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A dynamic picture of the neural processes underlying the 'priming' effects on the visual system of repeated object presentation has been obtained by combining functional magnetic resonance imaging with a gradual 'unmasking' procedure that slows down the process of visual recognition.
How is specificity encoded in calcium-based signal transduction systems? Recent evidence shows that oscillations in the cytosolic free calcium concentration of guard cells are necessary for stimulus-specific stomatal closure in plants.
The discovery of Ca(2+) transport by mitochondria is conventionally credited to De Luca and Engstrom, and Vasington and Murphy, who showed in 1961-1962 that Ca(2+) was taken up by isolated mitochondria using respiratory or ATP energy. However, contributions had already appeared in the 1950s showing - albeit indirectly - that isolated mitochondria bound Ca(2+) actively. Somehow, however, these contributions failed to attract the attention that they undoubtedly deserved. The 1961-1962 findings started the ball rolling, initiating a topic that was to have a peculiar oscillatory history. It went from peaks of great enthusiasm to valleys of essential neglect, and from there to a final (hopefully permanent) robust revival.
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Gaucher's disease is a genetically determined inborn error of metabolism in which acid beta-glucosidase or one of its cofactors is absent or diminished in macrophage cells and cause an accumulation of glucosylceramide in these cells. These Gaucher cells accumulate in the organs of the reticuloendothelial system and cause varying degrees of splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, and encroachment of the marrow cavity of bones. Dental radiographs often reveal consistent bony changes that result from this encroachment. In cases where visceral signs are not apparent, dental radiographs can detect the presence of the disease. Because therapy is available, early recognition of this disorder may reduce overall morbidity. A review of the dental radiographic changes over as many as 60 years shows the effects of oral surgery procedures on bone degeneration and regeneration. The effects of mannose lectin acid beta-glucosidase, alglucerase on bone deposition are discussed. Finally, a literature review shows that the changes in the dental radiograph of patients with Gaucher's disease are very specific. Currently, this disorder and its associated molecular genetics are a prototype for research of new treatments such as allogenic bone marrow transplantation and molecularly engineered enzymes.
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Simon Campbell discusses his role in the development of sildenafil and doxazosin, as well as his current role as President of the RSC. Campbell goes on to give his opinions on how technological advances are influencing the changing roles of synthetic and medicinal chemists.
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The Notch pathway is known for its multiple important roles in development and tissue homeostasis, and it can be subverted during oncogenic transformation. Two recent studies add to our understanding of Notch in cancer biology in contrasting ways, by showing novel mechanisms of Notch pathway activation in cancer cells, and by indicating that in some circumstances, Notch can behave as a tumor suppressor.
The secular change in the biological standard of living of the Mexican population between 1870 and 1950 is examined based on evidence on the physical stature from military and passport records. While Mexico industrialized and experienced rapid economic growth during this period, there was only a modest overall improvement in the height, health and nutritional status of the Mexican population. The average Mexican born in the 1940s was not only slightly taller than its compatriot of the 1870s. There were, however, considerable social differences: the Mexican upper class was markedly taller than the working class and the gap increased prior to the revolution. Economic growth with systemic inequality largely accounts for such a pattern.
The solid-phase synthesis of "unnatural" amino aldehydes, amino ketones, peptide aldehydes, and peptide ketones was accomplished from commercially available resin in a series of room temperature reactions. The initial step involved addition of an "unnatural" side chain to the N-terminus of a benzophenone imine-activated Weinreb resin-bound amino acid or peptide derivative. The alkylated imine was hydrolyzed, and the amine was converted to the Boc-, Cbz-, or naphthoyl derivative. The resin-bound substrate was then cleaved with DIBAL-H or a Grignard reagent to give the amino aldehyde, amino ketone, peptide aldehyde, or peptide ketone products. Twenty-four reactions were carried out simultaneously using a "Billboard" reaction apparatus to give products in 27-87% (59% average) isolated yield.
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Job loss has been linked to adverse outcomes such as alcohol abuse, but improved employment, usually assumed to be beneficial, has seldom been evaluated and may not help with addictive disorders. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, young adults who were unemployed or underemployed (low income or involuntary part-time) in 1984 were followed up in 1985 and 1989. Controlling for 1984 alcohol abuse, there were no effects of positive employment change on 1985 symptoms, but there were significant restorative effects on 1985 binge drinking among those who were heavy drinkers in 1984. There also appeared to be an indirect link of favorable 1984-1985 employment change to heavy drinking in 1989 via 1989 employment status. Because the effects of underemployment partially resembled those of unemployment, the discussion cautions against the conventional wisdom of promoting any work, including underemployment, as curative for the ills of unemployment.
Although the importance of follow-up and detailed examinations following the detection of abnormalities in thorough routine health checks is recognized extensively, marked interfacility variances are seen in the percentage of individuals advised to receive detailed examination, the percentage of individuals who actually receive the recommended detailed examination and the results of detailed examination. On the basis of the survey data collected by the Clinical Preventive Medicine Committee of the Japanese Association of Hospitals and the data collected during thorough routine health checks at our facility, we analyzed the percentage of individuals who were rated as requiring detailed examination and the percentage who actually received the recommended detailed examination, and found that these percentage varied greatly between different facilities. To minimize interfacility differences in these percentages; it seems necessary to review the criteria currently used for evaluation of health check data at individual facilities. To this end, we must discuss quantitative test data and data yielded by diagnostic imaging separately.
This brief historical overview of bipolar disorder addresses diagnosis, treatment, cost, creativity, suicide, and stigma with a review of the literature. This served as the introduction to the 27th Annual Scientific Meeting of the American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists (51 references).
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