pre-existing infections. Condoms and diaphragms will give some protection from bacterial and viral infections in all parts of the genital tract. Hormonal contraception and tubal ligation give protection to the upper genital tract but not the cervix. Carcinoma of the cervix follows the same pattern as STDs. The risk of pelvic infection in intrauterine device users is discussed in the chapter by Bromham (pp 100-123, this issue).

Adult↗
PubMed1983

An user acceptability study of vaginal spermicides in combination with barrier methods or an IUCD.

Ninety-eight women were entered into an open study of Staycept jelly (octoxynol 1% w/w) and Staycept pessaries (vaginal suppositories) (nonoxynol-9 6% w/w) in combination with other vaginal methods of contraception. Medical problems during use of either pessary or jelly were few and were restricted to genital irritation or increased vaginal discharge. This seemed more common with the pessaries than with the jelly, but this could have been related to the types of women entered. There were no unplanned pregnancies.

Contraceptive Devices, Female↗