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At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

A comparison of Ixodes rubicundus (Acari: Ixodidae) infestations on Friesian and Bonsmara cattle in South Africa.

This study was conducted to compare the relative resistance of crossbred Bos indicus X B. taurus Bonsmara and B. taurus Friesian cattle to Ixodes rubicundus (Karoo paralysis tick) infestations. During periods of peak abundance of the ticks, Friesian oxen harboured almost twice or more than twice as many ticks as either Bonsmara oxen or cows. During periods of low tick abundance tick burdens on both cattle breeds were closely similar. It is envisaged that cattle can play an important role in an integrated control strategy against the Karoo paralysis tick.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Ixodid tick attacks on man in Israel: medical implications.

Various species of ixodid ticks that have been recorded to attack man were surveyed, and boutonneuse fever caused by Rickettsia conorii, which is transmitted in Israel by Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l., is reviewed. Only in one case were a complement fixation test and exact determination of the species of the tick performed. Tick toxicosis and tick paralysis are discussed, and the possibility of human babesiosis and Lyme disease or erythema chronicum migrans appearing in Israel is considered.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

The clinical features of tick bite.

The clinical features of bites by the Australian scrub tick, Ixodes holocyclus, are reviewed. Eight cases of tick bite are summarized, including six new cases of tick paralysis in children. In almost all cases neuroparalysis became worse transiently, after the tick had been removed. One child with life-threatening respiratory and bulbar palsy received canine antitick antivenene, with rapid reversal of clinical signs. The differential diagnosis of tick bite includes all acute childhood diseases which can affect the motor units; the importance of including the possibility of tick envenomation in the differential diagnosis of acute weakness or paralysis in children is illustrated. The clinical features of neuromuscular paralysis are described, together with a review of the tick's local effects at the bite site.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Seasonal occurrence of Karoo paralysis in Angora goats in relation to the infestation density of female Ixodes rubicundus.

The seasonal occurrence of Karoo paralysis in relation to the infestation density of female Ixodes rubicundus was investigated in an enzootic area of the southwestern Orange Free State, South Africa. Young and adult Angora goats were exposed to infestation during two paralysis tick seasons. Only the young goats became paralysed and their infestation densities (female ticks kg-1 host body weight) were significantly higher than those of healthy animals. The infestation densities on paralysed goats varied between 0.64 and 3.56 ticks kg-1. During the 1988 season, 30% of the naive young goats became paralysed compared with 67% the following season. Twenty-nine percent of previously paralysed goats were paralysed again during the same season. Paralysis occurred during periods of peak tick activity (April-June).

Age Factors↗
PubMed2001

Ixodes rubicundus nymphs are short-day diapause-induced ticks with thermolabile sensitivity and desiccation resistance.

The Karoo Paralysis tick, Ixodes rubicundus Neumann (Acari: Ixodidae), is a semi-voltine ixodid that survives stressful environmental conditions using morphogenetic diapause (eggs and engorged nymphs) and desiccation resistance. Both photoperiod and temperature influence diapause induction in the engorged nymph. Ixodes rubicundus nymphs are typical long-day photoperiodic organisms. The critical photoperiod is approximately 13.5 h light, 10.5 h dark, and they display a thermolabile response. The period between detachment and apolysis in engorged nymphs is modified by photoperiod; however, apolysis to ecdysis is not affected by photoperiod. Thus, initiation of development, but not the actual process is controlled by photoperiod. Most engorged nymphs delayed metamorphosis when exposed to short-day regimen (LD 12 : 12 h) after feeding. Nymphs exposed to pre- and post-feeding long-day regimen (LD 14 : 10 h) developed. Times for 50% of nymphs to apolyse when exposed to photoperiods of LD 14 : 10 h, 13.5 : 10.5 h, 13 : 11 h and 12 : 12 h were 28, 36, 40 and 58 days, respectively. Times for 50% of engorged nymphs to ecdyse ranged from 38 to 40 days after apolysis. Nymphs were sensitive to photoperiodic exposures before, during and after feeding. Nymphs exposed to long day (LD 14 :10 h) before and during feeding, moulted at 20 degrees C; however, most exposed to 10 degrees C followed by 20 degrees C (post-feeding) went into diapause. Both short- (10 : 14 h) and long- (14 : 10 h) day exposed engorged nymphs survived 45 days at 0% r.h. (n = 73), but diapause-destined ticks kept at 13 degrees C lost the least mass (29.5+/-9.5%, SD), while nondiapause ticks at 23 degrees C lost the most (48.7+/-8.2%, SD). Termination of diapause and transition to development probably coincides with a definite increase of water vapour uptake by engorged nymphs. Comparatively, I. rubicundus engorged nymphs are more desiccation tolerant than a North-American counterpart, Amblyomma cajennense (Fabricius) (Acari: Ixodidae), which is also semi-arid- to xeric-adapted. Diapause conveys important survival attributes that enable engorged I. rubicundus nymphs to inhabit a semi-arid environment with great temperature extremes, and to synchronize their activity periods with seasons and host utilization patterns.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Aggregation pheromones in 2 Australian hard ticks, Ixodes holocyclus and Aponomma concolor.

The presence of an aggregation pheromone has been demonstrated for the first time in indigenous Australian ticks. Filter paper discs exposed to either Australian paralysis ticks Ixodes holocyclus or echidna ticks Aponomma concolor showed inter-sex or intra-sex attraction for ticks of their own species. Nymphal exuviae of Ap, concolor were highly attractive to adult ticks. Discs were significantly attractive to I. holocyclus at distances up to 80 cm.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Vectors vs. humans in Australia--who is on top down under? An update on vector-borne disease and research on vectors in Australia.

Australia has a diversity of vectors and vector-borne human diseases. Mosquito-borne arboviruses are of greatest concern, but there are issues with other vector and pathogen systems. Mosquitoes were responsible for more than 35,000 cases of Ross River virus during 1991-1997. Barmah Forest virus is increasing nationwide, and unidentified bunyaviruses suspected of causing illness have been isolated. Cases of Murray Valley encephalitis have occurred in 14 of the past 20 years in northern Australia. Dengue is a continuing problem for northern Queensland, with various serotypes being active. Japanese encephalitis has appeared in the Torres Strait Islands and threatens mainland Australia. Although malaria is eradicated, almost 1,000 cases are imported annually and occasional cases of local transmission occur. With ticks, paralysis in children occurs annually in eastern Australia. Tick typhus (Queensland Tick Typhus--Rickettsia australis) occurs down the east coast, and (Flinders Island Spotted Fever--Rickettsia honei) in Bass Strait and probably Tasmania. Lyme disease is reported but its presence is controversial. Fleas were responsible for a recent outbreak of murine typhus (Rickettsia typhi) in Western Australia. Mites cause scrub typhus (Orientia tsutsugamushi), and there was a recent fatality in the Northern Territory. Overall, resources for investigation and control of vector-borne disease have generally been meager. However, various avenues of basic and applied research have been pursued, and have included investigations into mosquito ecology, vector competence, disease epidemiology, and vector control. Disease surveillance programs vary between states, and mosquito control programs are organized and effective in only a few regions. There are concerns for import of vectors such as Aedes albopictus and export of pathogens such as Ross River virus; the former has occurred but the species has not become established, and the latter has occurred and has resulted in a major outbreak in the South Pacific. The predicted scenarios of increased temperature and rainfall with global warming are also causing concern for increases in vector-borne diseases, particularly the endemic arboviruses. Interest by health authorities is gravitating more towards epidemiological reporting and less towards public health action. In many respects, humans have much to do to get 'on top' of vectors and their pathogens 'down under' in Australia.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

A ten-year study of tick biting in Mississippi: implications for human disease transmission.

To determine exactly which tick species bit people in Mississippi, information was gathered on ticks involved in human biting cases for the ten-year period, January 1, 1990-December 31, 1999. Specimens were identified by the author and, in most cases, confirmed by personnel at the Institute of Arthropodology and Parasitology, Georgia Southern University. A total of 119 ticks were recovered from 73 humans during the study period. Seven tick species were represented; most common included the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum, the gulf coast tick, A. maculatum, the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis, and the black-legged deer tick, Ixodes scapularis. Interestingly, no immature Ixodes scapularis were collected. there were several unusual records. Twelve larvae of Amblyomma tuberculatum, a species associated with the gopher tortoise, were removed from a patient. Two Dermacentor albipictus larvae were collected from an elderly woman with no travel history except her backyard. One Dermacentor sp. nymph, removed from a man in central MS, was not even a North American species. One adult female Dermacentor variabilis was involved in a clinical case of tick paralysis. These findings indicate that, although we know which tick species are common human biters, unusual/unreported tick-human interactions may be more common than we think.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Active immunisation against human tick-borne diseases.

With the development and licensure of a recombinant vaccine for the tick-borne infection Lyme disease, more attention has been paid to other vaccines that have been used or are being developed for the prevention of other tick-borne infections. This review highlights vaccine information for Lyme borreliosis, tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), Rocky Mountain spotted fever, tularaemia, Query (Q) fever, Kyasanur Forest disease (KFD) and tick paralysis. Additionally, discussion on the use of immunisation against the tick itself is included which not only can decrease veterinary tick burdens but may also decrease the transmission of arthropod-transmitted diseases.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.) guidelines for evaluating the efficacy of acaricides against ticks (Ixodidae) on ruminants.

These guidelines have been prepared to assist in the planning, conduct and interpretation of studies for the assessment of the efficacy of acaricides (excluding vaccines and other bio-control agents) against single and multi-host ticks (Ixodidae) on ruminants. Information is provided on the selection of animals, dose determination, dose confirmation and field studies, record keeping and result interpretation. The use of pen facilities is advocated for dose determination and confirmation studies for defining therapeutic and persistent efficacy. A minimum of two studies per tick species for which claims are sought is recommended for each dose determination and dose confirmation investigation. If dose confirmation studies demonstrate greater than 95% efficacy the sponsor may proceed to field studies, where a minimum of two studies per geographical location is preferred to confirm the therapeutic and persistent efficacy under field conditions. If dose confirmation studies demonstrate less than 95% efficacy then longer-term field studies can be conducted over two tick seasons with a minimum of two studies per geographical location. These studies can incorporate other control methods such as tick vaccines, to demonstrate stable long-term tick management. Specific advice is also given on conducting studies with paralysis ticks. These guidelines are also intended to assist investigators on how to conduct specific experiments, to provide specific information for registration authorities involved in the decision-making process, to assist in the approval and registration of new acaricides, and to facilitate the worldwide adoption of standard procedures.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Detection and micro-scale isolation of a low molecular mass paralysis toxin from the tick, Argas (Persicargas) walkerae.

This study describes the isolation of a 11 kDa paralysis toxin from crude larval extracts of Argas (Persicargas) walkerae by exploiting the cross-reactivity of a monoclonal antibody (4B12), directed against the paralysis toxin of Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi. This low molecular mass is in contrast to previous findings of a 60-70 kDa toxin for A. (P.) walkerae, but is similar to neurotoxins isolated from venomous forms of the class Arachnida, which comprise the orders Araneae (spiders). Scorpionida (Scorpions) and Acari (ticks and mites). Since numerous antigenic bands, ranging between 11 and 115 kDa, were detected by the monoclonal antibody 4B12, the possibility of toxin-complex formation and the effect of pH on the latter were investigated by means of HPLC and ammonium sulphate precipitation. The results suggest that physiological conditions, with respect to pH and ionic strength, promote the formation of heterogeneous toxin-complexes while an acidic pH favours the formation of a more homogeneous toxin-containing complex. Furthermore, the effect of partially purified toxin on neurotransmitter release from crude rat brain synaptosomes was investigated, since tick paralysis toxins are hypothesised to inhibit neurotransmitter release from the presynaptic terminal. Both calcium-dependent, as well as calcium-independent release was inhibited by the toxin-containing sample.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Tick bite anaphylaxis in Australia.

Tick bite anaphylaxis has rarely been reported. It may follow the bite of any of the different tick life cycle forms, is related to the release of salivary juices, and may range from mild itch to severe wheeze or shock. Data obtained suggest that it is more common and potentially life threatening than tick paralysis, which is more widely reported. Emergency physicians should recognise this possibility following a tick bite and be prepared to give treatment such as adrenaline rapidly. Patients should be referred to an allergist after recovery.

Adolescent↗