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At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

Current therapy of chronic liver disease.

The study of chronic liver disease has been hampered by insufficient information relative to the pathogenesis of the many forms of hepatitis. Consequently, well-designed treatment strategies are frequently lacking. Wilson's disease is characterised by excessive copper accumulation in the liver and other organs. While d-penicillamine is clearly effective, many patients may not tolerate its many adverse effects. Trientine, oral zinc and unithiol have all shown promise as therapeutic alternatives. Autoimmune chronic active hepatitis responds well to prednisone and azathioprine. Cyclosporin has also produced clinical improvement in several case reports but no comparison has yet been made with the current standard therapy. Recombinant interferon-alpha (IFN alpha) has demonstrated the ability to inhibit hepatitis B viral replication, and the combination of oral corticosteroids followed by IFN alpha is more effective than either agent alone in eliminating viral replication in patients with chronic active hepatitis B. Currently, primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) has no standard medical management, but corticosteroids and methotrexate may each have a future role in its treatment. Drug treatment for primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) has been disappointing, and early reports of success with d-penicillamine were not confirmed in large well-controlled trials. While some reports of improvement with several agents have been described, larger studies are still needed. Alcoholic liver disease continues to be associated with significant morbidity and mortality and numerous investigators have researched several different medical avenues of treatment. Success reported with androgens and the antithyroid agent propylthiouracil in alcoholic liver disease will need confirmation by other research before these agents can be recommended for routine use. Finally, colchicine may prove to be effective in slowing the rate of fibrosis in cirrhosis, but this has yet to be conclusively proven.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Chelators as antidotes of metal toxicity: therapeutic and experimental aspects.

The effects of chelating drugs used clinically as antidotes to metal toxicity are reviewed. Human exposure to a number of metals such as lead, cadmium, mercury, manganese, aluminum, iron, copper, thallium, arsenic, chromium, nickel and platinum may lead to toxic effects, which are different for each metal. Similarly the pharmacokinetic data, clinical use and adverse effects of most of the chelating drugs used in human metal poisoning are also different for each chelating drug. The chelating drugs with worldwide application are dimercaprol (BAL), succimer (meso-DMSA), unithiol (DMPS), D-penicillamine (DPA), N-acetyl-D-penicillamine (NAPA), calcium disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (CaNa(2)EDTA), calcium trisodium or zinc trisodium diethylenetriaminepentaacetate (CaNa(3)DTPA, ZnNa(3)DTPA), deferoxamine (DFO), deferiprone (L1), triethylenetetraamine (trientine), N-acetylcysteine (NAC), and Prussian blue (PB). Several new synthetic homologues and experimental chelating agents have been designed and tested in vivo for their metal binding effects. These include three groups of synthetic chelators, namely the polyaminopolycarboxylic acids (EDTA and DTPA), the derivatives of BAL (DMPS, DMSA and mono- and dialkylesters of DMSA) and the carbodithioates. Many factors have been shown to affect the efficacy of the chelation treatment in metal poisoning. Within this context it has been shown in experiments using young and adult animals that metal toxicity and chelation effects could be influenced by age. These findings may have a bearing in the design of new therapeutic chelation protocols for metal toxicity.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2001

Clinical and institutional aspects of antidote therapy in Russia.

The problem of antidote application for treatment of acute poisoning is related to epidemiology and characterization of poisoning cases, and possibilities for supplying antidotes to health care institutions. To investigate the situation in Russia we have analyzed reports by poisoning treatment centers for 1997-1999, comparison of medical aid standards for poisoning treatment in Russia with WHO recommendations. Acute poisoning pattern varies in different regions. Particularly, poisoning pattern in large cities in European Russia and the Urals is dominated by pharmaceuticals (up to 63.1%). Pesticide and insecticide poisoning cases do not exceed 1 to 2%, metal compounds and methemoglobin forming poisons (below 1% in each group). Antidotes are used in Russia in line with the recommendations adopted in international toxicological practice. The most actual are antagonists of opiates and benzodiazepines, physostigmine, atropine, pyridoxine, antagonists of beta-adrenergic blockers, activated charcoal. Such antidotes as DMPS (Unithiol), N-acetylcysteine, methylene blue, amyl nitrite (or sodium nitrite), complex formers of EDTA group are also included in the list of specific agents. The main problem is that some important antidotes are currently not produced in Russia. The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation is taking efforts to launch production of some previously known and also newly developed important antidotes.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1975

[Histoxic hypoxia as one of the causes of ventricular fibrillation and decreased myocardial contractility].

Long-lasting infusions of adrenalin were demonstrated to result in histotoxic hypoxy of the myocardium and its decreased contractility. After a preliminary ligation of several branches of the coronary arteries such situations often caused ventricular fibrillation. The restoration of the myocardial contractility and of the oxydation processes was achieved by the administration of Unithiol, Methionin, Cystein and Succimere. The latter often produce an unusual effect--arrest of ventricular fibrillation and restoration of a normal cardiac rhythm without electric defibrillation. The beneficial effect of these drugs is attributed by the authors to the presence of thiol groups in their structure.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[ACE gene polymorphism and renal scarring in children with urinary tract infection and vesicoureteric reflux: preliminary results].

To investigate angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene deletion/insertion (D/I) polymorphism as a risk factor of renal scarring in children, we determined ACE genotypes in 63 paediatric patients with primary vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) grade I-V and recurrent urinary tract infections (UTI). Renal cortical scars were evaluated applying Technetium-99-m-unithiol SPECT method in 21 children. No statistically significant differences were found in allele and genotype distribution of the D/I polymorphism within ACE gene between children with VUR/UTI and healthy Caucasians (n = 806, after meta-analysis of literature data) (D allele frequencies--47% vs 54%, respectively). It suggests that ACE gene polymorphism is not associated with primary VUR. Renal scarring was revealed in 7 out of 21 children and there was also no statistically significant difference in D/I distribution between scar (n = 7) and non-scar (n = 14) subgroups of patients and controls. However, higher incidence of D allele (64%) in children with renal parenchymal damage could suggest the hypothesis that this genetic factor plays an important role in renal scarring. Therefore, to verify this assumption further studies on a larger group of patients are needed.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Treatment of patients with acute pneumonia].

Efficiency was studied of treatment of acute pneumonia (AP) in 148 patients with a focal croupous form. In the grave course of AP, antibacterial therapy with benzilpenicillin combined with sulphanilamide agents biseptol and nitrofuran was tried, the correcting therapy having been instituted on obtaining findings from assays of the sputum for sensitivity of the microflora to antibiotics. In those cases with Friendländer's bacilli recoverable, methicillin, oxacillin, macrolids, cephalosporins and some other agents were antibiotics of choice. Administered in the atypical course that was related more frequently to mycoplasms or chlamidia, was erythromycin phosphate i.v., lincomycin. In Staphylococcus-associated pneumonia, there have been used antibiotics resistant to penicillinases and endowed with an inhibitory activity toward staphylococci--oxacillin, methicillin, cephalosporins, chlorophenicols or chlorophphyllipt i.v. combined with an antistaphylacoccal plasma, antistaphylococcal gammaglobulin or hyperimmune plasma. The following drugs were prescribed to ensure bronchial patency and liquefaction of the sputum--euphyllin, mucalthin, bromhexin, lasolvan that are known to stimulate production of sulfoctant. The therapeutic complex comprized fibs, aloe, apilac, prodigiosan, solcoseryl, methyluracil known to stimulate bodily reactivity and resolution of inflammatory infiltration, nicotinic acid, heparin that have been shown to improve micorcirculation, tocopherol, unithiol known to regulate lipid oxidation. The data secured suggest to us a sufficient efficacy of the above-outlined therapy of AP.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1992

[Acute heart failure and its treatment in cardiologic drug poisoning].

The causes of sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) and its associated early death were examined in 179 patients with acute intoxications due to amitriptyline, antiarrhythmic agents and cardiac glycosides. In the first hours of intoxication, various cardiac conduction disturbances were found to occur in 39.6% of the patients, among whom 11.7% died due to SCA predominantly in complete bundle-branch block. The cause of SCA was an acute (contractile) heart failure that had run as cardiogenic shock and been associated with the specific selective action of the agents in question on cardiomyocytes. Premodulation of acute heart failure with membrane protective agents (unithiol, alpha-tocopherol, hydrocortisone), pharmacological antagonists (novodrin, alupent, isoprenaline), and the cardiotonic agent dobutamine enabled acute heart failure to be effectively treated, hemosorption to be made in early periods and cardiac events to be abolished in 80% of the patients, SCA mortality rates decreased from 11.7 to 3.2%.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The pharmacological correction of recurrent immediate-type allergic reactions].

The effect of drugs on the early and late phases of repeated allergic reactions (RAR) was studied in experiments on rabbits. The action of the drugs was estimated by the number of challenge doses of antigen, endured by survived and dead rabbits, percentage of the animals' death, and by the place of each group on the lethality scale. Diphenhydramine, ouabain and their combinations, silver nitrate (20 mg/kg) and DOCA enhanced whereas histamine, unithiol, cholesterol, and silver nitrate (20 and 0.2 mg/kg) decreased allergization in the period of RAR. The characteristic features of the action of the drugs on RAR were revealed and compared to the first allergic reaction. Qualitative and quantitative differences were shown in the action of different drug doses and combinations on RAR. The authors provide evidence for the possibility of treating allergic diseases by drug administration in a quiet period.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[The morphofunctional characteristics of the adaptation of the erythron system in patients with iron-deficiency anemia].

The morphofunctional aspects of the erythron were studied in 168 pregnant with iron deficiency anemia and in 50 healthy pregnant women during the second half of pregnancy. Changes were found in the functional links of the structural-qualitative and oxygen-transport state of the erythrocytes depending on the severity of anemia up to development of the erythrocytopenia syndrome. Most effective was complex treatment including tocopherol acetate and unithiol.

2,3-Diphosphoglycerate↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Hyperbaric oxygenation and antioxidants in the complex intensive therapy of severe forms of pneumonia in children].

Hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) was used in a complex intensive therapy of 194 children, aged 3 days to 3 years, with severe pneumonias. Initially the patients have revealed intensification of free radical processes (FRP) with a simultaneous decrease in the level of enzyme and non-enzyme protection and a drastic increase in gluco- and mineralocorticoid adrenal function. HBO and antioxidants (unithiol and alpha-tocopherol) yielded excellent and good results (a drop in FRP level and activation of enzyme antioxidant protection) in 75.8% of patients. HBO was ineffective in 17% of cases, in 7.2% of patients signs of the developing oxygen intoxication have been revealed. Control over the indexes of erythrocytes resistance to peroxide, extra-erythrocyte hemoglobin, total peroxidase plasma activity during HBO procedure makes it possible to detect early preclinical signs of acute oxygen intoxication onset.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed1989

[Intermittent polychemotherapy of patients with chronic destructive pulmonary tuberculosis with associated diabetes mellitus].

Forty patients with chronic destructive tuberculosis of the lung and concomitant diabetes mellitus treated with the routine chemotherapeutic agents without any effect were subjected to intermittent polychemotherapy. Combinations of 4, 5 and 6 drugs were used. Some of them were administered intermittently. The period of the polychemotherapy ranged from 4 to 8 months and was followed by less intensive regimens. It was shown that the polychemotherapy allowed one to increase the treatment efficacy in the patients with chronic destructive tuberculosis of the lung and concomitant diabetes mellitus. Discontinuation of tubercle bacilli isolation, cavern healing and partial cavern regression were observed in 25 (63 per cent), 11 (26 per cent) and 27 (54 per cent) patients, respectively. The clinical picture did not change in 6 patients (15 per cent). Adverse reactions to the polychemotherapy developed in 17 patients (42.5 per cent). Markedly pronounced adverse reactions requiring discontinuation of the drug use in 7 (17.5 per cent) of them were recorded. Lowering a dose of the drug, applying corticosteroids, pyridoxine, nicotinic acid, cerucal, lipamide, carsyl and unithiol allowed one to eliminate the adverse reactions developed.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of botulinum toxin on the activity of transport ATPases in biological membranes].

Activity of transport ATPases was studied in erythrocyte membranes and synaptosomal fraction of cervical department of spinal cord obtained from rats in dynamics of botulinic C intoxication Na+, K+-ATPase was inhibited by the competitive type in the synaptosomal brain fraction at the preclinical period of intoxication and by the noncompetitive type at the step of skeletal muscle paresis. In erythrocyte membranes activity of Na+, K+-ATPase was inhibited by the mixed type at the preclinical period of intoxication and the enzymatic activity was inhibited by the noncompetitive type at the step of skeletal muscle paresis. The Na+, K+-ATPase from biological membranes was reactivated by unithiol and nicotinamide in dynamics of intoxication. The toxin was shown to activate Mg2+-ATPase in brain synaptosomal fraction.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effectiveness of antioxidants in a combined carbon tetrachloride and ethanol lesion of the liver].

Carbon tetrachloride administered together with ethanol was found in experiments on male albino rats to cause a severe liver damage. The use of unithiol, flakumin, tocopherol acetate, silymarin and silybor and also their combinations under these conditions not only decreases lipid hyperperoxidation and prevents depletion of the reduced glutathione pool but also retains a functional liver disturbance. Silybor, silymarin and tocopherol acetate in combination with flakumin proved to be the most efficient.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Quantitative determination of tissue disulfide groups by reverse amperometric titration].

A method of reversed amperometric titration for estimation of content of S- S-groups in biological materials is described. The method is based on splitting of disulphide groups in reaction with a reducing agent (Na2SO3) in presence of an excess of metal ions (Ag+, Hg2+), which form a mercaptide bond (AgS) with SH-groups. The excess of free metal ions was titrated with the equimolar solution of thiol (unithiol, cysteine). The method is comparatively simple and enables to estimate S- S groups in presence of air oxygen and enzymatic systems.

Blood Proteins↗
PubMed1983

Studies on the oxygen toxicity after administration of chelate-forming agents in mice.

The influence of the chelating agents CaNa2-EDTA, penicillamine, dimercaprol, unithiol, dithiocarb, aurin tricarboxylic acid, salicylic acid, and acetylsalicylic acid on the toxicity of oxygen at elevated tension was studied in mice. With the possible exception of dimercaprol, no increase in toxic effects of oxygen was observed after administering these chelate-forming agents in the doses used.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Dithisone diabetes in rabbits and its prevention by sulfhydryl and imidazole containing compounds.

Diabetogenic action of dithisone was investigated in a total of 368 adult rabbits and 53 young animals between 10 h and 31 days of age. The diabetes was found in 95% of animals injected with dithisone and various forms of this disease were observed: 1. long-term diabetes without any signs of normalization of glycemia; 2. diabetes with periodical remissions; 3. several cases with a definite remission. The diabetes did not appear in young animals during certain periods of life in which the concentration of zinc in pancreatic islets was very low. It was possible to prevent the development of this disease by the administration of some compounds containing sulfhydryl or imidazole groups (cysteine, SH-glutathione, dimercaptopropanol (BAL), unithiol (sodium 2,3-dimercaptopropansulfonate), (histidine) and the diabetes also did not appear in such animals in which a majority of zinc was removed by glybenclamide. From these observations it was concluded that the development of diabetes after dithisone depends on the formation of dithisone complex with zinc in beta-cells.

Animals↗