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At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Positron emission tomography imaging of the thorax.

Positron emission tomography (PET) is just beginning to emerge as a clinically useful tool in the thorax. Imaging with FDG is used primarily to differentiate benign from malignant abnormalities, including solitary pulmonary nodules, staging bronchogenic carcinoma, and differentiating recurrent tumor from fibrosis following treatment. This article discusses the fundamental properties of PET images, techniques, and current clinical indications in the thorax.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Helical computed tomography of the thorax. Clinical applications.

Intuitively, any technique that minimizes the effects of respiratory motion, eliminates misregistration between scans, minimizes intravenous contrast requirements, and allows high quality multiplanar and 3-D image reconstruction is likely to have a tremendous impact on conventional notions concerning routine thoracic CT. Helical scanning is already of proved efficacy for vascular and airway imaging as well as for identifying and characterizing pulmonary nodules. It may be anticipated that the indications for the use of helical imaging will continue to expand. Of particular interest is the ongoing development of reconstruction algorithms that allow high-quality images to be obtained with rapid table incrementation while simultaneously reducing radiation exposure. Given the intrinsically high contrast of structures within the thorax coupled with the disadvantages that result from respiratory motion, it is not unreasonable to conclude that within the near future volumetric techniques will be the standard for nearly all CT applications within the thorax.

Female↗
PubMed1993

[Late complication of blunt injuries of the thorax: acute pericarditis. Apropos of a case].

The authors report a case of closed trauma of the thorax, complicated after a symptom-free period by acute pericarditis, combined with pleural effusion. The clinical outcome was favorable and the pericardial effusion, which was considerable at the first ultrasound scan, spontaneously recovered fully. The incidence of this delayed complication of closed trauma of the thorax is unknown. Its mechanism, related to that of the Dresler syndrome and post-pericardiotomy syndrome differs from that of initial hemopericardium which is of mechanical origin. This case highlights the capital importance of ultrasound in the diagnosis and assessment of cardiac complications of thoracic trauma.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1997

Continuous total intravenous anesthesia, using propofol and fentanyl in an open-thorax rabbit model: evaluation of cardiac contractile function and biochemical assessment.

Effects are reported of an anesthetic protocol involving use of predetermined intravenous (i.v.)-administered drug doses during acute experimental procedures in vagotomized, New Zealand White rabbits with open thorax (n = 20) in a nonsurvival study. After induction of anesthesia by intramuscular (i.m.) administration of ketamine hydrochloride (25 mg/kg of body weight) and xylazine hydrochloride (15 mg/kg), continuous total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) with propofol (0.6 mg.kg-1.min-1), fentanyl (0.48 micrograms.kg-1.min-1) and the neuromuscular agent vecuronium bromide (0.003 mg.kg-1.min-1) was maintained. Oxygenation conditions, acid-base balance, biochemical and hemodynamic variables, and cardiac contractile function were assessed. Measurements were made and blood analysis was done at the moment of ear vein catheterization (P1); before (P2) and after (P3) sternotomy; after complete instrumentation (P4); and at the beginning (T1), in the middle (T2), and at the end (T3) of the experimental protocol. From T1 to T3, heart rate was kept constant by use of atrial pacing at a rate of 235 +/- 15 beats/min. During surgical preparation and instrumentation, hemoglobin (Hb) concentration decreased from 12.5 +/- 0.9 g/dl (mean +/- SEM) to 7.7 +/- 0.7 g/dl and remained stable thereafter. Blood gas analysis (PO2, PCO2, pH, HCO3-, base excess, measured SaO2) and measurement of plasma lactate concentration revealed constant, adequate oxygenation. Plasma electrolyte values (Na+, Cl-, K+, Ca2+) remained within physiologic ranges throughout. Blood glucose concentration increased from 229 +/- 30 mg/dl at P1 to 382 +/- 34 mg/dl at P3. At T1, glycemia had returned to normal values and remained stable. Heart rate, blood pressure, ventricular elastance (Ees), and diastolic stiffness constant (Kc) remained stable throughout. Other indices of ventricular function (dP/dtmax, thickening, ejection duration, and maximal left ventricular pressure) remained unaltered as well. Left ventricular relaxation (dP/dtmin, tau) did not change. After anesthesia induction by i.m. administration of ketamine and xylazine, TIVA with predetermined drug dosages of propofol and fentanyl provided stable cardiovascular function for open-thorax long-term experimental observations in a nonsurvival setting.

Anesthetics, Intravenous↗
PubMed1996

[Isolated war injuries of the thorax].

From own clinical material the authors examined and analysed isolated injuries of thorax made by war injuries. The results are compared with the same from other authors in same conditions. Conclusion is that the fast evacuation to the first hospital urgent and if it is possible compensate the volume of blood, reanimation and drainage of pleural cavum. Considering the results the authors are making clear the indications for operative treatment for early and last thoracotomy and specially noticed contraindications for thoracotomy. The intensive care: is also very important and it has to be interdisciplinary, permanent and aggressive. The separate part is analysis of logistics in treatment of cases injury of thorax where the authors are showing their own experiences and making suggestions for solving the problem.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

[Usefulness of photon counting X-ray radiography for diagnostic imaging of the thorax: experimental and clinical studies].

To evaluate the usefulness of photon counting X-ray radiography (quantum radiography, QR) for diagnostic imaging of the thorax, comparative studies between QR and the conventional screen-film system (SF) were performed. Exposure dose, spatial resolution and density resolution on QR were evaluated in the experimental study. The ability of QR to describe normal structures and several kinds of abnormal shadows was evaluated in the clinical study. The relative exposure dose of QR was lower than that of SF, while the spatial resolution of QR was slightly inferior to that of SF. However, the density resolution of QR was superior to that of SF. Clinically, QR was superior to SF in the description of normal structures and several kinds of abnormal shadows. In conclusion, it was considered that QR is useful for diagnostic imaging of the thorax.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Clinical anatomy and the physical examination part I: thorax, abdomen, perineum, and pelvis.

This paper by the Educational Affairs Committee of the American Association of Clinical Anatomists (AACA) is a sequel to one published earlier, "A Clinical Anatomy Curriculum for the Medical Student of the 21st Century: Gross Anatomy" (AACA. 1996, Clin Anat. 9:71-99). In that curricular document a number of clinical procedures that apply gross anatomy to current medical practice are cited, including procedures related to the physical examination. This paper describes numerous anatomically based procedures that are performed during a physical examination to demonstrate that (1) gross anatomy forms a fundamental basis for physical diagnosis and (2) such an anatomic basis is delineated in our previously published curricular document. The AACA Educational Affairs Committee also hopes that the examples presented here will serve as a starting point for incorporating elements of the physical examination within a clinical anatomy curriculum in gross anatomy at the medical school level. This paper focuses on the physical examination of the thorax, abdomen, perineum, and pelvis; a subsequent paper will treat the physical examination of the limbs, back, head, and neck.

Abdomen↗
PubMed2002

Muscular anatomy of the millipede Phyllogonostreptus nigrolabiatus (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida) and its bearing on the millipede "thorax".

The muscular anatomy of the millipede Phyllogonostreptus nigrolabiatus (Newport, 1844) (Diplopoda; Spirostreptida; Harpagophoridae) is comprehensively surveyed. The musculature of the first three postcollum pleurotergites, the "thorax," and their associated appendages was found to be more complex than that of the postthoracic rings. It is hypothesized that the musculature of the postthoracic segments is derived relative to that of the thoracic segments, which retain primitively free sternites and are not diplosegments. This hypothesis is discussed relative to previous hypotheses positing that the anteriormost three leg-bearing rings in millipedes are diplosegments. The musculature of spirostreptid gonopods is described in detail for the first time. Comparison of the cephalic musculature is made with previously described musculature in Julida showing that, while many aspects of the musculature are conserved, there exist interordinal differences, documenting the potential utility of comparative anatomical studies for resolving millipede phylogeny.

Anatomy, Artistic↗
PubMed1981

Distribution and specific central projections of mechanoreceptors in the thorax and proximal leg joints of locusts. II. The external mechanoreceptors: hair plates and tactile hairs.

Tactile hairs on the locust thorax can be divided into two classes by their external morphology and their central projection pattern: Short hairs, 10--100 micrometer in length, which are assembled in distinct plates and rows, and long hairs, 100--800 micrometer in length, which are distributed all over the body and are organized in large fields or aligned along the ridges of the appendages. The sensory fibers of the first class arborize in the lateral dorsal neuropile of thoracic ganglia and then extend further into the ipsilateral half of the corresponding ganglion in three main bundles from which fine rami of fibers end in the intermediate neuropile. In all three thoracic ganglia the projection pattern of homologous hair plates is similar. The sensory fibers of the second class exclusively terminate in special median ventral neuropiles, the ventral association center (VAC) and ventralmost ventral association center (VVAC). In addition fibers from meso- and metathoracic hairs, located close to the longitudinal midline of the animal, may terminate in the contralateral VAC and with one branch project to the next anterior ganglion through the ipsilateral connective. In contrast, fibers from prothoracic hairs were not found to leave their ganglion.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Optimisation of transcutaneous cardiac pacing by three-dimensional finite element modelling of the human thorax.

The goal of the study is to determine by finite element analysis (FE) the optimal electrode placement, size and electrolyte resistivity that minimise the pain experienced by patients during successful transcutaneous cardiac pacing (TCP). The three-dimensional FE model generated for this purpose has 55,388 nodes, 50,913 hexahedral elements and simulated 16 different organs and tissues, as well as the properties of the electrolyte. The model uses a non-uniform mesh with an average spatial resolution of 0.8 cm in all three dimensions. To validate this model, the voltage across 3 cm2 Ag-AgCl electrodes is measured when currents of 5 mA at 50 kHz are injected into a subject's thorax through the same electrodes. For the same electrode placements and sizes and the same injected current, the FE analysis produced results in good agreement with the experimental data. The optimisation analysis tested seven different electrode placements, five different electrode sizes and six different electrolyte resistivities. The analysis indicates that the anterior-posterior electrode placement, electrode sizes of about 90 cm2 and electrolytes with resistivity of about 800 omega.cm yield the most uniform current distribution through the skin, thus having the best chances to minimise the pain delivered to the patient during successful TCP. The anterior-anterior electrode placement is the second most efficient.

Cardiac Pacing, Artificial↗
PubMed2004

Sensing the effect of body load in legs: responses of tibial campaniform sensilla to forces applied to the thorax in freely standing cockroaches.

Sense organs in the legs that detect body weight are an important component in the regulation of posture and locomotion. We tested the abilities of tibial campaniform sensilla, receptors that can monitor forces in the cockroach leg, to encode variations in body load in freely standing animals. Small magnets were attached to the thorax and currents were applied to a coil below the substrate. Sensory and motor activities were monitored neurographically. The tibial sensilla could show vigorous discharges to changing forces when animals stood upon their legs and actively supported the body weight. Firing of individual afferents depended upon the orientation of the receptor's cuticular cap: proximal sensilla (oriented perpendicular to the leg axis) discharged to force increases while distal receptors (parallel to the leg) fired to decreasing forces. Proximal sensillum discharges were prolonged and could encode the level of load when increases were sustained. Firing of the trochanteral extensor motoneuron was also strongly modulated by changing load. In some postures, sensillum discharges paralleled changes in motor frequency consistent with a known interjoint reflex. These findings demonstrate that tibial campaniform sensilla can monitor the effects of body weight upon the legs and may aid in generating support of body load.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Evaluation of lung dose correction methods for photon irradiations of thorax phantoms.

Radiation absorbed dose in lung is measured and calculated using several algorithms available on commercial treatment planning systems. Phantoms resembling the human thorax are used and irradiated with small and large photon beams of 60Co, 4, 6, and 10 MV X ray energies. The applicability and usefulness of the different calculation methods in clinical situations is discussed.

Lung↗
PubMed1983

Age and oxygen toxicity related fluorescence in the honey bee thorax.

The blue fluorescent material in thoraxes of honey bees of known adult age from eclosion to 28 days was measured. The amount was greater in older insects and exposure to ozone (ppm) augmented the rate of accumulation. The nearly constant daylight flying by the bees and the ozone effect suggest radical peroxidative origin of the fluorescence. The material was partially purified by chromatography. It is a relatively non-polar lipid.

Aging↗
PubMed1996

Three dimensional ultrasound: display modalities in the fetal spine and thorax.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the display modalities of three dimensional ultrasound (3D US) in the prenatal assessment of the fetal spine and thorax. METHOD: Twenty prenatal spine examinations (mean gestational age: 21 weeks, 15 normal findings, five pathological cases) were performed with a commercially available 3D US device. The visualization of fetal spine and rib anatomy and pathology by 3D US display was evaluated using various rendering methods and the optimal method was determined in regard to comprehensive diagnostic display. RESULTS: Demonstration of continuity of both the spine and the ribs could be achieved by 3D US. Visualization of clavicles, scapula and iliac bone was possible on rendered images. CONCLUSION: 3D US offers an additional diagnostic tool for prenatal assessment of the fetal spine and ribs; it provides a continuous demonstration of curved or tortuous structures in the rendered image. It improves comprehension of complex anatomy by providing a simultaneous display of all orthogonal sectional planes.

Female↗
PubMed1996

The fetal thorax: noncardiac chest anomalies.

Fetal thoracic anomalies often lead to pulmonary hypoplasia with subsequent fetal or neonatal demise. Therefore, in utero sonographic identification of these anomalies is important. Unlike cardiac anomalies, most noncardiac thoracic abnormalities are easily detected with ultrasound. An unusually small thorax is usually obvious to the experienced sonographer, and thoracic masses are commonly observed on the routinely obtained four-chamber view of the heart. This article reviews the many causes of pulmonary hypoplasia with an emphasis placed on thoracic masses. Many examples of pathological fetal thoracic conditions are provided as well as a listing of differential considerations with regard to sonographic appearances of chest masses.

Bronchopulmonary Sequestration↗
PubMed1998

Three-dimensional CT angiography of the thorax: clinical applications.

Spiral CT with three-dimensional (3D) display can provide a rapid noninvasive examination of the vascular system and has been shown to have a wide range of clinical applications in the thorax, including imaging of the aorta, pulmonary vasculature, and venous abnormalities. Three-dimensional images can provide views of the imaging volume from innumerable viewing angles for both the radiologist and referring clinician, and potentially obviate invasive procedures such as angiography. In this article, we will review many of these applications of spiral CT angiography with 3D displays. Emphasis is placed on study design, protocol selection, and display of pathology.

Angiography↗
PubMed2003

The typology of the human fetal lanugo on the thorax.

The aim of this work is the systematic study of the skin pilosity pattern on the human trunk during the prenatal period. The course of the lanugo streams and the frequency of the occurrence of the lanugo whorls on the anterior and posterior wall of the thorax are studied on the material of 309 fetuses (163 male and 146 female). The gestational age ranged from 140 to 196 days postconception. The main four whorl types (variations) on the anterior wall and three whorl types on the posterior wall are defined. It is proved that "the cross pattern" is the dominant pattern on the anterior wall (freq. 52.9%). Less frequent variations are "the cross pattern with thoracic whorls" (freq. 15.7%) and "the cross pattern with abdominal whorls" (freq. 22.9%). The rare variation is "the whorl pattern". A few subtypes can be differentiated from each variation. On the other hand, on the posterior wall "the vertebral column path" pattern is the typical pattern (freq. 69.9%). As a runner-up with frequency of 25.8% is "the single whorl pattern". "The multiwhorl pattern" is the rare variation (freq. 4.3%). A few subtypes are separated from each variation.

Female↗
PubMed1976

Dynamics of the chest wall during speech production: function of the thorax, rib cage, diaphragm, and abdomen.

Anteroposterior diameters of the rib cage and abdomen and esophageal and gastric pressures were measured in normal subjects in upright and supine body positions during respiratory maneuvers and utterance tasks. Data were charted in relative motion diagrams and various motion-pressure diagrams which enabled graphic solution for muscular pressures exerted by the chest wall and individually by the thorax, rib cage, diaphragm, and abdomen during utterances. Behaviors of the chest wall and its parts were found to depend upon lung volume, utterance loudness, body position, and utterance task. For utterances encompassing most of the vital capacity, chest wall effort was at first net inspiratory and later net expiratory. The former was governed predominately by the rib cage and the abdomen in the upright body position and by the diaphragm in the supine position. For conversational speech, chest wall effort was continuously expiratory, control being vested in the rib cage and the abdomen in the upright body position and typically in the rib cage alone in the supine position. Mechanisms operating during the utterances are discussed, particularly those involved with conversational speech production. We conclude that the abdomen occupies an especially important role in running conversational speech in that it mechanically tunes the diaphragm to increase the latter's inspiratory efficiency and thus enables man to minimally interrupt his ongoing speech for needed inspiratory pauses. We also discuss the relevance of our findings to clinical endeavors.

Abdomen↗