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At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Microevolution and genetic affinities among six Amerindian tribes of lower Central America: comparative genetic study of serum proteins.

We evaluate the pattern of genetic variation among native Mesoamerican Amerindians by the construction of a gene frequency map that reflects the past action of evolutionary forces. The analysis is based on the theory that genes of modern human populations carry the encoded history even of humans' remote past and their early wanderings around the globe. We examined the serum proteins TF, PI, F13B and AHSG on 491 samples of 6 Mesoamerican Amerindian tribes (Guaymi, Bribri, Cabecar, Teribe, Guatuso, and Huetar) and 2 tribal mixed samples (Teribe x Guaymi and Bribri x Cabecar). We find a distinct genetic pattern in the examined tribes that clearly separates the Mesoamerican Amerindians from other living Amerindian groups. The proteins, TF, PI, and AHSG proved to be especially rich in special genetically fixed variants and polymorphisms, and F13B proved to be a powerful genetic marker to distinguish human groups. Using Nei's distance D and Mahalanobis's D2, we compared the polymorphisms and allele frequencies at the four serum protein loci to discern degrees of similarity between the samples. These data are presented in the dendrograms computed by average linkage cluster analyses and in two kinds of unrooted phylogenetic trees, neighbor-joining trees and split decompositions. Estimations are made on Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and on genetic diversity and average heterozygosity index.

Blood Proteins↗
PubMed1996

Bilateral asymmetry in dental discrete traits in human isolates: south Sinai Bedouin tribes.

Data are presented on dental morphology as adjudged from dental casts of children (boys and girls) 6-13 years of age from four Bedouin tribes of Southern Sinai (Gebeliya, Muzeina, Hamada and Aliquat) and a mixed group designated as "other tribes", (Awlad Said, Gararsha, Sawalcha, Haweitat and Beni-Wassal). Alginate was the impression material used and the casts were made of artificial stone poured into the irreversible hydrocolloid impression. A total of 352 casts were available for study. In the maxilla, 29 dental discrete traits of permanent teeth and 2 traits of deciduous teeth were observed, and in the mandible, 24 traits of permanent teeth and 2 traits of deciduous teeth; in all, 57 traits were observed. Only clear traits were considered. From the studied 57 traits only 30 morphological traits were used for the estimation of the asymmetry. Total symmetry was observed in 2 mandibular teeth and traits: a) Lateral incisor-LI-slight inclination; b) Canine-Cn-no lingual cingulum and in 3 maxillary teeth and traits a) Central incisor-CI-slight convexity of labial profile curvature; b) First premolar-PM1-intercuspal distance more than 3 mm; and c) Second molar,-M2-pit groove pattern similar to the first molar. Low values of asymmetry (1-5.1%) were observed in traits describing outline form and shape, surface outline, and number of cusps in three maxillary and two mandibular teeth (nine discrete traits). High values of asymmetry (12.7-37.0%) were observed regarding traits describing styles on slopes, ridges, pits, grooves and lingual tubercles in three maxillary and one mandibular teeth (15 discrete traits). The high rate in molars was higher than that in the incisors. A higher rate of asymmetry occurred in the maxilla than in the mandible.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosome-specific polymorphisms in the Seminole Tribe of Florida.

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence variation was examined in 37 Seminoles from Florida by polymerase chain reaction amplification and high resolution restriction endonuclease analysis. The Y chromosome TaqI restriction fragment length polymorphisms detected by the probes 49a, 49f, and 12f2 were examined in the 26 males of this group. Analysis of the mtDNA revealed that all four Native American haplogroups (A, B, C and D) were present in the Seminoles encompassing about 95% of the Seminole mtDNAs. No European mtDNAs were found among the Seminoles, but two mtDNAs (about 5%) were members of the African-specific haplogroup L1, thus indicating that a limited number of African women were incorporated in the Seminole tribe. Analysis of Y chromosome haplotypes supports the hypothesis that haplotypes 18 and 63 are the most likely founding Native American Y chromosome haplotypes from Asia. However, 11% of the Seminole Y chromosomes represented haplotypes generally attributed to Europeans, though none harbored standard African haplotypes. These findings support historical evidence that the Seminole tribe has integrated individuals of European and African ancestry, but suggests that the sex ratio of nonnatives from different continents may have varied.

DNA↗
PubMed2002

The increasing incidence of coronary artery disease and cardiovascular risk factors among a Southwest Native American tribe: the White Mountain Apache Heart Study.

BACKGROUND: Rates of cardiovascular disease and its risk factors seem to be increasing in American Indian populations, yet these changes have received little documentation. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate incidence rates of coronary artery disease, acute myocardial infarction, and cardiac events during a 10-year period (1987-1996); to assess cardiac risk factors for an American Indian tribe in Arizona. METHODS: A retrospective medical chart review was performed for tribal members from January 1, 1987-December 31, 1996. Patient records with even minor indications of coronary disease were reviewed independently by 2 cardiologists of the Native American Cardiology Program. Multiple databases were reviewed in an effort to find all diagnoses, and incidence rates were calculated and analyzed for increasing trends. Cardiac risk factors were assessed in a population convenience sample. RESULTS: From 1987 through 1996, the number of incident cases increased from 3 to 18 for coronary artery disease, 1 to 10 for acute myocardial infarction, and 3 to 26 for cardiac events. Statistically significant increasing trends were calculated for each. Of our youthful convenience sample, 49% had 2 or more cardiac risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms increasing rates of coronary artery disease and its comorbidities in this American Indian population and demonstrates high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among tribal members without extant coronary disease. This suggests that coronary disease will likely continue to increase as this population ages. To prevent such increases, culturally appropriate, aggressive preventive interventions are needed.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prevalence of eight molecular markers associated with thrombotic diseases in six Amerindian tribes and two African groups of Costa Rica.

Individuals belonging to six different Amerindian tribes and two African groups of Costa Rica were genotyped for factor V Leiden (FV), factor V haplotype HR2 (FV HR2), Factor II 20210G>A (FII), the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), factor VII polymorphisms (FVII IVS7, FVII R353Q), factor XIII (FXIII V34L), and the insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of the gene of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). Clear differences in the prevalence were found and are first reported. The prevalence of some of the established genetic risk factors was low in Amerindians of Costa Rica (ACE) or even absent (FVL, FII), and others (MTHFR, FVHR2) had an extremely high prevalence. People of African origin carried very rare FVL or FII polymorphisms, but the DD genotype of ACE is the highest reported. Concerning the protective factors, the QQ genotype of FVII R353Q was absent in Amerindians, but the protective 7/7 genotype of FVII IVS7 frequently found. Novel alleles of FVII IVS7 (4, 8, and 9 monomers) were found. Intertribal heterogeneity was observed that may reflect the evolutionary history of these tribal groups and their admixture with other populations.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed1975

Genetic distances among the Ho tribe and other groups of Central Indians.

The Ho, a settled tribal group of Chota Nagpur, India, were tested for five genetic characters. Genetic distance among eleven tribal groups of Bihar, Orissa and Madhya Pradesh are calculated according to Edwards ('71). Affinities of these tribes are discussed taking into consideration the languages spoken by them. These breeding groups may have drifted apart along the paths of their dialect differentiations. Cultural and geographical factors further enhanced their isolation.

Blood Group Antigens↗
PubMed2007

Peopling of South Asia: investigating the caste-tribe continuum in India.

In recent years, mtDNA and Y chromosome studies involving human populations from South Asia and the rest of the world have revealed new insights about the peopling of the world by anatomically modern humans during the late Pleistocene, some 40,000-60,000 years ago, over the southern coastal route from Africa. Molecular studies and archaeological record are both largely consistent with autochthonous differentiation of the genetic structure of the caste and tribal populations in South Asia. High level of endogamy created by numerous social boundaries within and between castes and tribes, along with the influence of several evolutionary forces such as genetic drift, fragmentation and long-term isolation, has kept the Indian populations diverse and distant from each other as well as from other continental populations. This review attempts to summarize recent genetic studies on Indian caste and tribal populations with the focus on the information embedded in the socially defined structure of Indian populations.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Molecular systematics of the old world monkey tribe papionini: analysis of the total available genetic sequences.

The phylogenetic relationships among the genera of the tribe Papionini are inferred using a taxonomic congruence approach in which gene trees derived for eight unlinked genetic sequence datasets are compared. Population genetics theory predicts that species relationships will be revealed with greater probability when the topology of gene trees from many unlinked loci are found to be congruent. The theory underlying this approach is described. Monophyly of the mangabeys is not supported by any of the gene trees; instead, they are polyphyletic with Cercocebus found to be the sister taxon to Mandrillus in five gene trees (with no conflicting trees), and Lophocebus found to be closely related to Papio and/or Theropithecus in all trees. Theropithecus and Papio are not strongly supported as sister taxa (present in one or two trees only);Lophocebus and Papio are supported as sister taxa in the majority of trees. A close relationship between Mandrillus and Papio is not supported in any of the trees.The relationships among Papio, Lophocebus, and Theropithecus cannot be resolved by congruence, probably due to the short time interval estimated between their divergences. The mtDNA COII sequences are used to estimate divergence dates within the papionins. The internode between the divergences of these species is estimated to be between 290 ka and 370 ka. Lastly, the evolution of morphological features such as long faces, suborbital facial fossae, and terrestrial skeletal adaptations is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Phylogeny of fungus-growing ants (Tribe Attini) based on mtDNA sequence and morphology.

We examined the phylogenetic relationships among taxa of attine or "fungus-growing" ants (Tribe Attini) using parsimony analyses of molecular and morphological data. We sequenced a region of mitochondrial DNA from 13 taxa of attines and from one closely related outgroup species, Wasmannia auropunctata. Our study sequence included the 3' end of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (CO I) locus (183 to 198 total sites; 91 informative sites), an intergenic spacer region of variable size (0 to 152 sites), the tRNA leucine locus (65 to 74 sites), and the 5' end of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit II (co II) locus (292 total sites; 140 informative sites). The inferred relationships among the attine taxa based on an unweighted analysis of the nucleotide sequence data closely matched the relationships inferred from an analysis of larval morphological characters from 11 of the taxa. In fact, the inferred relationships were completely congruent among the protein parsimony analysis of amino acid data, the morphology analysis, and "total evidence" analysis combining the amino acid and morphology data. The congruent conclusions we obtained from two independent data sets increases our confidence in the reliability of our analyses.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Comparing molecular evolution in two mitochondrial protein coding genes (cytochrome b and ND2) in the dabbling ducks (Tribe: Anatini).

Rates of sequence evolution were estimated for the cytochrome b (cyt b) and NADH dehydrogenase sub-unit 2 (ND2) genes using a phylogeny of the dabbling ducks (Tribe: Anatini) and outgroups. This speciose group was densely sampled, reducing the impact of undetected homoplasy on rate comparisons. Phylogenies based on sequences of the two gene regions and various weighting schemes differed, but most of the differences involved weakly supported nodes. In addition, partition homogeneity tests show that these differences were not due to statistically significant conflict between the data sets. Cyt b and ND2 also showed similar rates and types of both nucleotide and amino acid substitutions. For both genes, substitutions between isoleucine and valine and between alanine and threonine were most common; both of these substitution types are the result of A-G transitions at first positions of codons. Rates of sequence evolution varied substantially and significantly among nucleotide positions, and even within a given codon position (first, second, or third), rates were significantly heterogeneous among sites. Within Anatini, cyt b and ND2 show similar levels of variation and homoplasy, and are equally useful for reconstructing the species level phylogeny of this group.

Amino Acid Substitution↗
PubMed1999

Systematic relationships within the dasyurid marsupial tribe Sminthopsini--a multigene approach.

We report analyses of complete DNA sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b (1146 bp), 12S rRNA (974 bp), partial control region (371 bp) loci, and the nuclear protamine P1 (616 bp) gene from all but one species (Sminthopsis butleri) of the dasyurid marsupial tribe Sminthopsini, as well as several outgroups. Parsimony analyses of combined nuclear and mitochondrial data suggest that Antechinomys is sister to a clade consisting of Sminthopsis and Ningaui. Parsimony, maximum-likelihood, and mixed-model distance analyses consistently resolve several species groups within Sminthopsis. The Macroura group includes S. macroura, S. virginiae, S. douglasi, and S. bindi; S. butleri is also included here on the basis of partial 12S rRNA sequences. S. crassicaudata is resolved as sister to the Macroura clade. The Murina group includes S. murina, S. leucopus, S. gilberti, S. dolichura, and S. archeri. S. griseoventer and S. aitkeni are resolved as a clade, and there is moderate support for a group consisting of the genetically divergent species S. psammophila, S. hirtipes, S. youngsoni, and S. ooldea (possibly along with S. longicaudata and S. granulipes). Compositions of species groups are partially congruent with clades previously proposed on the basis of morphological data. Radiations within Sminthopsini appear to be coincident with major environmental changes since the mid-Miocene.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Molecular phylogeny of swallowtail butterflies of the tribe Papilionini (Papilionidae, Lepidoptera).

Swallowtail butterflies of the tribe Papilionini number about 225 species and are currently used as model organisms in several research areas, including genetics, chemical ecology and phylogenetics of host plant utilization and mimicry, mechanisms of speciation, and conservation. We have inferred phylogenetic relationships for a sample of 18 species of the genus Papilio (sensu lato) and five outgroup taxa by sequencing two stretches of mitochondrial DNA that correspond to segments 12886-13370 and 12083-12545 of Drosophila melanogaster mitochondrial DNA and consist of sections of the genes for the large ribosomal RNA and subunit 1 of NADH-dehydrogenase. Our data support the monophyly of Papilio and, within it, of several traditionally recognized subgroups. Species belonging to groups that utilize primarily Rutaceae as larval foodplants form two clusters, corresponding to Old World and American taxa, respectively, while two previously recognized clades-of American and South Asian-Austronesian origin-whose members were known to feed mostly on Lauraceae and Magnoliaceae, are observed to form a clade. The sister group of Papilio is found to be the South Asian genus Meandrusa, which also happens to feed on Lauraceae. The latter plant family is therefore the probable larval host of the ancestor Papilio and the shift to Rutaceae (which four-fifths of extant Papilio species use as foodplants) is more likely to have occurred only after the initial diversification of the genus.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Molecular basis of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency in three Taiwan aboriginal tribes.

We have investigated glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency in 220 unrelated aboriginal male subjects who belong to three different tribes (Saisiat, Ami, and Yami) in Taiwan. Our results show that the G6PD deficiency rates for Saisiat, Ami, and Yami people are 9.0% (6/67), 6.1% (6/99), and 0% (0/54), respectively. Among these deficiency cases, 4 of 6 (66.7%) Saisiat subjects have the 493 A-->G mutation and one carries the 1376 G-->T mutation, whereas, in Ami subjects, we found that four of six (66.7%) affected males have the 592 C-->T mutation and one carries the 493 A-->G mutation. These results contrast with our previous findings for Taiwan Chinese, in whom the 1376 G-->T mutation is the major mutant allele and accounts for 52.3% of the deficiency cases. This is the first report of G6PD deficiency characterized at the DNA level in Taiwan aboriginal populations.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1978

Mutation rates from rare variants of proteins in Indian tribes.

Recent attempts to estimate mutation rates in man have resulted in some theoretical developments. Recently, Nei (1977) provided a new formula for estimating mutation rates from electrophoretically detected rare protein variants. His formula is applied here to estimated mutation rates from such variants among the Kadars of Kerala and five tribes of Andhra Pradesh in India. The estimates seem to differ from Nei's estimate on South American Indians by an order of magnitude, although the standard errors associated with such estimates are rather large.

Ethnicity↗
PubMed2000

Behavioral health funding for Native Americans in Arizona: policy implications for states and tribes.

This article examines the principal structures and mechanisms used by federal and state government to fund the behavioral health needs of Native American Indians. Using Arizona as a case study, the article provides an overview of both federal and state programs, especially Medicaid, discussing the problems and strengths of each. The article concludes with a discussion of the policy implications of these programs for both states and tribes, focusing on issues concerning administrative complexity, tribal sovereignty, improving behavioral health services, and assignment of financial risk.

Financing, Government↗
PubMed1985

Assay of extracellular proteinases using a colorimetric collagen substrate for the differentiation of Serratia in the tribe Klebsielleae.

The gelatin test has been utilized for many years as a characteristic to separate the genus Serratia from other members of the tribe Klebsielleae. Gelatin is a large protein matrix that cannot diffuse into bacterial cells. Microbes that attack gelatin do so by producing extracellular proteinases. The measurement of gelatinase has suffered from the lack of a definable endpoint and the inability to quantitate the enzyme. A method was developed utilizing an azo-dye-labelled collagen substrate that could measure the extracellular proteinase of serratia. The test was easy to perform, inexpensive, and potentially quantifiable. The azo-dye test corresponded completely with the gelatinase tests.

Collagen↗
PubMed1999

Selective medium for primary isolation of members of the tribe Proteeae.

A selective Proteeae medium (SPM) for isolation and preliminary detection of species of genera Proteus, Morganella, and Providencia was evaluated. The SPM contains tryptose phosphate agar with phenolphthalein monophosphate (as substrate for phosphatase activity), bile salts and polymyxin B (as inhibitors). The selectivity of the SPM was tested by the ecometric method of quality assurance of culture media. Fourteen reference cultures of enterobacteria and fifty-four strains of Proteeae were tested for their absolute growth index (AGI). Ninety-five percent of tested Proteeae strains display an AGI above 2.5. The detected phosphatase activity proved to be able to discriminate colonies of members of the tribe Proteeae. The ability of SPM for primary isolation of members of Proteeae was tested on food and clinical material and 94 strains were isolated. In addition, the SPM was employed in routine practice of clinical microbiology. From 1016 clinical samples (stool, urine, vaginal and urethral swabs), 57 strains of Proteeae were detected by the SPM in contrast to 35 strains by the routine procedure. The difference amounts to nearly 40%.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMed2006

Sperm bundle and reproductive organs of carabid beetles tribe Pterostichini (Coleoptera: Carabidae).

The morphological characteristics of sperm and reproductive organs may offer clues as to how reproductive systems have evolved. In this paper, the morphologies of the sperm and male reproductive organs of carabid beetles in the tribe Pterostichini (Coleoptera: Carabidae) are described, and the morphological associations among characters are examined. All species form sperm bundles in which the head of the sperm was embedded in a rod-shaped structure, i.e., spermatodesm. The spermatodesm shape (left-handed spiral, right-handed spiral, or without conspicuous spiral structure) and the condition of the sperm on the spermatodesm surface (with the tail free-moving or forming a thin, sheetlike structure) vary among species. In all species, the spiral directions of the convoluted seminal vesicles and vasa deferentia are the same on both sides of the body; that is, they show an asymmetric structure. The species in which the sperm bundle and the seminal vesicles both have a spiral structure could be classified into two types, with significant differences in sperm-bundle length between the two types. The species with a sperm-bundle spiral and seminal-vesicle spiral of almost the same diameter have longer sperm bundles than the species with a sperm-bundle spiral and seminal-vesicle tube of almost the same diameter. In the former type, the spiral directions of the sperm bundles and seminal vesicles are inevitably the same, whereas they differ in some species with the later type. Therefore, increased sperm bundle length appears to have been facilitated by the concordance of the sperm bundle's coiling direction with the coiling direction of the seminal vesicle.

Animals↗