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At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Quality characteristics of irradiated ready-to-eat breast rolls from turkeys fed conjugated linoleic acid.

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of irradiation on the quality of ready-to-eat (RTE) breast rolls from turkeys fed conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). The oxidative stability of RTE turkey rolls was improved by the dietary CLA treatment. Irradiation increased the production of acetaldehyde, 3-methyl-butanal, 2-methyl-butanal, and total volatiles in turkey rolls but had little effect on other aldehydes. Irradiation also produced new volatiles, including sulfur compounds, not detected in nonirradiated turkey breast rolls. We detected significantly higher amounts of alkanes with nine or higher carbons in irradiated samples than in nonirradiated samples. Irradiation increased the redness of RTE turkey breast rolls, but the degree of redness and the amount of total volatiles decreased with storage. CLA treatment lowered the redness (a*) and increased the lightness (L*) of RTE turkey breast rolls during the entire storage period. Sensory evaluation revealed that irradiation produced off-flavor, but CLA and irradiation did not influence the texture and juiciness of RTE turkey breast rolls. Consumers did not like the off-flavor but preferred the color induced by irradiation to nonirradiated RTE turkey breast rolls.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2006

Rapid aerosol transmission of Salmonella among turkeys in a simulated holding-shed environment.

Once turkeys arrive at Midwest processing plants, they are usually held in large open-sided sheds for 1 to 4 h, waiting to be unloaded. In hot, humid weather, large fans are used to cool the birds. The resultant air currents distribute a significant amount of dust to the turkeys. The dust created in this environment could be a factor in the number of Salmonella-contaminated turkeys entering slaughter plants. The objective of this study was to determine if rapid transmission of Salmonella in turkeys could occur from exposure to Salmonella-contaminated dust similar to what may be experienced in holding sheds or in other high-dust environments prior to slaughter. In the first experiment, trials of 3 different concentrations of Salmonella (1.2 x 10(9), 2.6 x 10(7), and 2.6 x 10(5) cfu/g) were conducted to determine if transmission of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium var. typhimurium(chi)4232 to turkeys 2 to 4 h after aerosol exposure to contaminated feces is possible. Results showed that turkeys became infected after 2 h of exposure to airborne-contaminated feces with a concentration level of 2.6 x 10(5) cfu of Salmonella Typhimurium/g. In the second experiment, consisting of 3 trials, 1 bank (5 cages wide and 3 cages high) of turkeys (n = 15 birds per trial) was exposed to another bank of cages of S. Typhimurium-inoculated (n = 15) birds for 2 to 4 h using a fan similar to the type in processing-plant cooling sheds. Results from this experiment demonstrated that birds could be contaminated with S. Typhimurium after 2 h of exposure. Results of both studies implicate contaminated dust as a route of rapid airborne transmission of Salmonella in turkeys. Processes that generate significant dust prior to slaughter should be regarded as critical control points for Salmonella.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed2006

Short-term number of pecks and feed intake levels: a link with the physical characteristics of feed in four-week-old turkeys.

Short-term reactions of young turkeys to changes in the physical characteristics of their feed sometimes give rise to problems of adaptation in the field. Specific feeders were designed for this study to automatically count the number of pecks given at feed by 4-wk-old male turkeys during 95-min sessions. The lighting program was intermittent (0140L:0100D). In experiment 1, 4 series of 12 birds were tested 4 times/day from 28 to 31 d of age. Four control turkeys were consistently tested with 1 feed, and 8 experimental turkeys ate 1 of 32 commercial feeds (30 as pellets and 2 as crumbs) with a distinct feed for each test (16 replicates/experimental feed). Feed intake, total number of pecks, and pecking efficiency (mg/peck) were recorded for each test and normalized for each turkey. The effects of series, day, and test were not significant for controls. The number of pecks and pecking efficiency differed among feeds (P < 0.001) but not feed intake. Hierarchical Cluster Analysis for these variables distinguished 3 groups of feed: group 3 (6 crumb and small pellets) resulted in high pecking and low efficiency. However, group 1 (10 feeds) were pecked at less but more efficiently than group 2 (16 feeds) for similar feed intake, although the average sizes of the pellets were similar (6.23 and 6.16 mm, respectively), as were the average bulk density, hardness, resistance to abrasion, and color characteristics of the pellets for both groups. Two feeds of each of these 2 groups were compared in a second experiment for 12 turkeys receiving the 4 feeds successively each day over 4 d in varying order. The turkeys consistently pecked the feeds of group 1 less and less efficiently compared with group 2. The automated measurement of pecking, combined with a more detailed image analysis of feed particles, might enhance the evaluation of the effects of feed technology on the behavior of turkeys and thus become a useful tool for the feed industry.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1972

Sotalol for the protection of turkeys from the development of -aminopropionitrile-induced aortic ruptures.

1. The influence of feeding 2 levels of sotalol on the incidence of beta-aminopropionitrile (BAPN)-induced aortic ruptures of immature turkeys was determined.2. Four of 22 turkeys fed 0.12% sotalol and 0.07% BAPN died of aortic ruptures, but 6 of 21 turkeys fed only BAPN died of the syndrome.3. Blood pressure, heart rate, aortic tensile strength, and aortic structure as seen by light- and electron-microscope were similar in turkeys fed BAPN alone or both BAPN and 0.12% sotalol concurrently.4. In a second experiment, 13 of 24 turkeys fed 0.7% BAPN alone died of aortic ruptures, but only 2 of 24 turkeys fed BAPN and 0.2% sotalol concurrently died of the disease.5. Aortic tensile strength was lower, heart rate was faster, alterations of aortic elastic fibres as seen by light- and electron-microscope were more severe, and aortic salt soluble collagen with a higher amino acid content was increased in turkeys fed only BAPN, as compared to turkeys fed both BAPN and 0.2% sotalol.

Aminopropionitrile↗
PubMed2002

Mechanical power output during running accelerations in wild turkeys.

We tested the hypothesis that the hindlimb muscles of wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) can produce maximal power during running accelerations. The mechanical power developed during single running steps was calculated from force-plate and high-speed video measurements as turkeys accelerated over a trackway. Steady-speed running steps and accelerations were compared to determine how turkeys alter their running mechanics from a low-power to a high-power gait. During maximal accelerations, turkeys eliminated two features of running mechanics that are characteristic of steady-speed running: (i) they produced purely propulsive horizontal ground reaction forces, with no braking forces, and (ii) they produced purely positive work during stance, with no decrease in the mechanical energy of the body during the step. The braking and propulsive forces ordinarily developed during steady-speed running are important for balance because they align the ground reaction force vector with the center of mass. Increases in acceleration in turkeys correlated with decreases in the angle of limb protraction at toe-down and increases in the angle of limb retraction at toe-off. These kinematic changes allow turkeys to maintain the alignment of the center of mass and ground reaction force vector during accelerations when large propulsive forces result in a forward-directed ground reaction force. During the highest accelerations, turkeys produced exclusively positive mechanical power. The measured power output during acceleration divided by the total hindlimb muscle mass yielded estimates of peak instantaneous power output in excess of 400 W kg(-1) hindlimb muscle mass. This value exceeds estimates of peak instantaneous power output of turkey muscle fibers. The mean power developed during the entire stance phase increased from approximately zero during steady-speed runs to more than 150 W kg(-1) muscle during the highest accelerations. The high power outputs observed during accelerations suggest that elastic energy storage and recovery may redistribute muscle power during acceleration. Elastic mechanisms may expand the functional range of muscle contractile elements in running animals by allowing muscles to vary their mechanical function from force-producing struts during steady-speed running to power-producing motors during acceleration.

Acceleration↗
PubMed2004

Safety of Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine strain 6/85 after backpassage in turkeys.

The objective of this research was to evaluate the safety of the 6/85 strain vaccine strain of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in turkeys by backpassing the vaccine strain up to 10 times by contact infection in turkeys and challenging turkeys with the resulting backpassaged strain. The vaccine strain, however, did not spread to in-contact turkeys, and it was necessary to reisolate the organism before challenging turkeys for the next passage. The challenge strain, therefore, was one that had been backpassaged four times in turkeys, with a total in vivo time in turkeys of 66 days. The backpassaged 6/85 vaccine strain was no different in pathogenicity than the original vaccine strain, except that at 10 days postchallenge, it was isolated in higher numbers from air sacs. Both the original 6/85 vaccine strain and the backpassaged strain were apathogenic in turkeys, except for a slightly increased diameter of the tracheal mucosa at 10 days postchallenge; at 20 days postchallenge the tracheal mucosal thickness was no different from that of controls.

Air Sacs↗
PubMed1983

Cecal microflora of turkeys fed low or high fiber diets: enumeration, identification, and determination of cellulolytic activity.

Examination of cecal contents or bacterial cultures thereof from turkeys fed either a high fiber (HF) or low fiber (LF) ration indicated that direct microscopic counts of microbes were significantly higher in HF-fed than in LF-fed birds. There was no significant difference in mean colony counts between the two groups of turkeys. In both LF and HF-fed birds, 77% of the microbes were Gram-positive rods, 14% Gram-negative rods, and 9% Gram-positive cocci. The predominant microorganism was Eubacterium, but Lactobacillus, Peptostreptococcus, Escherichia coli, Propionibacterium, and Bacteriodes were also isolated. Percentages of Peptostreptococcus were significantly greater in HF-fed turkeys and of E. coli were significantly greater in LF-fed turkeys. Yeasts were routinely found in both LF and HF-fed birds, but protozoa were not isolated. Turkeys fed the HF diet harbored significantly higher numbers of facultative microorganisms than did LF-fed birds. In pure cultures from turkeys preconditioned to a HF diet, there was a nonsignificant trend toward greater cellulolysis than in pure cultures from LF-fed turkeys. In contrast, cellulolysis by mixed cultures from HF-fed birds was significantly greater than that in mixed cultures from LF-fed turkeys.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Economic evaluation of total confinement and open range turkey production systems in Georgia.

An economic analysis of confinement and range turkey production systems was made for both tom and hen turkeys marketed in Georgia. Physical and economic differences were compared for total confinement and open range turkey production systems on a commercial scale. Georgia growers contract to grow a specified number of turkeys in total confinement to market in winter and spring months so processing plants can operate year-round. However, a larger number of turkeys are marketed during the summer and fall months. Many producers in parts of Georgia and other Southeastern states have changed from range systems to total confinement houses, which reduce any natural climatic advantages that the region has in open range production. This research revealed that total labor requirements are almost the same for the two systems. However, market weights for tom turkeys grown on range during the 1978 to 1981 period averaged .77 kg (1.7 lb) heavier with a .09 lower feed conversion than shown for total confinement flocks. Total production costs in 1981 excluding land and labor cost, with feed valued at $.22/kg ($.10/lb) for tom turkeys averaged $.0457/kg ($.0207/lb) lower for open range flocks than total confinement flocks. Performance records and cost analyses indicated that Georgia producers can grow both tom and hen turkeys to heavier weights more efficiently on open range than in total confinement for marketing during the summer, fall, and early winter months.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1984

Two avian luteinizing hormone radioimmunoassay procedures compared by measurement of changes during the ovulatory cycle of turkey and broiler hens.

Two radioimmunoassay (RIA) procedures for measuring avian luteinizing hormone (LH) were compared using divided aliquots of plasma samples collected during the ovulatory cycles of turkey and broiler breeder hens in three separate experiments. The RIA systems compared were the homologous turkey LH assay Wentworth et al. (1976) and the homologous chicken LH assay of Follett et al. (1972). Both assays provided the same assessment of circulating LH changes. The preovulatory surge of LH was observed 6 hr before ovulation in turkeys and 4 hr before ovulation in chickens. In addition, both assays detected an increase in chicken LH after ovulation, followed by a gradual decline prior to the next preovulatory surge. The correlation between RIA were highly significant (P less than .001) in each experiment. The crossreaction of purified ostrich LH, FSH, and TSH and of the alpha and beta subunits of turkey LH was assessed in each assay system. Ostrich LH, FSH, and TSH crossreacted in the chicken LH assay in a dose-related manner: ostrich LH showed the highest activity. Only ostrich TSH produced a response in the turkey assay that was dose related. The alpha subunit, but not the beta subunit, of turkey LH was quite potent in the chicken LH RIA, but neither subunit competed as well as the native hormone in the turkey RIA. Thus, the two LH antisera recognize different portions of the LH molecule. The chicken antiserum apparently recognizes a site on the alpha subunit that may be at least partially masked in the FSH and TSH molecules. The turkey antiserum recognizes a site on the native LH molecule that is altered when the subunits are separated.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Plasma insulin and glucagon levels and leg measurements of lame turkeys.

As insulin is a regulator of cartilage and bone growth, plasma levels of pancreatic hormones were determined in 41 lame male turkeys with long bone distortion and 42 control toms without leg deformities. Blood samples were collected 3.5 h following the removal of feed and then 1 h after the return of feed. The day following blood collection, toms, 119 days of age, were slaughtered to obtain leg measurements. Body weight, width, and length of the tarsometatarsus, presence of tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) lesions, pancreas weight, and plasma glucose did not differ between lame and control turkeys. A significantly greater proportion of growth plates of the tarsometatarsus was closed in the control as compared to the lame turkeys. Pancreas weight relative to BW was significantly greater for lame as compared to control turkeys. Plasma insulin was undetectable in both fasted lame and control turkeys. When feed was returned to the turkeys, plasma insulin concentrations were significantly lower in lame compared to control turkeys. The return of feed had no effect on plasma glucagon levels in controls, but concentrations were decreased significantly in lame birds. These data suggest that the regulation of plasma insulin and glucagon may be altered in lame turkeys perhaps contributing to the cause of long bone distortion.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1996

Effect of feed and water withdrawal on green liver discoloration, serum triglycerides, and hemoconcentration in turkeys.

Turkey poults at 1 d of age were obtained from a local hatchery (Experiment 1), or at 14 wk of age from a local grower (Experiment 2), and kept in floor pens with feed and water available for ad libitum consumption. When the turkeys reached 16 wk of age (Experiment 1) and 18 wk of age (Experiment 2), the treatments were established within a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement and consisted of ad libitum consumption of feed and water (control), or feed, water, or both feed and water withdrawal. In Experiment 1, 1 turkey per pen, 6 turkeys per treatment, were killed every 4 h for 32 h, and in Experiment 2, 10 turkeys per treatment were killed at 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, and 54 h after feed, or water, or both had been withdrawn. The turkeys were bled at sampling times 16 and 32 h in Experiment 1 and at each sampling time in Experiment 2. Serum was collected and hematological and clinical chemistries performed. The turkeys were examined for green liver discoloration and turkey osteomyelitis complex lesions. Withdrawal of feed, water, or both feed and water for up to 54 h did not affect the incidence of green liver discoloration in these studies. Serum triglyceride concentrations were the most sensitive blood constituent to either water or feed withdrawal, with reductions (P < or = 0.05) occurring at 16 h after feed withdrawal. Hemoconcentration resulted in an increase in hematocrit and hemoglobin levels 30 h after water withdrawal.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Fate of gamma-irradiated Listeria monocytogenes during refrigerated storage on raw or cooked turkey breast meat.

The radiation resistance and ability of Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 7644, 15313, 43256, and 49594 to multiply on irradiated, air-packed, refrigerated raw or cooked turkey breast meat nuggets (ca. 25 g) and ground turkey breast meat was investigated. Gamma-radiation D values for L. monocytogenes were significantly different on raw and cooked nuggets, 0.56 +/- 0.03 kGy and 0.69 +/- 0.03 kGy, respectively; but they were not significantly different (P < or = 0.05) on raw and cooked ground turkey meat. High populations (approximately 10(9) CFU/g) of L. monocytogenes declined during 14 days of storage at 4 degrees C in both irradiated and nonirradiated samples of raw but not of cooked ground turkey breast meat. A moderate inoculum (approximately 10(3) CFU/g) did not survive a radiation dose of 3 kGy. The population increased in cooked but not in raw samples of irradiated ground turkey meat stored at either 2 or 7 degrees C for 21 days. The D value changed significantly from 0.70 +/- 0.04 to 0.60 +/- 0.02 kGy when the product was cooked to an internal temperature of 80 degrees C before irradiation. Growth on either raw or cooked turkey meat did not alter the radiation resistance of L. monocytogenes. Analyses were performed for pH, aw, moisture, and reducing potential of raw and cooked turkey meat and for pH, amino acid profile, thiamine, and riboflavin contents of aqueous extracts of raw and cooked turkey meats without identifying the factor or factors involved in differences in the survival and multiplication of L. monocytogenes on raw and cooked meat.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Occurrence and seasonal transmission of hematozoa in wild turkeys.

The occurrence and seasonal patterns of transmission of the blood protozoa of wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris) were studied at Tallahala Wildlife Management Area (TWMA) (Jasper County, Mississippi, USA). Blood smears obtained from wild turkeys in winter, spring and summer, and from sentinel domestic turkeys throughout the year were examined for Haemoproteus meleagridis and Leucocytozoon smithi. Whole blood from wild turkeys captured in summer was subinoculated into malaria-free domestic turkey poults and recipient birds were examined for Plasmodium spp. The prevalence of H. meleagridis and L. smithi were not different (P greater than 0.05) between adults and juveniles or between male and female turkeys in any season. Leucocytozoon smithi was not detected in poults in summer or in juveniles examined in winter. Sentinel studies and information from wild birds revealed that transmission of H. meleagridis and L. smithi did not overlap. Haemoproteus meleagridis was transmitted from May through November, while L. smithi was transmitted only from January through April. The onset of transmission of H. meleagridis coincided with peak hatching (mid-May) and brood-rearing (May-November) of turkey poults. Plasmodium spp. were not found in turkeys from TWMA (n = 27) nor in birds from three widely separated counties (n = 28) in Mississippi.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Infectious disease survey of Rio Grande wild turkeys in the Edwards Plateau of Texas.

State wildlife agencies have translocated thousands of wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) since the 1930s to reestablish this species. Because of threats to the domestic poultry industry and wild birds, screening for selected infectious agents has become routine since the early 1980s. One of the principal sources for Rio Grande wild turkeys (M. gallopavo intermedia) for translocation purposes was the Edwards Plateau of Texas (USA). Unfortunately, turkey abundance has declined in the southern Edwards Plateau since the late 1970s. Surprisingly few studies have addressed wild turkeys in this region, perhaps reflecting its status as the heart of Rio Grande turkey range. We surveyed 70 free-living Rio Grande wild turkeys from Bandera and Kerr counties, Texas, for evidence of exposure to Salmonella typhimurium, S. pullorum, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, M. meleagridis, M. synoviae, Chlamydophila psittaci, and the avian influenza, Newcastle disease, turkey corona, and reticuloendotheliosis viruses. Of these, 80% (56) were seropositive for both M. gallisepticum and M. synoviae on the serum plate antigen test. Ten of these individuals (14% of total) were positive for M. synoviae by hemagglutination inhibition testing. All other serologic tests were negative. Two adult females sampled in Kerr County, whose body mass was significantly less than that of other adult females trapped in the area, tested positive for reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) proviral DNA on polymerase chain reaction. Reticuloendotheliosis virus was isolated from one of these individuals. The pathogenesis, transmission, and/or population-level influences of M. gallisepticum, M. synoviae, and REV in Rio Grande wild turkeys deserves further study.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Response of turkeys to simultaneous vaccination with hemorrhagic enteritis and Newcastle disease viruses.

The effects of single and combined vaccination of turkeys against hemorrhagic enteritis virus (HEV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) were investigated. Dual vaccination of turkeys with NDV-B1 and HEVp30 or marble spleen disease virus (MSDV) enhanced white mottling of the spleens and the apoptosis rate in spleen cells (P < 0.05). In addition, simultaneously vaccinated turkeys had fewer HEV-infected spleen cells at 4 days postvaccination than turkeys given HEVp30 or MSDV alone. The anti-HEV antibody response was significantly reduced at 14 days postvaccination (P < 0.05), whereas the anti-NDV antibody response was enhanced (P < 0.05) in turkeys vaccinated with HEVp30 + NDV-B1. Further, the effect of dual vaccination on macrophage function was studied. Spleen cells from NDV-B1-vaccinated turkeys were primed to produce nitric oxide (NO) after stimulation in vitro with lipopolysaccharide. Spleen cells from HEVp30- or MSDV-vaccinated turkeys did not produce NO after in vitro stimulation. In dual-vaccinated turkeys, the priming effect of NDV-B1 was reduced in comparison with single-inoculated birds.

Adenoviridae Infections↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Current malaria situation in Turkey].

Geographically, Turkey is situated in an area where malaria is very risky. The climatic conditions in the region are suitable for the malaria vector to proliferate. Due to agricultural infrastructural changes, GAP and other similar projects, insufficient environmental conditions, urbanization, national and international population moves, are a key to manage malaria control activities. It is estimated that malaria will be a potential danger for Turkey in the forthcoming years. The disease is located largely in south-eastern Anatolia. The Diyarbakir, Batman, Sanliurfa, Siirt, and Mardin districts are the most affected areas. In western districts, like Aydin and Manisa, an increase in the number of indigenous cases can be observed from time to time. This is due to workers moving from malaria districts to western parts to final work. Since these workers cannot be controlled, the population living in these regions get infected from indigenous cases. There were 84,345 malaria cases in 1994 and 82,096 in 1995, they decreased to 60,884 in 1996 and numbered 35,456 in 1997. They accounted for 36,842 and 20,963 in 1998 and 1999, respectively. In Turkey there are almost all cases of P. vivax malaria. There are also P. vivax and P. falciparum malaria cases coming from other countries: There were 321 P. vivax cases, including 2 P. falciparum ones, arriving to Turkey from Iraq in 1995. The P. vivax malaria cases accounted for 229 in 1996, and 67, cases P. vivax including 12 P. falciparum cases, in 1997, and 4 P. vivax cases in 1998 that came from that country. One P. vivax case entered Turkey from Georgia in 1998. The cause of higher incidence of P. vivax cases in 1995, it decreasing in 1999, is the lack of border controls over workers coming to Turkey. The other internationally imported cases are from Syria, Sudan, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Nigeria, India, Azerbaijan, Malaysia, Ghana, Indonesia, Yemen. Our examinations have shown that none of these internationally imported cases are important in transmitting the diseases. The districts where malaria cases occur are the places where population moves are rapid, agriculture is the main occupation, the increase in the population is high and the education/cultural level is low. Within years, the districts with high malaria cases also differ. Before 1990 Cucurova and Amikova were the places that showed the highest incidence of malaria. Since 1990, the number of cases from south-eastern Anatolia has started to rise. The main reasons for this change are a comprehensive malaria prevention programme, regional development, developed agricultural systems, and lower population movements. The 1999 statistical data indicate that 83 and 17% of all malaria cases are observed in the GAP and other districts, respectively. The distribution of malaria cases in Turkey differs by months and climatic conditions. The incidence of malaria starts to rise in March, reaching its peak in July, August and September, begins to fall in October. In other words, the number of malaria cases is lowest in winter and reaches its peak in summer and autumn. This is not due to the parasite itself, but a climatic change is a main reason. In the past years the comprehensive malaria prevention programme has started bearing its fruits. Within the WHO Roll Back Malaria strategies, Turkey has started to implement its national malaria control projects, the meeting held on March 22, 2000, coordinated the country's international cooperation for this purpose. The meeting considered the aim of the project to be introduced into other organizations. In this regards, the target for 2002 is to halve the incidence of malaria as compared to 1999. The middle--and long-term incidence of malaria will be lowered to even smaller figures. The objectives of this project are as follows: to integrate malaria services with primary health care services to prove more effective studies; to develop early diagnosis and treatment systems, to provide better diagnostic services, and to develop mobile diagnostic ones; to make radical treatment and monitoring patients; to conduct regular active case surveillance studies; to conduct regular vector control studies; to monitor the sensitivity of vectors to insecticides and to provide their alternatives; to design malaria control studies for the specialists of districts; to implement educational programmes among the population and attract it in controlling malaria.

Humans↗
PubMed1991

Prevalence of malaria parasites in turkeys of the Nsukka area in the Anambra State, Nigeria.

Blood smears of 202 turkeys (94 males and 108 females) in the Nsukka area (Nigeria) were examined for malaria parasites. Among the turkeys examined 44.1% (95% confidence interval, 0.441 +/- 0.069) were infected with Plasmodium spp., 46.8% males and 41.7% females. A total of 175 adults and 27 growing turkeys (aged 6-16 weeks) were examined and 45.7 and 33.3%, respectively were infected. Twenty out of 60 reared turkeys under intensive management systems and 65 of 142 turkeys managed semi-intensively were infected. The mean PCV value for the infected turkeys was 29.95 +/- 3.36% and significantly different (P less than 0.01) from the mean PCV value of 37.3 +/- 3.7 obtained from the uninfected turkeys. Eleven out of the 89 positive cases were clinical cases. Four critically sick turkeys died one day after treatment. Chloroquine phosphate at 5 mg/kg body weight administered i.m daily for 3 days or 250 mg tablets given orally for 5 days as well as a parenteral administration of pyrimethamine (0.3 mg/kg body weight) for 2 days were effective in the treatment of the infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Pathogenesis of rotavirus infection in various age groups of chickens and turkeys: pathology.

Various age groups of turkeys, White Leghorn chickens, and broiler chickens were inoculated with turkey rotavirus strain Tu-2 or with chicken rotavirus Ch-2, and the development of rotavirus-induced lesions were evaluated macroscopically and microscopically (light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy). Morphometric evaluations were conducted to determine morphologic changes in the villi of infected turkeys. Macroscopic lesions that were found in turkeys, but not in chickens, consisted of pallor of the intestinal tract and distension of the cecum with frothy or nonfrothy fluid contents. Histologic lesions in turkeys consisted of basal vacuolation of enterocytes, separation of enterocytes from the lamina propria (with subsequent desquamation), villus atrophy accompanied by widening of the lamina propria, scalloping of the villus surface, fusion of the villi, and leukocytic infiltration of the lamina propria. Scanning electron microscopy indicated roughened villus surfaces, distortion of the normal morphologic features of the villi, and loss of microvilli in cells located on the tips of the villi. Most of the lesions disappeared by 8 days after inoculation. Results of the morphometric evaluations indicated that the crypt length had increased and the villus-to-crypt ratio had significantly decreased, compared with that of noninoculated control turkeys. Broilers greater than or equal to 21 days old and White Leghorn chickens greater than or equal to 35 days old had minimal leukocytic infiltration of the lamina propria and minimal loss of microvilli in cells located on the tips of the villi. The loss of microvilli was more extensive in chickens greater than or equal to 119 days old than in younger birds. Generally, turkeys 1 to 112 days old developed more severe lesions than did chickens, and lesions were more pronounced in turkeys at 112 days of age.

Age Factors↗