Field trials for the control of Aedes aegypti with abate in Poona city and suburbs.
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Aedes↗
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The fate of pesticides in aquatic environment. II. Thin layer chromatograpic method for the determination of abate.
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Chromatography, Thin Layer↗
Resistance to temephos, an organophosphorous insecticide, in Culex pipiens from Tunisia, North Africa.
Resistance to temephos, an organophosphorous insecticide (OP), was found to be low (2-fold) in 2 Culex pipiens populations collected in Sayada (mid-eastern Tunisia). This resistance was synergized by an esterase inhibitor (DEF). Two sets of over-produced esterases (A2-B2 and A4-B4), known to be involved in resistance, were identified in almost 50% of the examined insects. In addition, 3% of insects had an insensitive acetylcholinesterase. After selecting larvae of one of the samples (ES) with temephos for 6 generations, a 9-fold increase in resistance was observed, and all mosquitoes were found to carry esterases A2-B2 and an insensitive acetylcholinesterase. These results must be considered in future mosquito control programs, since 2 of the identified genes can lead to high resistance to several organophosphorous insecticides.
Animals↗
Control of Aedes albopictus larvae using time-release larvicide formulations in Louisiana.
The ability of time-release formulations of larvicides and insect growth regulators (IGRs) to provide long-term control of Aedes albopictus was investigated in the field. Larvicides used in the study were Bactimos pellets (Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis, active ingredient) and Abate pellets (temephos, active ingredient). The IGR Altosid (methoprene, active ingredient) was used in pellet and sand formulations. Application rates were higher than label recommendations. In a preliminary test, clay flower bowls were treated with 2 g of material. Bactimos pellets failed to provide control after 60 days. Abate pellets and the Altosid formulations provided essentially 100% control for 150 days. After 360 days in the field, the Abate pellets produced 100% larval mortality, and significant levels of control were provided by the Altosid formulations and the Bactimos pellets. In a small-scale operational trial of this technique, 1 g of Altosid pellets was applied to every container that could be located in 2 urban residential neighborhoods in Lake Charles, LA. Aedes albopictus biting populations were monitored weekly in the treated areas and in an untreated control area. Biting population densities declined significantly in treated areas compared with the control area. Results suggested that long-term control of Ae. albopictus populations can be achieved economically with one application of Altosid pellets or Abate pellets in containers.
Aedes↗
Tolerance of the planarian Dugesia tigrina (Tricladida: Turbellaria) to pesticides and insect growth regulators in a small-scale field study.
Two insect growth regulators, methoprene and a benzyl-1,3,benzodioxole (J-2931), had no detrimental effects on Dugesia tigrina under field conditions. Three other compounds, resmethrin, temephos, and cyromazine, had only minimal effects. Asexual multiplication among these planarian predators exceeded 68% when combined with Culex quinquefasciatus larvae and methoprene at different concentration levels. Also, this combined treatment with D. tigrina and methoprene resulted in high level (98.9%) reduction of Cx. quinquefasciatus populations through the 7-wk field study.
Animals↗
[Resistance to the organophosphate insecticides temephos and malathion in Culex pipiens L. (Diptera, Culicidae) from the Adriatic coast near Friuli].
Susceptibility to organophosphorus insecticides Temephos and Malathion was tested in Culex pipiens L. larvae from Friuli Adriatic coast (North-East of Italy). The samples were collected in various sites of three zones with different intensity of insecticidal treatments. Tests were made following the W.H.O. recommendations. The tests were made on larval samples which were exposed for 24 hours to ascending concentrations of each insecticide. From the observed percentage mortalities the LC50 and LC90 values were calculated. The resistance ratio was obtained comparing the CL50 values with reference CL50 values provided by the W.H.O. The obtained data suggest the existence of Cx. pipiens populations resistant to the tested chemicals in the most intensively treated touristic zone (Lignano Sabbiadoro). The samples collected in an agricultural zone with no mosquito control treatments showed a slight reduced susceptibility to the tested compounds.
Animals↗
Studies on the effect of translocation of chemical insecticides in Eicchornia host plant on Mansonia mosquitos--a potential control method.
A novel method for the control of Mansonia larvae was developed and tested. In this method, foliar absorption and translocation of a chemical insecticide, monocrotophos, a known systemic insecticide was studied in the Eicchornia plant. Acetone solution of the insecticide was painted onto leaves of the plant. At daily intervals, stems were severed and divided into equal sections which were introduced into bowls. Larvae of Aedes aegypti were tested for the presence of monocrotophos. It was found that translocation of the insecticide occurred at different rates in the stems and in some plants the chemical was also released into the surrounding water. Based on these results, 2 insecticides namely, monocrotophos and temephos were painted onto leaves of the host plant and their translocation to the root and water environment was examined by testing with Mansonia and Aedes aegypti larvae. The results again confirmed the translocation process and it was found that the insecticides were secreted into the surrounding water, thereby killing the larvae. However, in leaves painted with permethrin (synthetic pyrethroid) or flufenoxuron (chitin synthesis inhibitor), such a process was not detected. The potential of this new concept in Mansonia larval control is examined.
Aedes↗
Resistance in some Caribbean populations of Aedes aegypti to several insecticides.
Thirty-four strains of Aedes aegypti larvae from 17 Caribbean countries were bioassayed for sensitivity to temephos, malathion, fenitrothion, fenthion, and chlorpyrifos. There were fairly high levels of resistance in Tortola (10-12-fold resistance) and Antigua (6-9-fold resistance) strains to temephos and to fenthion (Tortola, 7-10-fold; Antigua, 6-10-fold resistance). Most other strains showed some resistance to malathion, fenitrothion, and chlorpyrifos, but only moderate levels. Adult populations of Ae. aegypti--Aruba, Jamaica, Trinidad, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, and Antigua strains--also showed moderate resistance to malathion. Mosquito control field data supported the laboratory findings. Doubling the diagnostic dosage of temephos for larval Ae. aegypti was only partially effective against a more resistant strain, and even so, the chemical lost its limited efficacy over a short period of time. Integrated strategies for Ae. aegypti control to mitigate the negative effects of insecticide resistance in the Caribbean strains are suggested.
Aedes↗
Organophosphorous insecticide susceptibility of mosquitoes in Maryland, 1985-89.
From 1985 to 1989, the susceptibility of the 9 major culicine mosquito species in Maryland to the larvicide temephos or the adulticide malathion was studied. The susceptibility of Culex spp. to temephos has declined in most areas of Maryland since 1967; however, only one strain of Culex pipiens was found to be temephos resistant in this study. Aedes sollicitans, Ae. albopictus and Ae. taeniorhynchus were temephos susceptible. All mosquitoes tested in the adult stage were susceptible to malathion.
Aedes↗
Mechanisms of insecticide resistance in field populations of Culex pipiens from Italy.
Results of a study on organophosphate (OP) resistance carried out on 4 Italian field populations of Culex pipiens are reported. The A1, A4-B4 and/or A5-B5 nonspecific esterases and insensitive acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were detected in our samples. A2-B2 esterases previously recorded in Italy were not observed. The A4-B4 and/or A5-B5 esterases were first found in Italy where they are at present widespread. Both nonspecific esterases and insensitive AChE are involved in OP resistance, although the high level of OP resistance observed in the Padova population could be correlated with both a high frequency of insensitive AChE and A5-B5 esterases.
Acetylcholinesterase↗
Evolution of resistance genes in absence of insecticide selection in a hypogeous population of Culex pipiens from the French Alps.
A monthly survey of resistance gene frequencies was conducted in a larval population of Culex pipiens breeding in an hypogeous site ("molestus" form) between July 1989 and September 1991, after interrupting mosquito control. Several significant variations in resistance gene frequency were observed. Some variations are explained by fitness differences between resistant and susceptible insects, others by an immigration of insects from the surrounding epigeous populations ("pipiens" form), which are highly resistant.
Acetylcholinesterase↗
Abate--its value as a cyclopscide.
Guinea worm disease is highly endemic in Kurnool district in Andhra Pradesh. The effect of Abate on the vector cyclops was studied and was found to be very encouraging.
Animals↗
[The control of Aedes (Stegomyia) and related species involved in transmission of human arbovirus infections in tropical Africa (author's transl)].
In Africa, many Aedes mosquitos are involved in yellow fever and dengue transmission. Their control can be carried out either in a "prophylactic" way, when no disease occurs, or in a "curative" one, when virus is detected in the human community. In the first event, control is confounded with sanitation measures; in the second event, insecticidal control is needed against both larvae and adults. Larvae populations are destroyed by means of insecticidal deposits in the breeding-sites. Control of adults is achieved by thermal fogs or U.L.V. applications of organophosphorous compounds dispensed from ground or aerial generators. The insecticide susceptibility level of every Aedes populations involved in arbovirus transmission must be periodically determined with all the insecticides available.
Aedes↗
Residual activity of three slow-release temephos formulations against Aedes aegypti larvae.
Residual effectiveness of plaster matrix formulations of temephos and temephos plus an emulsifier (Atlox 3409F) were evaluated against Aedes aegypti larvae during an 8-wk period. Formulations of 2% and 5% (AI) Atlox with 5% (AI) temephos yielded 100% larval mortality for 8 wk. A 5% temephos formulation without the addition of the emulsifier produced 100% larval mortality through only 1 wk.
Aedes↗
Organophosphate resistance in Culex pipiens from Cyprus.
Populations of Culex pipiens were sampled from 8 locations in Cyprus between 1987 and 1993. All population samples generally revealed organophosphate resistance to malathion, temephos, chlorpyrifos, fenthion, dichlorvos, and pirimiphos methyl, in decreasing order of magnitude. Of 7 populations assessed with the carbamate propoxur, all proved to be resistant to different degrees. Of the 6 populations tested with permethrin, 2 were resistant to permethrin. Resistance was associated with the presence of 5 different overproduced esterases (esterases A1, A2, A5, B2, and B5) as well as an insensitive form of acetylcholinesterase. These results are discussed in relation to the ongoing mosquito abatement program in Cyprus and to similar programs in other parts of the world.
Animals↗
Laboratory evaluation of toxic baits for mosquito (Aedes aegypti) larvae.
Toxic bait discs were prepared by incorporating the larvicide Abate (Temephos) technical, with yeast and dog biscuit (1:1), the latter forming the attractant source. These were assessed in 1, 10 and 25 litre aquaria and 100 litre drums against Aedes aegypti larvae. Floating as well as sinking bait discs were found equally effective in controlling free moving larvae. Larvae confined in artificially suspended cages were not affected. The baits were found effective for 5 to 6 weeks. Toxic disc bait preparation methodology and evaluation protocols are discussed in this communication.
Aedes↗
Some sub-cellular effects of an organophosphorus insecticide, Abate [proceedings].
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Animals↗
Field trials with methoprene, temephos, and Bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis for the control of larval Culiseta melanura.
In 1992, Altosid (methoprene) pellets, Abate (temephos) 5 CG, and Bactimos (Bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis) granules were applied aerially to small field plots within a Culiseta breeding swamp. Aspects measured included the deposition and diffusion of larvicides into larval crypts and effects on larval Culiseta melanura and nontarget aquatic organisms. Formulations were deposited at approximately 50% of application rates. The presence of methoprene in 8 crypt water samples indicated that this larvicide was able to diffuse into Cs. melanura larval crypts. Methoprene was selected for evaluation in a large-scale field trial. In the spring of 1993, methoprene pellets applied to 25% of the study area were an effective larvicide against Cs. melanura. The inhibitory effect on pupae exceeded 81% over a 5-wk posttreatment period.
Animals↗