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At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Assessment of cattle owner's perceptions and expectations, and identification of constraints on production in a peri-urban, resource-poor environment.

This questionnaire survey was conducted amongst 200 farmers in the resource-poor, urban and per-urban environments of Botshabelo and Thaba Nchu towns in the Free State Province of South Africa. The questionnaire was divided into seven sections, namely demography, livestock, cattle, parasites, parasite control, livestock diseases and problems experienced. A total of 87.5% of the livestock owners were not employed (unemployed or pensioner). Cattle constituted more than 50% of the live-stock units owned in the area and farmers owned an average of 9.33 +/- 0.812 head of cattle. A total of 193 (96.5%) of the farmers indicated that milk was the most important product from their cattle. Only 26% of them slaughtered their own cattle for meat consumption. Eighty-eight percent of them indicated that external parasites on their livestock presented a problem, but only 72.9% of farmers implemented any tick control measures. Less than half (45.5%) of the farmers who attempted to control ticks used commercial acaricides. The remainder used various other methods, including the application of used engine oil and household detergents. Amongst the clinical diseases observed in their cattle, dry gallsickness was mentioned most often (20%). This figure, however, is believed to be inaccurate because dry gallsickness may be a clinical manifestation of some of the other diseases mentioned by the farmers, such as anaplasmosis, foreign body obstruction of the gastro-intestinal tract by plastic bags, pneumonia and mastitis. Animal husbandry problems experienced by the farmers included pollution (i.e. ingestion of plastic bags and string by their livestock), availability of water and theft.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1998

Financial analysis of dipping strategies for indigenous cattle under ranch conditions in Uganda.

A financial analysis was performed to assess the performance of three acaricide-treatment groups of indigenous breeds (Zebu and Nganda) of cattle on a ranch in Luwero District, Uganda. The treatments were based on different frequencies: twice-a-week dipping, once-a-month dipping and no tick control. The objective was to evaluate the economic justification for intensive acaricide application for tick and tick-borne disease control in Uganda. Data were collected by monitoring cattle performance over a period of 34 months. Biological data collected included the number of cows at the beginning and end of the study, net starting liveweight, number of calves born, number of animals dying due to tick-borne diseases and other causes, number of animals sold or slaughtered and milk yield. Records of variable costs (acaricides, drugs, labour, etc.) and output prices were assembled and calculated by treatment group. Gross margin and marginal analysis were used in the financial analysis. The exchange rate in 1990-1993 was one US$ to 1200 Uganda shillings. The gross benefits obtained from animal sales, herd value and milk yield were Uganda shillings 1175, 1389 and 1311 per kg of net starting liveweight for animals dipped twice-a-week, once-a-month and not dipped, respectively. The variable costs were Ug. shs. 424, 390 and 360 per kg of net starting liveweight, respectively. Consequently, the gross margins were Ug. shs. 751, 999 and 951 per kg of net starting liveweight. Furthermore, the marginal rate of return (MRR) in changing from no tick control to once-a-month dipping was 160%, while changing from no tick control to twice-a-week dipping was negative (-313%). The above results showed that the value of increased gains in production obtained from twice-a-week dipping strategy does not offset the costs of inputs for intensive dipping. Once-a-month dipping (strategic) therefore appears to be the most-profitable tick-control strategy for the farmer. The need to conduct further studies in different livestock- production systems and to rationalise future tick control policies is discussed.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed2000

Trials to control South American ticks with entomopathogenic fungi.

Ticks are parasites of great importance to man, domestic, and wild animals. In spite of the progress of the science, thus far, ticks are controlled mainly by chemical acaricides and when this technique is used in an indiscriminate way it can lead to ambiental pollution and development of tick resistance to acarcides. The studies developed in the Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro demonstrate that some isolates of the fungi Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana are pathogens for ticks and their action effects the mortality of ticks and reduces the populational levels in subsequent generations. In future, research needs to address the search of new pathogens; the association of biological with chemical products seeking an synergistic action; the search of formulations that propitiate increased stability, and careful studies on the safety of biological products for use in animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Repellent and acaricidal properties of Ocimum suave against Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks.

An oil extracted from the leaves of a tropical shrub Ocimum suave was found to repel as well as kill all stages of the tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. In an in vitro bioassay for the larvae, the LC50 of the oil in liquid paraffin was 0.024%. A 10% solution was found to kill all immatures and more than 70% of adults feeding on rabbits. Rabbits were protected for 5 days against attaching larvae using a 10% solution. Preliminary experiments undertaken with cattle kept in the field suggest that the oil may have potential in tick control, and a role in integrated tick management.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Strategies for development of vaccines for control of ixodid tick species.

Ticks are distributed worldwide and impact human and animal health, as well as food animal production. Control of ticks has been primarily by application of acaricides, which has resulted in selection of resistant ticks and environmental pollution. Vaccines have been shown to be a feasible tick control method that offers a cost-effective, environmentally friendly alternative to chemical control. However, identification of tick-protective antigens remains the limiting step in vaccine development. Tick antigens exposed naturally to the host during tick feeding and those concealed have both shown promise as candidate vaccine antigens. Development of vaccines against multiple tick species may be possible using highly conserved tick-protective antigens or by antigens showing immune cross-reaction to different tick species. Vaccines made from a combination of key protective antigens may greatly enhance vaccine efficacy. Preliminary studies have suggested the possibility of vaccine strategies directed toward both tick control and the blocking of pathogen transmission. Characterization of the tick genomes will have a great impact on the discovery of new protective antigens. The future of research directed toward tick vaccine development is exciting because of new and emerging technologies for gene discovery, and vaccine formulation and delivery.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Tick bite victims and their environment: the risk of Lyme disease.

The authors surveyed 308 New Jersey tick bite victims. Education concerning landscape ecology, wildlife control, tick and wildlife habitat reduction, tick control using acaricides, and how to keep pets tick-free is especially needed to reduce human exposure to tick bites and Lyme disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Prevalence and potential risk factors for organophosphate and pyrethroid resistance in Boophilus microplus ticks on cattle ranches from the State of Yucatan, Mexico.

A cross-sectional study was carried out in order to investigate the association between management risk factors and the prevalence of organophosphate (OP) and synthetic pyrethroid (SP) resistance in Boophilus microplus ticks in Yucatan State, Mexico. Ninety-eight cattle ranches were randomly selected and a sample of 20-30 engorged female B. microplus ticks was collected at each. The modified larvae packet test was used to detect OP and SP tick resistance. A questionnaire was administered on each ranch. For risk factors, four reference types of response were used: Tuxpan (resistant to coumaphos, chlorfenvinphos and diazinon), Parkhurst (resistant to flumethrin, deltamethrin and cypermethrin), Lamington (resistant to flumethrin in absence of deltamethrin and cypermethrin) and Marmor (resistant to flumethrin and cypermethrin in absence of flumethrin). A primary screening was performed using 2 x 2 contingency tables of exposure variables. All variables with p < or = 0.20 were analyzed by a logistic regression. The prevalence of B. microplus resistance to OP and SP groups were 83.70% and 66.32%, respectively. The prevalence for a single chemical compound was: diazinon (80.60%), coumaphos (45.90%), chlorfenvinphos (35.70%), flumethrin (63.28%), deltamethrin (61.22%), and cypermethrin (59.18%). The prevalence type of response was: Tuxpan (34.16%), Parkhurst (58.16%), Lamington (4.08%), and Marmor (4.08%). The use of a different tick control program was the risk management factor associated with the Parkhurst type of response. It is concluded that the prevalence of cattle ranches with B. microplus resistant to OPs and SPs in Yucatan, Mexico, is a current problem, and a treatment interval of > or =6 times/year and use of a tick control program (macrocyclic lactones and pasture burn) different from standard recommended programs are risk factors associated with the Parkhurst type of response.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Endemic stability for Theileria parva infections in Ankole calves of the Ankole ranching scheme, Uganda.

A population-based study was carried out on the Ankole ranching scheme in south-west Uganda with the aim of determining the endemic status of Theileria parva infections. For this purpose, the age-related sero-prevalence of T. parva and the specific calf mortality associated with the parasite were assessed. Blood samples were collected from 931 Ankole calves of up to 12 months of age from 81 randomly selected herds. The relationship between rainfall pattern and whole-body Rhipicephalus appendiculatus counts was determined. The influence of tick control practices on East Coast fever-related calf mortality, and sero-positivity were also determined. A significant (r2 = 0.76, P = 0.000) association between R. appendiculatus counts and rainfall was observed. There was no significant (P > 0.05) association between theileriosis-related calf mortality, sero-positivity and the different tick control practices. Antibody prevalence based on the PIM ELISA was above 70% among calves of 6 months of age in 96% in all the herds. Theileria parva-related calf mortality determined by repeated herd visits and farm records ranged between 0 % and 5.4 %. It was concluded that endemic stability for theileriosis, caused by T. parva, existed in the study area, and that the risk of the occurrence of economically important outbreaks of East Coast fever in indigenous cattle was regarded as minimal under the prevailing conditions.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Progression towards endemic stability to bovine babesiosis in cattle introduced onto a game ranch.

An opportunity to study progression toward endemic stability to Babesia bigemina arose when cattle were reintroduced onto a game ranch in 1999 after an absence of three years. The study was conducted between August 2000 and June 2001. The unvaccinated breeding cows were sampled only once. Calves born during October 1999 were initially vaccinated against B. bigemina and Babesia bovis at the age of 4 months and were then bled at 10, 17 and 20 months of age. Calves born during 2000 were bled at 7 and 8 months of age. Sera were collected from all the cattle sampled and later tested for antibodies against B. bigemina and B. bovis using the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test. Although endemic stability to B. bigemina had not been achieved at Nooitgedacht 2 years after resumption of cattle ranching, the high seroprevalence in the unvaccinated 8-month-old calves suggested that the situation was approaching stability and that calf vaccination against bovine babesiosis was not required. Tick control should therefore be restricted to prevent excessive tick worry. Only vaccinated cattle were positive to B. bovis and it was concluded that the parasite was absent from the ranch.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

The control of ticks, fleas and lice on dogs by means of a Sendran--impregnated collar.

Plastic collars impregnated with 9,4% Sendran effectively controlled adult Rhipicephalus sanguineus for a period of 49 days and immature ticks for a period possibly in excess of 70 days when fitted to four dogs. Four uncollared dogs served as controls. Although flea burdens were extremely low the collars were apparently effective for a period in excess of 70 days. A medicated collar killed all the ticks, fleas and lice on a severely parasited dog within a period of 48 hours.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

An outbreak of East Coast fever in a herd of Sanga cattle in Lutale, Central Province of Zambia.

An outbreak of East Coast fever (ECF) occurred in an experimental herd of Sanga cattle maintained under a traditional rangeland grazing system at Lutale, Central Province of Zambia. Two groups of cattle had been kept under different tick-control regimens for several years prior to the introduction of the disease and epidemiological information on the outbreak were recorded. Weekly tick control was no sufficient to achieve full protection against Theileria parva infection. Systematic body temperature monitoring seems to be a good method for early detection of infection resulting in an important reduction of the case fatality rate after treatment with anti-theilerial drugs.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Assessment of the efficacy of parasiticides for the control of tick infection in dogs under field conditions: what's new?

For their biological and ecological characteristics, ticks are vectors of the widest variety of pathogens causing tick-borne diseases (TBDs). Little information is available about the ways in which time spent by ticks to feed on hosts, transmission times and TBD prevention are related and it is exclusively limited to laboratory reports on adult stages. In particular, the time required by immature stages to transmit pathogens has not been determined for most TBDs. Considering their importance for animal and human health, effective control of immature ticks is advisable to reduce the damage ticks cause. Recently, the efficacy of a combination of imidacloprid 10%/permethrin 50% was compared with that of fipronil 10%/S-methoprene 9% against ticks when administered to naturally infected dogs. A semi-quantitative method was used to assess the methodological parameters to calculate drug efficacy on immature stages. On adult ticks, the efficacy of both products was high and overall very similar, whereas for the immature stages the combination of imidacloprid 10% and permethrin 50% had a higher efficacy than fipronil 10% and methoprene 9% throughout the observation period (statistically significant difference on day + 28 only). The semi-quantitative method proposed for the evaluation of immature stages can be considered a useful tool for calculating the efficacy of a drug in the field. Due the important role of immatures in the spread of TBDs, the immature tick load should be calculated to assess the efficacy of acaricidal products both under laboratory and field conditions.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Seasonal pattern of tick load in Bunaji cattle in the subhumid zone of Nigeria.

The seasonal pattern of tick load on Bunaji cattle under traditional management in northern Nigeria was observed over 12 months to investigate the possibilities of strategic use of acaricide. Ticks were removed 2-3 times weekly by hand from 16 animals, counted and the species determined. Tick load was low in the dry season (2-5 ticks per animal per week), increased after the onset of the first scattered rains, reached a peak (40 ticks per animal per week) 1 month after the beginning of the heavy rains, and declined thereafter. The dominant tick species was Amblyomma variegatum; other species found were Boophilus spp., Rhipicephalus spp. and Hyalomma spp. The low level of tick load compared with data from literature and from crossbred (Friesian-Bunaji) cattle kept in the study area suggests high tick resistance in Bunaji cattle. A biologically feasible method of controlling ticks in indigenous cattle would be twice weekly spraying with acaricide during only 2 months of the year in the early wet season to break the pronounced peak in the tick load. However, hand spraying offers no advantage over hand removal of ticks in terms of saving labour. The main advantage of strategic spraying lies in more thorough removal of ticks and possibly prevention of dermatophilosis at a lower cost than year-round use of acaricide. Knowledge of the seasonal pattern of tick load is also valuable for planning the introduction of selected stock with higher genetic potential, but higher susceptibility to tick-borne diseases than exhibited by Bunaji cattle.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Susceptibility to two pyrethroids in Boophilus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) populations of northwest Argentina. Preliminary results.

Cattle are treated 6-12 times yearly to control Boophilus microplus ticks in the east zone of the Argentinean infested region, while 1-4 treatments are applied for tick control in the west zone. In the 1970s resistance to organo-phosphate acaricides was found in the east zone, but not in the west zone. However, a shift to synthetic pyrethroids (SP) was made through all infested regions. Currently, indications of resistance to SP in the east zone, but not in the west zone, are provoking to a switch to formamidine acaricides. During 1998 a total of 147 B. microplus engorged females were collected from 20 beef cattle ranches from the west zone of the Argentinean infested region. Individual progenies of these ticks were tested ('larval packet test') with cypermethrin and deltamethrin, and their LC 50 and LC 90 were compared to those estimated for the Milagro susceptible strain. No evidence of resistance to these SP was found. Due to sampling restraints the results are presented as preliminary. Nevertheless, a shift away from use of SP for control of B. microplus in the west zone appears to be unjustified and should be independent of the resistance circumstances observed in the east zone of the Argentinean tick infested region.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Identification of putative proteins involved in granule biogenesis of tick salivary glands.

Ticks secrete bioactive components during feeding that assist them in gaining a blood meal. Compounds secreted are stored in granules until a stimulus induces secretion during feeding. Biogenesis of tick secretory granules has not been investigated before. An adequate understanding of granule biogenesis could advance our understanding of tick salivary gland biology and could aid in the rational design of tick control methods. Putative tick salivary gland proteins 1-4 (TSGP1-4) involved in granule biogenesis were identified in this study based on their abundance in salivary gland extracts and granule preparations and their ability to aggregate under conditions of slight acidity and high calcium concentration. TSGP2 and TSGP3 have been identified as previously described toxic and nontoxic homologues, respectively, while toxicity was also associated with TSGP4.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Tick (Acari: Ixodidae) infestations on Zebu cattle in western Kenya: seasonal dynamics of four species of ticks on traditionally managed cattle.

A study was conducted on the population dynamics of four tick species infesting livestock on Rusinga Island. Infestations of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Neumann, Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi Neumann, Amblyomma variegatum (F.)., and Boophilus decoloratus (Koch) were monitored on East African shorthorn Zebu cattle at monthly intervals for 2 yr. These cattle were of unimproved stock under traditional husbandry without any tick control practices. Most ticks were on cattle between September and March, with a peak in December-February. Following the onset of the rainy season in April, tick numbers on the cattle declined markedly; this decline continued until July or August, when numbers started to increase again. No significant correlation could be made between these population changes and any of the four climatic factors recorded. Instead, there was a notable relationship between tick population changes and local farming practice. The area and duration of cattle grazing activity were severely curtailed during the cropping season from April to September, which reduced tick-host contact and thus the tick burdens of the cattle at that time.

Animals↗