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PubMed1996

Preliminary determination of a molecular basis of chronic fatigue syndrome.

Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS/ME) is a debilitating fatigue illness that has an unknown etiology. We studied 20 chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) patients, who complied with the Oxford and American CDC definitions, and 45 non-CFS subjects. Participants completed questionnaires, were clinically examined, and had first morning urine specimens collected, which were screened by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for changes in metabolite excretion. Multivariate analysis of the urinary metabolite profiles differed significantly in the CFS patients compared to the non-CFS patients (P < 0.004). The CFS patients had increases in aminohydroxy-N-methylpyrrolidine (P < 0.00003, referred to as chronic fatigue symptom urinary marker 1, or CFSUM1), tyrosine (P < 0.02), beta-alanine (P < 0.02), aconitic acid (P < 0.05), and succinic acid (P < 0.05) and reductions in an unidentified urinary metabolite, CFSUM2 (P < 0.0007), alanine (P < 0.005), and glutamic acid (P < 0.02). CFSUM1, beta-alanine, and CFSUM2 were found by discriminant function analysis to be the first, second, and third most important metabolites, respectively for discriminating between CFS and non-CFS subjects. The abundances of CFSUM1 and beta-alanine were positively correlated with symptom incidence (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively), symptom severity, core CFS symptoms, and SCL-90-R somatization (P < 0.00001), suggesting a molecular basis for CFS.

Aconitic Acid↗
PubMed1984

[Role of drugs in traffic accidents. A pilot study of traffic accident offenders in Switzerland (Bern region)].

Toxicological analyses of blood and/or urine specimens collected between 1980 and 1981 revealed that 34.7% of all traffic accident victims (n = 144) had measurable concentrations of drugs. Analyses of blood samples taken from traffic offenders (n = 250) in 1979, on the other hand, showed 22.4% to have consumed drugs with or without alcohol. This percentage is comparable with values reported in other studies. Our results indicate that the widespread use of drugs represents a hazard for traffic safety in Switzerland. Road safety is additionally jeopardized by the often concomitant consumption of alcohol.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1988

Comparison among five mutagenicity assays in workers producing polyurethane foams.

Thirty-two male individuals exposed to isocyanates and amines during the production of plastic foams and 20 male referents were studied by cytogenetic methods (chromosomal aberrations, sister chromatid exchanges and micronuclei in lymphocytes) and by urinary mutagenic assays (thioether concentrations and mutagenic activity with Salmonella TA98 and E. Coli WP2 uvrA). The occupational exposure was monitored by measurements of toluene diisocyanate and N-methylmorpholine in work-room air. The levels were below the current Swedish hygienic standards. Although all parameters, except the sister chromatid exchanges, showed increased mean values for the exposed group compared to the referents, only the urinary thioether concentrations differed significantly. The study was, however, non-conclusive with regard to a genetic effect of the occupational exposure as measured by the cytogenetic parameters. This may be due to the low exposure level. In the micronuclei frequencies there was a significant effect of age. Smoking significantly affected the SCE frequencies, the thioether concentrations and the mutagenic activities in the Salmonella assay. There were statistically significant correlations between the urine specimens collected during one working day and the following morning with regard to the mutagenic activities in the Salmonella and E. coli assays, and in the thioether concentrations as well. The association between the different cytogenetic and urinary mutagenic assays were weak but there were several statistically significant correlation coefficients, indicating that the variables may have a common metabolic background.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Assessment of lawn care worker exposure to dithiopyr.

Eighteen ChemLawn lawn care specialists were monitored for worker exposure by both passive dosimetry and biological monitoring techniques in the performance of normal duties of mixing/loading and application of Dimension herbicide to turfgrass. Passive dosimetry was performed, utilizing cotton gauze patches, silica gel air sampling absorption media, and hand washes as per US Environmental Protection Agency Pesticide Assessment Guidelines. Biological monitoring was performed by analysis of all urine specimens collected from each specialist from initiation until 72 h after application of dithiopyr. The mean body dose estimate from urinalysis of the specimens collected over the 72 h period was 4.60 x 10(-5) mg/kg/lb applied. The passive dosimetry body dose estimates using dermal deposition measurements corrected for skin penetration and simulated inhalation measurements were calculated for the two clothing scenarios observed in the worker tests. The mean body dose estimate for a fully clothed specialist wearing a long-sleeved shirt was 8.09 x 10(-5) mg/kg/lb while for a specialist wearing a short-sleeved shirt the estimate was 3.62 x 10(-4) mg/kg/lb. The lower leg regions, which were protected by long pants and boots, had the highest exposure by passive dosimetry data.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Labial fusion and asymptomatic bacteriuria.

Thirty-three female children with labial fusion were screened for bacteriuria which was defined as the growth of a single micro-organism with < or = 100,000 colony-forming units/ml (> or = 100 x 10(6) colonies/l) in a properly collected urine specimen. Six girls were found to have bacteriuria. In contrast, none of the 33 girls in a control group had bacteriuria. We recommend that a urine culture be performed in girls with labial fusion and that all girls with bacteriuria should be checked for labial fusion.

Bacteriuria↗
PubMed1993

Asymptomatic Neisseria subflava biovar perflava bacteriuria in a child with obstructive uropathy.

A case of asymptomatic urinary tract infection with Neisseria subflava biovar perflava in a 10-year-old male patient with congenital structural abnormalities of the urinary bladder is presented. The organism was recovered from three catheter urine specimens collected over a seven-month period. A brief review of the role of saprophytic Neisseria species in infectious processes is presented and the likely source of this unusual urinary tract isolate is discussed.

Bacteriuria↗
PubMed1988

Value of surveillance cultures in the management of neutropenic patients.

To assess whether bacteriological surveillance cultures can be used to predict infection in neutropenic patients, cultures were performed during the period of neutropenia of nose, throat and urine specimens collected once weekly and faeces specimens collected twice weekly. Seventy-six consecutively observed patients undergoing chemotherapy for haematological or non-haematological diseases were investigated. Severe infection including septicaemia, lower respiratory tract infection, anorectal lesion and urinary tract infection occurred in 32 patients. Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the organisms most commonly involved. In the majority of cases of septicaemia the organisms were isolated from the faeces, often in pure culture, prior to the onset of septicaemia. Most of the isolates of Enterobacter cloacae were resistant to the empiric antibiotic therapy used in the unit and were able to colonise multiple sites, presumably increasing the risk of subsequent infection. Faecal culture is the most useful approach in bacteriological surveillance in neutropenic patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Paracellular intestinal transport of six-carbon sugars is negligible in the rat.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Active D-glucose absorption has been theorized to increase convective flow and enhance tight junction permeability such that paracellular transport becomes the major mechanism of D-glucose absorption. This concept was tested in rats by measuring the absorption of four gavaged, nonmetabolizable six-carbon sugars (L-glucose, L-galactose, L-mannose, and D-mannitol) thought to be absorbed solely by the paracellular route. METHODS: Uptake of gavaged probes was measured by recovery in 24-hour urine specimen collections. RESULTS: L-glucose (71.2% +/- 2.4%) absorption exceeded that of the other probes (1.4%-9%). Coadministration of 3.0 mol/L D-glucose, 0.22 mol/L D-glucose, or chow significantly reduced the absorption of L-glucose to 38.1% +/- 7.2%, 61% +/- 3.3%, and 53.6% +/- 3.5%, respectively, but did not influence the absorption of the other six-carbon probes. CONCLUSIONS: (1) L-glucose seems to have a weak affinity for a D-glucose carrier and is not a marker of paracellular transport, and (2) paracellular transport accounts for a minimal fraction of D-glucose uptake; this fraction is not enhanced by ingestion of D-glucose or chow.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Dose-related effects of low dose aspirin on hemostasis parameters and prostacyclin/thromboxane ratios in late pregnancy.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to determine which low dose of low dose aspirin (LDA) optimized the urinary prostacyclin (PGI2)/thromboxane (TXA2) ratio and minimized evidence of platelet aggregation during normal late pregnancy. METHODS: Twelve women with uncomplicated singleton pregnancies between 28 and 34 weeks gestation participated in a randomized blinded study. Blood samples for salicylate levels were obtained pretreatment, 4 hours and 7 days after administration of placebo, 20mg, 40mg or 80mg of aspirin. Twenty-four hour urine specimens collected at the same intervals were assayed for PGI2 and TXA2 metabolites. In addition, bleeding time and platelet aggregation studies were performed prior to and after 7 days of LDA or placebo. RESULTS: A dose-related increase in bleeding time occurred with 40 mg and 80 mg of LDA, but not with the 20 mg dose or placebo. Platelet aggregation studies changed progressively from a normal baseline to abnormal with an increasing dose of LDA. The PGI2/TXA2 ratio increased with aspirin doses as low as 20mg, with a decrease in TXA2 metabolites but not in PGI2 metabolites. Serum salicylate was not detectable in any sample from any patient. CONCLUSION: There are dose-related changes in platelet aggregation and bleeding times with progressively increasing doses of LDA. A lower dose of LDA, such as 20-40 mg per day, may be as efficacious as higher doses in the prophylaxis of pre-eclampsia in high risk populations.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Urinary excretion of benzoylecgonine following ingestion of Health Inca Tea.

Four males ingested one cup of Health Inca Tea which contained 1.87 mg of cocaine. Urine specimens collected for 36 h post-ingestion were analyzed for benzoylecgonine (BE) by EMIT-d.a.u., TDx and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Positive immunoassay results were obtained for 21-26 h post tea ingestion. Discrepant immunoassay results occurred with only one specimen: EMIT positive; TDx negative, 0.25 mg/l; GC/MS, 0.273 mg/l. Quantitative TDx results were well correlated with GC/MS results, r2 = 0.963, n = 45. Maximum urinary BE concentrations ranged from 1.4-2.8 mg/l, occurring from 4-11 h, post ingestion. Total BE excretion in 36 h ranged from 1.05 to 1.45 mg, 59-90% of the ingested cocaine dose. Urinary excretion rate constant (Km) ranged from -0.073 to 0.111/h. Health Inca Tea ingestion should be considered when interpreting urinary BE concentrations.

Beverages↗
PubMed1996

Analytic performance and contamination control methods of a ligase chain reaction DNA amplification assay for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in urogenital specimens.

A ligase chain reaction (LCR) DNA amplification assay that targeted the cryptic plasmid of Chlamydia trachomatis was developed to detect C. trachomatis urogenital tract infection. The objectives of this study were to determine the cutoff and analytic performance of the LCR assay and to characterize the effectiveness of its postdetection contamination control method. The assay's cutoff was determined after receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) analysis of 4660 clinical data points. The assay detected one infectious unit per reaction of each of the 15 C. trachomatis serovars and did not cross-react with 13 Chlamydia pneumoniae strains, 13 Chlamydia psittaci strains, and 87 other bacteria, fungi, parasites, or viruses. In addition, the assay did not detect 77 processed urine specimens collected from patients with urinary tract infections caused by yeast or bacteria other than C. trachomatis. The assay was sufficiently precise to detect consistently two infectious units of C. trachomatis per reaction. False-positive assay results attributable to contamination with amplified product were minimized by the use of standard procedures as well as by a postdetection chemical inactivation method that could reduce the amount of amplified LCR product by a factor of > or = 10(7).

Chlamydia trachomatis↗
PubMed2005

A case of drug-facilitated sexual assault by the use of flunitrazepam.

This article presents a case of drug-facilitated sexual assault on a female intoxicated with flunitrazepam. The male assailant added flunitrazepam (1 mg) to the female's soft drink, and had sexual intercourse with her while her consciousness was impaired. The complainant did not recall the events due to benzodiazepine-induced anterograde amnesia. The use of flunitrazepam was uncovered when its major metabolite, 7-amino flunitrazepam, was detected in a urine specimen collected when the complainant attended hospital approximately one day after consuming the adulterated drink.

Amnesia, Anterograde↗
PubMed1997

Urinary oxalate excretion and its role in vulvar pain syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to determine the urinary oxalate excretion patterns in patients with vulvodynia compared with controls and to evaluate antioxalate therapy in women with vulvar pain syndrome (vulvodynia). STUDY DESIGN: A total of 130 consecutive patients with vulvar pain syndrome and 23 volunteers without symptoms collected urine specimens for 24 hours; each voiding was saved in individual labeled containers and refrigerated. The specimens were analyzed individually for oxalate and calculated according to 24-hour concentration, volume, and peak oxalate by hour. A total of 59 patients were treated with low-oxalate diets and calcium citrate for 3 months and evaluated for objective relief of vulvar pain. RESULTS: The 24-hour excretion of oxalate was almost identical in controls and vulvodynia patients. The total 24-hour excretion was directly proportional to the volume of urine excreted (p < 0.001). No significant differences were found in peak oxalate excretion (95% confidence intervals). The number of voidings was higher in the vulvodynia cohort (p < 0.02). The 59 women with elevated oxalate concentrations (> 1 mg/40 dl) were treated with an antioxalate regimen. Fourteen (24%) demonstrated an objective response, but only 6 (10%) could have pain-free sexual intercourse. CONCLUSIONS: Urinary oxalates may be nonspecific irritants that aggravate vulvodynia; however, the role of oxalates as instigators is doubtful.

Circadian Rhythm↗
PubMed1997

A rapid and simple screening method for detection of orotic aciduria by capillary zone electrophoresis.

A rapid and selective capillary zone electrophoretic method for screening of patients with orotic aciduria is described. The method is based on direct measurement of orotic acid in untreated urine. Total analysis time is 5 min with the limit of quantification of 10 mumol/l. Selectivity of the method is given by the use of a low pH of background electrolyte at which practically no interferences from native urine appeared, as well as by using a fast scanning detector which enables the identification of orotic acid via its characteristic UV spectra. This method can be used for quantitative assessment of orotic acid present in urine at physiological conditions after an ion exchange chromatography-clean up and preconcentration procedure. Urine samples containing orotic acid at pathological concentrations (typically more than 1 mol/mol creatinine) could be successfully analysed. The method described was applied to urine specimens collected from both healthy volunteers and patients with orotic acidurias of various origin.

Acidosis↗
PubMed1998

First analytical chemistry study on drug abuse in the Buenos Aires (Argentina) University students.

One hundred samples were randomly selected from urine specimens collected from Buenos Aires University students, 50 males and 50 females, whose ages ranged from 19 to 47 years. Cocaine (COC), cannabinoids (CNNs), amphetamines (AMs), benzodiazepines (BZDs), barbiturates (BBTs), opiates (OPs) and salicylates (SAs) were searched for by ELISA, FPIA, normalized TLC, HPLC and GC/MS techniques. The presence of COC was detected in five samples, CNN in two and SA in twelve. No evidence of AMs, BZDs, BBTs or OPs was found.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Idiotype-anti-idiotype-based noncompetitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of ursodeoxycholic acid 7-N-acetylglucosaminides in human urine with subfemtomole range sensitivity.

We have established a noncompetitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the group-specific determination of 7-N-acetylglucosaminide of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA 7-NAG) and its glycine- and taurine-amidated metabolites (UDCA 7-NAGs) in human urine. These metabolites are expected to be a diagnostic marker for patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). This assay is based on the idiotype-antiidiotype reaction where the analyte was captured by an excess amount of anti-UDCA 7-NAG antibody, and the unoccupied paratope was blocked with a beta-type antiidiotype antibody. The hapten-occupied antibody was then selectively detected with a biotin-labeled alpha-type antiidiotype antibody. The amount of bound biotin, increasing proportionally to the increase in the analyte, was colorimetrically determined using a peroxidase-labeled streptavidin. This assay provided subfemtomole range sensitivity (detection limit 118 amol) and allowed group-specific measurement of the UDCA 7-NAGs in urine without any pretreatment. The present ELISA revealed that significant amounts of UDCA 7-NAGs are excreted even in healthy subjects. Daily excretion rates for healthy males were determined to be 246+/-184 (S.D.) microg (n=5) as the glycine-amidated UDCA 7-NAG equivalent. Randomly collected urine specimens from patients with PBC (n=7) were also measured, and the assay values (standardized to creatinine excretion) ranged from 1.82 to 13.4 microg/mg Ucre with the average of 5.41+/-4.53 (S.D.) microg/mg Ucre.

Acetylglucosamine↗
PubMed1996

Isovaleric acidemia: response to a leucine load after three weeks of supplementation with glycine, L-carnitine, and combined glycine-carnitine therapy.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of glycine and carnitine therapy on isovaleryl conjugate excretion in isovaleric acidemia (IVA). STUDY DESIGN: Urinary isovalerylglycine (IVG) and isovalerylcarnitine (IVC) were measured from 12-hour urine specimens collected overnight from an 8-year-old patient with IVA (who had no residual activity of isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase in fibroblasts) before and during 3-week courses of supplementation with glycine alone (250 mg/kg per day), L-carnitine alone (100 mg/kg per day) therapy, and both of these agents combined, with a 2 gm leucine challenge performed at the end of each treatment period. RESULTS: Isovalerylglycine was the predominant metabolite excreted throughout the study, and its mean value doubled with glycine treatment. Isovalerylcarnitine excretion was minimal without carnitine supplementation. L-Carnitine therapy was associated with a 50% decline in excretion of IVG without a fully compensatory increase in IVC. The readdition of glycine to the carnitine regimen resulted in an increase in IVG excretion. Leucine challenge resulted in a 2.7- and 2.4-fold increase of IVG and IVC excretion, respectively, during L-carnitine therapy but not during glycine supplementation, and a 3.5- and 4-fold increase in excretion of both metabolites during glycine plus L-carnitine therapy. Total conjugate excretion was highest after a leucine load during combined glycine and L-carnitine therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Combined glycine and L-carnitine therapy maximally increases isovaleryl conjugate excretion during metabolic stress but not under stable conditions.

Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors↗