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PubMed2001

Effects of subclinical pregnancy toxemia on immune responses in sheep.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of moderate feed restriction, single or twin pregnancy, and subclinical pregnancy toxemia (PT) on immune responses of ewes. ANIMALS: 16 Sardinian ewes. PROCEDURE: Six weeks before lambing, ewes were assigned to 1 of 2 groups (n = 8/group) matched for number of fetuses, body condition score, and plasma glucose, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), and beta hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) concentrations, and feed intake was restricted for 1 of the groups. Cell-mediated immunity was evaluated in vivo and in vitro. Humoral immunity was evaluated in vivo by determining production of IgG antibodies against keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). RESULTS: Four ewes developed subclinical PT (plasma BHBA concentration > 0.86 mmol/L without any clinical signs of disease). Whether feed was restricted and type of pregnancy (single vs twin) did not have any significant effects on cell-mediated and humoral immune responses. Ewes with subclinical PT had significantly lower in vitro proliferation of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells and significantly lower values for KLH-specific IgG than did healthy ewes. Plasma BHBA and NEFA concentrations were negatively correlated with in vitro proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells; plasma NEFA concentration was negatively correlated with values for KLH-specific IgG. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that subclinical PT may be associated with impairments in cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in sheep.

3-Hydroxybutyric Acid↗
PubMed1983

Altered ferrokinetics in toxemia of pregnancy: a possible indicator of decreased red cell survival.

Serum iron concentration was increased in women with toxemia of pregnancy (mean 135 mcg/dl) compared to normotensive parturients (62 mcg/dl) and chronic hypertensive parturients (72 mcg/dl). Mean iron for eclamptics was 203 mcg/dl; for severe preeclamptics, 137 mcg/dl, independent of hepatic or renal function. Recovery to normal postpartum levels occurred in 1-3 days. Concomitant increase in serum ferritin (mean: 59 ng/ml vs. 19 ng/ml for normals) persisted longer. When hepatocellular injury occurred, mean ferritin increased to 421 ng/ml. Increased iron was independent of transferrin concentration. Serum hemoglobin was detectable in 15 of 25 toxemic patients who had elevated serum iron; only 3 of these patients had clinically significant levels. Serum haptoglobin was significantly decreased in 4 of 25 patients. Reticulocyte count averaged 2.5%, with an average hematocrit of 38%. It is hypothesized that serum iron and ferritin increase in response to catabolism of released hemoglobin. The magnitude of iron increase is greater than could be derived from intravascular hemolysis and suggests an extravascular locus.

Blood Cell Count↗
PubMed1976

Nonhuman primate models of toxemia of pregnancy.

Hypertension in the nonpregnant and pregnant nonhuman primate is not found frequently by research investigators. Its incidence is probably infrequent. No well-defined clinical syndrome analogous to toxemia of human pregnancy has been described. The experimental induction of the disease in pregnant nonhuman primates has been difficult. Although there would be an important role for such an animal model, its discovery does not appear imminent.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[State of the kinin system in burn shock and early toxemia].

State of kinin system was studied in blood serum of patients with burns of II, III, IIIb and IV degrees during shock and early toxemia. Content or activity of main components of kinin system (kininogen, kallikreinogen, kallikrein, kininase I (carboxypeptidase N)) were repeatedly estimated at 4-6 hrs intervals; BAEE-esterase and antitryptic activities were also studied within 48-72 hrs after the trauma. At the same period plasminogen and plasmin were estimated in 8 patients. The activation of kinin system in burn shock was demonstrated: content of kininogen was decreased on 30-50% (independently on alteration of total protein in blood serum), the kininase activity was decreased, appearance of free kallikrein was observed and content of kallikreinogen was distinctly lowered already within 10-24 hrs after the trauma. Within 24 hrs after the burn the total decrease of kininogen in circulation accounted for 50-70% of the theoretical content. Fibrinolytic system was also activated during the burn shock. Increase in the antitryptic activity within 30-40 hrs after the trauma, which was previously established, is corroborated; the effect correlated with development of burn intoxication. The data obtained suggest that massive production of free kinins occur apparently within 24-48 hrs after burn.

Blood Proteins↗
PubMed1979

Spontaneous preeclamptic toxemia of pregnancy in the patas monkey (Erythrocebus patas).

A disease characterized by edema, proteinuria, hypoproteinemia and hypertension was seen in late gestation in patas monkeys. The initial sign was edema of the perineum, ankles and lower trunk. The onset was abrupt, occurring 7 days or less prepartum. The affected animals were not depressed, and convulsions were not seen. In 6 of the 98 pregnancies during a 1-year period, symptoms of the disease were present. The highest incidence was manifested by primiparous animals with 3 of 36 pregnancies affected. Two of 38 second pregnancies and 1 of 24 third pregnancies were also affected. Five of the animals recovered spontaneously and were normal 14 days postpartum. Edema persisted for 30 days in one female. This animal continued to be hypertensive and had persistent mild proteinuria and hypoproteinemia. She was killed approximately 1 year postpartum due to severe renal disease. The spontaneous disease seen in patas monkeys resembled toxemia of pregnancy in humans more closely than the experimentally induced disease in other animals.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Treatment of acute experimental diphtheria toxemia by immunohemosorption].

The antitoxic antidiphtheric immunosorbent DATs was tested in experiments on mice and guinea-pigs using the model of acute diphtheric toxemia. In extracorporeal connecting with the circulation system of the animals the sorbent effectively bound and eliminated from the circulation molecules of diphtheric toxin and antitoxin, reduced significantly their levels in the blood after hemoperfusion. The effectiveness of the immunosorbent DATs was confirmed when it saved the ginea-pigs after injection of lethal toxin doses.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Clearance of endogenous creatinine and urea in pregnant women with late toxemia kept on a diet containing different amounts of protein].

Clearance of endogenous creatinine and urea was studied in 107 pregnant women at 7-9th months of gestation suffering from late toxemia and kept on a diet with different protein content. Investigations showed that introduction of protein with meals at a rate of 1 g/kg, 1.5 g/kg and 2 g/kg of the body weight does not act adversely on the functional state of the kidneys.

Creatine↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The onset of an anaplastic ganglioglioma during the post-natal period with signs of toxemia of pregnancy].

INTRODUCTION: Gangliogliomas are infrequent neuronoglial tumours which present in youngsters and are usually located in the temporal lobe. They usually appear with epileptic seizures and prognosis after surgical excision is usually good. The anaplastic forms are even less frequent and prognosis is poorer. The onset of epileptic seizures during the early post-natal period means that the clinician has to resort to a broad differential diagnosis. CASE REPORT: Hours after a preterm birth, at the 32nd week of gestation, a 35-year-old primipara began to suffer seizures and also presented arterial hypertension, proteinuria and a low platelet count. A cranial computerized tomography scan was carried out where a left frontal hypodense lesion was observed. Transcranial echo Doppler scan showed medium speeds and suggested eclampsia. The seizures, however, recurred during the days that followed and a magnetic resonance scan of the head revealed a lesion with nodular contrast enhancement, which was excised, and finally an anatomopathological diagnosis of an anaplastic ganglioglioma was reached. DISCUSSION: The toxemia of pregnancy, which gave rise to a vasogenic cerebral edema, accelerated the clinical onset of a brain tumour during the post-natal period. A ganglioglioma, although infrequent, is always a possibility to be borne in mind in young patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

[Changes in blood pressure in two types (absolute and relative) of pregnancy induced hypertension (hypertensive type of toxemia)].

The criteria for pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH: hypertensive type of toxemia) have been determined by the Japanese Obstetrics and Gynecology Society. Mild PIH is classified into two types. One is "Absolute PIH (A-PIH)" diagnosed by (1) systolic blood pressure (SBP) greater than or equal to 140 mmHg and less than 160 mmHg or (2) diastolic blood pressure (DBP) greater than or equal to 90 mmHg and less than 110 mmHg. The other one is "relative-PIH (R-PIH)" diagnosed by (3) an increase in SBP greater than or equal to 30 mmHg compared to the usual SBP or (4) an increase in DBP greater than or equal to 15 mmHg compared to the usual DBP (In this paper, blood pressure prior to the 12th gestational week is considered as "usual" blood pressure). However, there has been no report in which two types of PIH are assessed. Our hypothesis is that the pathophysiology of the two types of PIH is different. We have already reported the clinical background of two types of PIH. The purpose of this study is to clarify the pathophysiological difference by evaluating the blood pressure change during pregnancy. We evaluated 963 nullipara and 747 multipara whose pregnancies were recorded from the 1st trimester (multiple pregnancy and pre-term delivery before the 32nd gestational week were excluded). Among the nullipara, 765 women (79.4%) were diagnosed as having normal blood pressure (N-group), 7.1% as A-PIH, and 13.0% as R-PIH. Among the multipara, the N-group consisted of 632 women (84.6%), the A-PIH: 4.6% and R-PIH: 10.3%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Blood Pressure↗
PubMed1992

[Fetal growth in two types (absolute and relative) of pregnancy induced hypertension (hypertensive type of toxemia)].

The criteria for pregnancy induced hypertension ("PIH" which is a hypertensive type of toxemia) have been determined by the Japanese Obstetrics and Gynecology Society. Mild PIH is classified into two types. One is "Absolute PIH (A-PIH)" diagnosed by (1) systolic blood pressure (SBP) greater than or equal to 140 mmHg and less than 160 mmHg or (2) diastolic blood pressure (DBP) greater than or equal to 90 mmHg and less than 110 mmHg. The other one is "relative-PIH (R-PIH)" diagnosed by (3) an increase in SBP greater than or equal to 30 mmHg compared to usual SBP or (4) an increase in DBP greater than or equal to 15 mmHg compared to usual DBP (In this paper, blood pressure prior to the 12th gestational week is considered as "usual" blood pressure). We have already investigated the pathophysiological difference through the background and the change in blood pressure throughout pregnancy and puerperium in these two types of PIH. The purpose of this study is to clarify the pathophysiological difference by evaluating the influence of hypertension on fetal growth. We evaluated 963 nullipara and 747 multipara whose pregnancies were recorded from the 1st trimester (multiple pregnancy and pre-term delivery before the 32nd gestational week were excluded). Among nullipara, 765 women (79.4%) were diagnosed as having normal blood pressure (N-group), 7.1% as A-PIH, and 13.0% as R-PIH. Among multipara, the N-group consisted of 632 women (84.6%), A-PIH: 4.6% and R-PIH: 10.3%. There is no difference among the three groups in gestational days but the body weight, the chest circumference, and the abdominal girth at birth of A-PIH show a significant difference from those of the R-PIH and N-groups in both nullipara and multipara.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Blood Pressure↗
PubMed1991

[Neurologic manifestations in the vertebro-basilar system revealing pregnancy toxemia].

We report a case with focal neurological deficits suggesting vertebro-basilar system ischemia, in the course of pre-eclampsia. An early CT scan showed a large hypodensity throughout the midbrain. Brainstem auditory evoked potentials initially showed an abolition of III and V pikes suggesting brainstem injury. Two days later both neurological examination and brain stem auditory evoked potentials returned to normal. A CT scan performed three weeks after the onset was normal. These findings suggest a vasospasm which may have been due to sympathomimetic agents given two weeks before the onset of toxemia for preterm labor.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

[Morphological changes in the placenta in late pregnancy toxemias].

The article presents results of morphological, morphometric and cytochemical investigations of 100 placentae obtained in women who suffered from nephropathy of various degrees, and of placentae of mice with induced "graft versus host" reaction during pregnancy, and also of organs of two fetuses born to mothers who suffered from nephropathy of the III degree. In severe forms of late toxemia placentae, regularly showed infiltration of its structural elements with cells of the type of microlymphocytes with lytic properties. These changes occurred against the background of the placental metabolism turning into anaerobic respiration and they revealed a considerable degree of similarity to the changes in placentae of mice following the induction of the reaction "graft versus host". The morphological picture in lymphoid and other organs of the two investigated fetuses resembled very much that in "runt" disease.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1990

[Problem of late toxemia in obesity].

Gestational progress, delivery, postpartum period, fetal outcomes and hemodynamic status are described in 157 women with late toxemia of pregnancy and alimentary obesity. A high incidence of gestational complications and perinatal morbidity warrant a need for a special antepartum care of obese women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[Pre-clinical diagnosis of toxemia in the second half of pregnancy in a day-care hospital].

In this study +the purpose to improve diagnostic precision in preclinical forms of late toxemia, the central and peripheral circulation and hemostasis have been evaluated in women during their four day-stay visits scheduled for a pregnancy. Transition of normal pregnancy to "++pre-toxemic" was most commonly seen in the second trimester. Platelet counts and levels of fibrinogen and beta-fibrinogen proved to have the highest predictive value. A decision-making rule was designed for categorization of pregnancies into normal and "++pre-toxemic" and was found to have a 90% efficiency.

Day Care, Medical↗
PubMed1990

[Rupture of the liver in pregnancy toxemia. Results of surgical treatment with ligation of the hepatic artery].

Eleven cases of hepatic rupture were reported on patients with toxemia of pregnancy on which the hepatic artery ligation was the surgical management used. In all cases the hepatic hemorrhage control was successfully obtained and no sequels were found caused by this procedure. A death percentage of 36.4% was found. This was significantly less than the one reported by other authors. All patients were assisted in the intensive care unit having the breath, hematological abnormalities and sepsis as the main complications.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Ultrastructural study on human placental villi in toxemia of pregnancy--characteristic features obtained by a quick quenching and freeze substitution method].

In order to precisely assess ultrastructural changes in toxemic placenta, we tried to use the quick quenching and freeze substitution method (QM) during the preparation of placental villi. The findings in 10 normal and 15 toxemic placentae prepared by the conventional double fixation method (CM) were compared with the findings when prepared by QM. Most of the microvilli (m.v.) in syncytial cells (SCs) swelled in cases of toxemia. The average diameter of the Mv prepared by QM was approximately 48% greater than that of those prepared by CM. Many rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (rER) in the cytoplasm of SCs enlarged to form irregular shaped vesicles. The average diameter of rER prepared by QM was about 80% greater than that by CM. Protrusions of SCs towards the villous core and intervillous space were observed in all toxemic placentae prepared by CM, but only in severe toxemic placentae with IUGR when tissue preparation was done by QM. Fetal capillary endothelial cells were thicker in toxemic placentae than in normal ones by CM, but thinner in placentae prepared by QM. It is probable that the swelling of Mv and r-ER is due to hydropic degeneration. The contraction of SCs occurs in placentae of severe toxemic pregnancies with IUGR before fixation probably in situ.

Chorionic Villi↗
PubMed1987

[A study on the activity of the PGI2 producing enzyme system derived from maternal and fetal vessels of toxemia of pregnancies].

We investigated the conversion rate from arachidonic acid (A.A.) to PGI2 and the activity of PGI2 producing enzyme system in endothelial cells of umbilical veins (U.V.) and maternal omental veins (O.V.) in normal pregnancy (NOR) and toxemia of pregnancy (TOX). The conversion rate from A.A. to PGI2 for U.V. and O.V. in NOR was higher than that in TOX. There was a significant difference between NOR and TOX with the conversion rate for U.V. at a concentration of 172.4 nM/ml A.A. The apparent Vmax value for PGI2 producing enzyme system (nM/mg) in U.V. in NOR (n = 7) was 0.88 +/- 0.21 (mean +/- S.E.) and that for TOX (n = 3) was 1.63 +/- 0.18. The apparent Km value for the enzyme system (microM) in U.V. in NOR (n = 7) was 0.75 +/- 0.25, and that for TOX (n = 3) was 3.26 +/- 0.78. Significant differences (p less than 0.05) between NOR and TOX were observed with Vmax and Km values. The apparent Vmax value for the enzyme system in O.V. in NOR (n = 3) was 0.32 +/- 0.13, and that for TOX (n = 3) was 2.12 +/- 0.38. The apparent Km value for the enzyme system in O.V. of NOR (n = 3) was 0.26 +/- 0.06, and that for TOX (n = 3) was 0.97 +/- 0.09. There was a significant difference between (p less than 0.05) the Vmax and Km values for NOR and TOX. The present study showed that U.V. (fetal vessel) and O.V. (maternal vessel) in TOX had a lower activity PGI2 producing enzyme system than those in NOR due mainly to an imbalance between the substrate supply and cyclooxygenase activity.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

[Pregnancy toxemia of small ruminants with special reference to pathomorphology].

Pregnancy toxemia (PT) is a metabolic disease which causes significant economic losses in small ruminants, especially sheep. Animals are usually affected in the last few weeks of pregnancy, the uterus contains mostly two or more well developed fetuses. A qualitatively insufficient feeding program together with the significant glucose consumption of the rapidly growing fetuses induces progredient hypoglycemia and ketosis. Other factors like stress and decreased ruminal volume may help trigger the metabolic breakdown. The most prominent macroscopic lesion is the extensive fatty infiltration of the liver. Adrenal cortex and proximal tubular epithelium of the kidney are similarly affected. Focal degenerative changes in contractile and conductory myocardial cells may also occur. The frequency of the disease in the necropsy material from our institute is reviewed over a period of 8 years and pathology and pathogenesis of PT are discussed.

Adrenal Cortex↗