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At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Voice source characteristics in Mongolian "throat singing" studied with high-speed imaging technique, acoustic spectra, and inverse filtering.

Mongolian "throat singing" can be performed in different modes. In Mongolia, the bass-type is called Kargyraa. The voice source in bass-type throat singing was studied in one male singer. The subject alternated between modal voice and the throat singing mode. Vocal fold vibrations were observed with high-speed photography, using a computerized recording system. The spectral characteristics of the sound signal were analyzed. Kymographic image data were compared to the sound signal and flow inverse filtering data from the same singer were obtained on a separate occasion. It was found that the vocal folds vibrated at the same frequency throughout both modes of singing. During throat singing the ventricular folds vibrated with complete but short closures at half the frequency of the true vocal folds, covering every second vocal fold closure. Kymographic data confirmed the findings. The spectrum contained added subharmonics compared to modal voice. In the inverse filtered signal the amplitude of every second airflow pulse was considerably lowered. The ventricular folds appeared to modulate the sound by reducing the glottal flow of every other vocal fold vibratory cycle.

Culture↗
PubMed2002

The effect of different lidocaine application methods on postoperative cough and sore throat.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of various ways of lidocaine application in reducing postoperative cough and sore throat. DESIGN: Double-blind, randomized study. SETTING: University-affiliated hospital. PATIENTS: 204 ASA physical status I and II patients scheduled for cataract surgery with general anesthesia. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were randomized to six groups (G1, G2, G3, G4, G5, and G6), according to lidocaine application method. Before endotracheal intubation, in the G1 and G2 groups, 10% lidocaine was sprayed on the distal end of the endotracheal tubes (ETTs; G1) and laryngopharyngeal structures (G2). In the G3 group, the distal ends of the ETTs were lubricated with 2% lidocaine jelly. Intravenous (IV) lidocaine was administered to the G4 group at the conclusion of surgery. Intracuff lidocaine was used in the G5 group; in the G6 group, the terminal end of the ETTs were lubricated with normal saline. MEASUREMENTS: At the end of surgery and after extubation, patients were observed to record the number of coughs. At 1 hour and at 24 hours following extubation, sore throat was evaluated. MAIN RESULTS: In the recovery room, 64.4% of the patients experienced cough, with greatest frequency in the G3, G6, and G2 groups, and the least in the G5 and G4 groups. The frequency of sore throat was significantly different among the six groups at 1 hour and at 24 hours, with greater frequency in the G3, G2, and G6 groups. CONCLUSIONS: Using lidocaine to inflate the ETT cuff or IV lidocaine at the end of surgery decreases the frequency of postoperative cough and sore throat and would provide better outcome for patients and the physician.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed2000

Detection of Epstein-Barr virus in salivas and throat washings in healthy adults and children.

It is well known that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is excreted from oral regions in the patients with infectious mononucleosis. We analyzed the prevalence of EBV in saliva and throat washings from healthy people in Japan by the polymerase chain reaction assay. EBV DNA was detected in 43 (90%) of the 48 throat washings from healthy adults (21 to 57 years old) and in 35 (38%) of the 93 salivas from healthy children (0 to 6 years old). The percentages of the EBV DNA-positive ratio in salivas increased in proportion relative to the increase of the children's ages. EBV type 1 was predominant and was detected in 86 and 94% of adults and children, respectively. Umbilical cord lymphocytes were transformed by some throat washings from EBV seropositive donors. EBV DNA was detected in throat washings from two healthy adults whose EBV antibody was not detected. In both cases, higher amounts of EBV DNA were detected in their peripheral blood mononuclear cells than in those of other, EBV antibody-positive donors. These results demonstrated the incidence of EBV excretion in oral regions of healthy individuals in Japan and defined a novel type of EBV infection in healthy adults.

Adult↗
PubMed1974

An outbreak of streptococcal sore throat and rheumatic fever in a Royal Air Force training camp; significance of serum antibody to M-associated protein.

A large outbreak of streptococcal sore throat in a Royal Air Force Training Camp resulted in five cases of rheumatic fever among the 16- to 18-year-old apprentices, and one case in a 33-year-old airman. The most prevalent type of group A streptococcus isolated from throat swabs was M-type 5 and there was serological evidence that at least four of the rheumatic fever (R.F.) cases were due to this type.Among the patients with uncomplicated throat infection the anti-streptolysin O (ASO) and anti-deoxyribonuclease B (anti-DNAase B) responses were in general rather low, even where there was evidence of protective antibody against type 5. However, a combination of the results of the ASO and anti-DNAase B tests gave an estimate of the extent of streptococcal infection 15-25% higher than did either test alone.The titres of antibody to M-associated protein (MAP) were >/= 60 in all the R.F. patients, and in about 50% of the other patients with ASO titres >/= 200. This figure is unusually high compared with data from several other outbreaks of streptococcal infection due to different serotypes and also greatly exceeds comparable figures for cases of sporadic sore throat and acute glomerulonephritis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Significance of enteric gram-negative bacilli in the throat.

Pharyngeal micro-organisms of 131 Australian and Malaysian children and adults were compared by analysis of aerobic culture of throat swab specimens. Enteric Gram-negative bacilli were commonly isolated in small numbers from Malaysian adults whether they had sore throats (28%) or not (36%), but were detected in only 9% of Australian adults without sore throats and in only 12% and 4% of Malaysian children with and without sore throats respectively. In other respects microbiological findings were similar in the different groups of subjects studied. It is concluded that the pharyngeal carriage rate of enteric Gram-negative bacilli may differ substantially between different groups of normal individuals. Our findings also suggest that these micro-organisms do not have a pathogenic role in pharyngitis.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Burning sensation in the throat--should it be named caloripharyngeus?

A burning sensation in the throat is often complained of by patients, but this symptom has been neglected in the literature. To emphasize its importance, should we give the name 'caloripharyngeus' to the symptom of burning in the throat? A preliminary study of 30 patients with the sensation of burning in the throat is presented in this study. Of the patients studied 73.33 per cent had hyperacidity detected for the first time. Reflux was presented in only one patient; four patients showed oesophagitis in the lower one-third of the oesophagus; 90 per cent of the patients responded to antacids. We suggest that one of the causes of burning in the throat is a referred sensation due to hyperacidity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Oropharyngeal trauma during routine ear, nose and throat procedures.

A prospective study of 122 adults undergoing routine ear, nose and throat (ENT) operations over a three-month period was carried out to determine the cause of oropharyngeal trauma seen in some patients. Those having tonsillar or palatal surgery were excluded from the study. Forty-five (36.9 per cent) patients complained of a mild sore throat post-operatively and six (4.9 per cent) of a severe sore throat. Five of these (4 per cent) had evidence of injury to the uvula and soft palate which delayed their discharge from hospital. No single cause of trauma was identified but possible factors included the use of laryngeal masks (two cases), throat packs (two cases) and blind suctioning with a plastic Yankauer sucker (one case). There is a relatively high risk of oropharyngeal trauma during routine otolaryngological procedures and we recommend that care should be taken to prevent this common cause of significant post-operative morbidity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Effect of emulsion properties on release of esters under static headspace, in vivo, and artificial throat conditions in relation to sensory intensity.

The effects of oil content and droplet size distributions of dilute oil-in-water emulsions on release of four esters with different hydrophobicities were studied under in vivo, static headspace, and artificial throat conditions. The effect of oil content on orthonasal and retronasal perceived intensity of ethyl hexanoate was studied using a seven-person panel. With increasing oil content and with a higher hydrophobicity of the aroma compound, a stronger decrease in aroma release was found. This effect was stronger under static headspace conditions than under in vivo and artificial throat conditions, and the sensory intensity of ethyl hexanoate was perceived stronger orthonasally than retronasally. The lowest effective oil content was determined for all systems. Of the compounds tested, droplet size distribution only influenced the in vivo release of geranyl acetate. The artificial throat results correlated well with in vivo release, giving support to the assumption that a thin layer of liquid remaining in the throat after swallowing determines aroma release.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMed1988

Sore throat pain in the evaluation of mild analgesics.

A double-blind, single-dose parallel study was conducted to assess refinements of a previously tested model for evaluating treatment of sore throat pain. Patients with tonsillopharyngitis randomly received either 400 mg ibuprofen (n = 39), 1000 mg acetaminophen (n = 40), or placebo (n = 41). At hourly intervals for 6 hours the patients reported pain intensity and pain relief on conventional scales and two sensory qualities of throat pain ("swollen throat" and "difficulty swallowing") on two new visual analog scales. Both active agents were significantly more effective than placebo for all efficacy measurements (p less than 0.01). Ibuprofen, 400 mg, was more effective than acetaminophen, 1000 mg, on all rating scales, conventional and new, at all time points after 2 hours and overall (p less than 0.01). There were no side effects. We conclude that sore throat is a pain model that can be used to discriminate between active medication and placebo, as well as between two effective over-the-counter analgesics.

Acetaminophen↗
PubMed1999

Postoperative sore throat: cause, prevention and treatment.

Sore throat is a common postoperative complaint, occurring most often following tracheal intubation. Factors such as tracheal-tube size and cuff design have been shown to be important causative factors. Routine tracheal intubation for elective surgical procedures can result in pathological changes, trauma and nerve damage which may also account for postoperative throat symptoms. Sore throat following the use of a laryngeal mask appears to be related to the technique of insertion but the contribution of intracuff pressure remains to be clarified. It would appear, however, that high intracuff pressure is associated with nerve palsies due to neuropraxia and nerve compression. Careful insertion techniques for both the tracheal tube and laryngeal mask are of paramount importance in the prevention of airway trauma and postoperative sore throat.

Humans↗
PubMed2002

Tracheal intubation and sore throat: a mechanical explanation.

Although tracheal intubation remains a valuable tool, it may result in pressure trauma and sore throat. The evidence for an association between these sequelae is not conclusive and sore throat may be caused at the time of intubation. This hypothesis was tested in a mechanical model and the results from tracheal intubation compared with those from insertion of a laryngeal mask airway, which is associated with a lower incidence of sore throat. Use of the model suggests that the tracheal tube and laryngeal mask airway impinge on the pharyngeal wall in different manners and involve different mechanisms for their conformation to the upper airway, but that in a static situation, the forces exerted on the pharyngeal wall are low with both devices. It also suggests that the incidence of sore throat should be lower for softer and smaller tracheal tubes and that the standard 'Magill' curve (radius of curvature 140 +/- 20 mm) is about optimum for the average airway.

Humans↗
PubMed2000

Bacterial determinants of persistent throat colonization and the associated immune response in a primate model of human group A streptococcal pharyngeal infection.

Group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis and the subsequent bacterial colonization of the human throat elicit an immune response that may precipitate acute rheumatic fever in a susceptible host. To study the bacterial determinants that influence throat colonization and induction of humoral immunity, we characterized the behavior of GAS strains in a baboon model. An M-type 3 clinical isolate of GAS typical of strains that cause pharyngitis and invasive infection was recovered from the pharynx of six out of six baboons for at least 6 weeks after oral inoculation. By contrast, an isogenic mutant deficient in M protein failed to colonize most animals or was rapidly cleared. An isogenic mutant deficient in hyaluronic acid capsule colonized five out of six animals, but only persisted in the pharynx for 14-21 days. Colonized animals developed serum antistreptolysin O (SLO) and anti-M protein immunoglobulin (Ig)G. The kinetics of the antibody responses were similar to those seen after human infection. Peak titres increased with the duration of throat carriage. Colonization with GAS prevented recurrent colonization after challenge with the homologous wild-type strain, but not after challenge with a strain of different M protein type. Early clearance of the M protein-deficient strain was associated with increased susceptibility of this strain to phagocytic killing in non-immune serum, whereas clearance of the acapsular strain was associated with increased susceptibility to phagocytic killing in the presence of specific antibody. These studies support critical and distinct effects of the GAS M protein and capsule on throat colonization and induction of humoral immunity in a model that reproduces important features of pharyngeal colonization and immune response following human infection.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Local anaesthetic properties of ambroxol hydrochloride lozenges in view of sore throat. Clinical proof of concept.

UNLABELLED: Acute oro-pharyngeal catarrh is characterised by mild to severe sore throat, such as pain on swallowing, feeling of scratchiness, burning and urge to cough. The present study was conducted to explore whether the test compound is going to show clinical relevance and is a suitable medication for the relief of these symptoms. OBJECTIVE: Description and comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of lozenges containing 20 mg ambroxol hydrochloride (trans-4-[(2-amino-3,5-dibrombenzyl)amino]cyclohexano hydrochloride, CAS 18683-91-5) in relieving acute sore throat, in comparison to placebo. DESIGN: Multi-centre, prospective, placebo-controlled, randomised, double-blind trial involving two days of treatment with up to 6 lozenges containing 20 mg ambroxol hydrochloride per day. SUBJECTS: Two-hundred-eighteen (218) patients were enrolled (97 males, 121 females, average age: 39.4 +/- 15 years, range: 17-81 years); 215 were treated: 107 with 20 mg ambroxol and 108 with placebo; 26 discontinued prematurely (13 in each treatment group). 208 patients constituted the intent-to-treat (ITT) dataset (105 and 103 for treatment with ambroxol and placebo, respectively); 196 patients constituted the perprotocol (PP) dataset (97 and 99, respectively); all treated patients were part of the dataset for safety analysis. TREATMENTS: Double-blind treatment with up to 6 lozenges per day containing 20 mg ambroxol hydrochloride or placebo (a lozenge with a distinct minty flavour). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The time-weighted average pain relief over the first 3 h after the first lozenge as a ratio of the baseline pain intensity of sore throat (SPIDnorm) and the patients' evaluation of efficacy and tolerability at the end of each day of treatment. RESULTS: Both treatments led to a reduction of pain intensity; the mean (+/- SD) SPIDnorm after the 1st lozenge were 0.39 +/- 0.27 and 0.28 +/- 0.25 for 20 mg ambroxol hydrochloride and placebo, respectively; the treatment effect of ambroxol was statistically significantly superior compared to placebo (p: 0.0029; 95% confidence interval estimate of the mean treatment difference for ambroxol minus placebo: 0.04 to 0.18). At the end of each subsequent ambulatory treatment day with up to 6 lozenges per day, a statistically significantly higher proportion of patients scored a higher level of efficacy for the active treatments with ambroxol hydrochloride compared to placebo. The investigational treatments were equally well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS: Sucking lozenges containing 20 mg ambroxol hydrochloride has a beneficial pain relieving effect in patients with acute sore throat, superior to that which otherwise can be achieved by sucking a placebo lozenge. This finding confirms that the preclinical local anaesthetic properties of ambroxol hydrochloride may have beneficial clinical implications.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2004

Learning to eat after radiation therapy for throat cancer.

PURPOSE: The initial purpose was to find more expedient ways for learning to eat for personal rehabilitation. The secondary purposes were to inform other radiation therapy patients and to inform clinicians and therapists involved in rehabilitation of throat cancer patients. METHOD: This is an account of personal experiences of the author who is a throat cancer survivor. This rehabilitation engineer, and his social worker wife, systematically sought and found more effective ways for learning to eat again. RESULTS: More effective approaches for discovering, preparing, presenting and consuming food by recovering throat cancer patients were identified. CONCLUSION: The rehabilitation process for patients with radiation damage to the throat can be enhanced through simple methods and dedicated efforts of the patients themselves.

Eating↗
PubMed2005

Experimental measurements of particle deposition in three proximal lung bifurcation models with an idealized mouth-throat.

In this paper, particle deposition in three idealized proximal lung bifurcation models with an idealized mouth-throat were investigated experimentally. These bifurcation models included (1) a small symmetric bifurcation, (2) an intermediate asymmetric bifurcation, and (3) a large symmetric bifurcation. An idealized mouth-throat geometry (the "Alberta geometry") was used as the inlet to these bifurcation models. Monodisperse aerosol particles of DEHS (di-2-ethylhexyl-sebecate) oil with mass median diameters in the range of 2.5-7.5 microm were employed at steady flow rates of 30-90 L/min. Particle deposition measurements were conducted by gravimetry. The results show that particle deposition in the mouth-throat and trachea accounts for the major portion of total deposition in the entire models used, and particle deposition fraction in the proximal lung bifurcations is lower compared with that deposited in the regions upstream (the mouth-throat and the trachea). Total particle deposition efficiency increases with increasing either inertial parameter or Stokes number. Total particle deposition varies appreciably from model to model. The laryngeal jet is the key factor dominating particle deposition within the trachea. An effect of Reynolds number on particle deposition efficiency in the trachea is observed. In addition, particle deposition in the bifurcation region is influenced little by the upstream flow condition, and therefore the effect of the laryngeal jet on deposition seemingly does not propagate to the bifurcations downstream.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed2006

A dry powder inhaler with reduced mouth-throat deposition.

A novel, compact, and highly efficient dry powder inhaler (DPI) with low mouth-throat deposition is described. The performance of this DPI was evaluated by measuring both (1) the total aerosol deposition in and distal to an idealized mouth-throat cast and (2) the fine particle fraction (FPF) using a standard Mark II Anderson impactor. Ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy techniques were used in the aerosol deposition measurements. Two inhalation aerosol powders, namely budesonide (extracted from a Pulmicort/Turbuhaler multi-dose device, 200 microg/dose) and ciprofloxacin + lipid + lactose (in-house), were dispersed by the DPI at a steady inhalation flow rate of 60 L/min. The newly developed DPI had a total aerosol delivery distal to the mouth-throat cast of 50.5% +/- 3.04% and 69.7% +/- 1.5% for the budesonide and ciprofloxacin + lipid + lactose aerosols, respectively. This is a significant improvement over the Turbuhaler original device delivery of 34.5% +/- 5.2%, particularly considering that in vitro mouth-throat deposition dropped from 27.5% +/- 5.4% with the budesonide Turbuhaler to 11.0% +/- 3.5% with the present inhaler. The different lung deliveries from the same inhaler for the two formulations above also confirm that the overall performance of an inhaler is optimizable via powder formulations.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed2006

Degree of throat deposition can explain the variability in lung deposition of inhaled drugs.

Inhalation is a mainstay for treatment of asthma, and lung deposition can be seen as a surrogate marker for the ensuing clinical effects. Not only absolute lung deposition, but also its variability is of interest, as it indicates the range of expected lung deposition in an individual patient when prescribing the drug and the expected day-to-day variability when using it. A literature survey found 71 studies with relevant information on lung deposition and its variability. Further characteristics of the studies, such as if the subjects were healthy or asthmatics, adults or children, and what device that was used, were noted. In all, 187 data points were included. Variability in lung deposition was depicted as a function of mean lung deposition; for the entire data set and for subsets thereof. Independent of device type or subject category high lung deposition was associated with low relative variability and vice versa. Using a published throat deposition model, the observed correlation of lung deposition variability to mean lung deposition could be explained as being determined largely by the extent of and variability in throat deposition. We hypothesize that throat deposition is the major determinant for lung deposition of an inhaled aerosol, and its absolute variability will largely be determined by the absolute variability in throat deposition. The relative variability in lung deposition will therefore tend to be high for low lung deposition and low for high lung deposition. Consequently, low relative variability in lung deposition can only be attained if high lung deposition is achieved.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed1984

Sore throat after intubation of the trachea.

Eighty female patients were allocated randomly to groups, divided in three ways, to investigate the effects of using cuffed p.v.c. v. red rubber tracheal tubes, intermittent adjustment of the cuff volume, and humidification of inspired gases on the incidence and severity of sore throat after tracheal intubation. In addition, the influence of the anaesthetist's participation in the trial was studied by assessing sore throat in a further 60 female patients where the anaesthetists were unaware of the trial. There were no significant differences between any of the groups despite using three sensitive methods of assessment. In terms of the simple discrimination between "sore throat" and "no sore throat" the 95% confidence limits of the differences of incidence were generally +/- 15-20%. If there are any real differences produced by these changes, and if any of them were as large as 15% then, to show with 95% confidence that any difference is at least 10%, would require a trial involving about 1400 patients. Retrospective analysis of the results showed no difference between patients who received suxamethonium and those who did not.

Adult↗